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Transport processes between aquaculture facilities activate the stress response in fish. To deal with these situations, the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis releases cortisol, leading to an increase in circulating energy resources to restore homeostasis. However, if the allostatic load generated exceeds fish tolerance limits, stress-related responses will compromise health and welfare of the animals. In this context, anesthetics have arisen as potential agents aiming to reduce negative effects of stress response. Here we assessed the effects of a sedative dose of clove oil (CO) and MS-222 on hallmarks involved in HPI axis regulation and energy management after simulated transport, and further recovery, in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Fish were placed in a mobile setup of water tanks where transport conditions were simulated for 6 h. Sedation doses of either CO (2.5 mg L−1) or MS-222 (5 mg L−1) were added in the water tanks. A control group without anesthetics was also included in the setup. Half of the animals (n = 12 per group) were sampled immediately after transport, while remaining animals were allowed to recover for 18 h in clean water tanks and then sampled. Our results showed that the HPI axis response was modified at peripheral level, with differences depending on the anesthetic employed. Head kidney gene-expressions related to cortisol production (star and cyp11b1) matched concomitantly with increased plasma cortisol levels immediately after transport in CO-sedated fish, but these levels remained constant in MS-222-sedated fish. Differential changes in the energy management of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, depending on the anesthetic employed, were also observed. The use of CO stimulated amino acids catabolism, while MS-222-sedated fish tended to consume liver glycogen and mobilize triglycerides. Further studies, including alternative doses of both anestethics, as well as the assessment of time-course HPI activation and longer recovery periods, are necessary to better understand if the use of clove oil and MS-222 is beneficial for S. aurata under these circumstances. ; This work was funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities - MICINN (AGL2013-48835-C2-1-R and AGL2016-76069-C2-1-R) awarded to JM. IJ-C is currently supported by a contract of Trainee Predoctoral Research Staff from the University of Cádiz (PIF UCA/REC02VIT/2014; 2018-011/PU/AY.PUENTE/CD). The authors (IJ-C, IR-J, JM-S, and JM) belong to the Fish Welfare and Stress Network (AGL2016-81808-REDT), supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MICINN, Spanish Government).

On the eve of the First World War, the geopolitical role of the crude oil begun to reveal all of its importance, affecting the politics of the States. After the war, Great Britain and the United States had a strong diplomatic struggle for the control of the Middle East's oil, until they signed the «Red Line Agreement» in 1928. The agreement allowed Iraqi's oil exploitation by the cartel guided by the Iraq Petroleum Company. Oil industry was completely under the control of the two most powerful corporation, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Royal Dutch-Shell. For Italy the building and the development of the oil industry was a great task, chiefly for the lack of oil in her borders and because she had no sources under control. In 1926, the state controlled firm AGIP started with the upstream in Romania and Albania while the Italian oil industry started with the cracking systems. In despite of the unfavourable conditions, AGIP grew quickly and during the Thirties, was able to lead the researches of the Bod Company in Iraq. AGIP and its partner found oil in a rich land near Mosul, confirming the high level of skills reached by the Italian firm. In the meantime, the crude oil had increased its importance becoming the vital commodity of the industrial age and for economic power. Italy realized the great role of the crude oil and showed a great dynamism towards its oil industry with the building of modern hydrogenation plants. The lack of sources compelled Italy to the hydrogenation technology. With the mighty plants of ANIC, Italy solved all of her problems of refining, showing startling industrial capabilities while the main obstacle for her political power was the lack of crude oil sources.

The oil industry has played a significant role in the economy of modern Iran and Malaysia, especially as a source of transnational exchange and as a substantial factor in industrial and urban development. During the previous century, the arrival of oil companies in the Persian Gulf brought many changes to the physical built environment and accelerated the urbanization process in the port cities. Similarly, the development of the national oil industry had a considerable impact on post-independence Malaysia, affecting balance sheets, the environment, and society. Oil significantly changed Malaysia's position in the global economy and transformed a predominantly agricultural country into a significant producer of petroleum and natural gas. This paper implements the analytical, historical, and comparative perspectives. Specifically, it focuses on the legacy of oil cities in the Persian Gulf and the South China Sea as the birthplaces of the oil industry in two regions. In both countries, geopolitical importance and oil's cultural, social, and historical narratives have the potential to represent national unity, political memory, and collective identity. In proposing this grounding, the paper seeks to approach the oil heritage as a particular form of industrial heritage. This research analyses the future of energy heritage, existing Covid-related challenges, and political tensions and examines the various impacts, transitions, and capacities associated with the current international relations, post-pandemic urban developments, and the post-oil future to pave the way for these developing areas of industrial heritage and oil heritage in Iran and Malaysia.

This essay explores the cultural meaning and social significance of oil in Soviet and post-Soviet Russian culture through the analysis of two literary case studies. The first is a story written by I. Babel in 1934; the second is authored by D. Bykov and was published in 2017. Both are entitled Neft' (Oil). The analysis follows the notion expressed in Bruno Latour's Politics of nature (1999) which regards oil as a "miracleproduct" of our time with potentially nefarious consequences. From the anthropocentric optimism of the Soviet era to the present-day sense that oil has become an uncontrollable "object", this hybrid of nature and culture holds a significant and diverse place in Russian literature.

As biodegradable film, edible films and coatings can be a good answer to environmental pollution requirement. However, due to its hydrophilic nature they cannot fully replace the polymer film, but they can partially satisfy the legislation requirements. By acting as mass transfer barriers, edible film and coating can control moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipid, flavour and aroma transfer either between food components or to/from the atmosphere surrounding the food. In fact, respect to biodegradable packaging, they can be applied on the food and consumed with it. This can reduce the requirements of the synthetic polymer. Thus, the amount of synthetic packaging is reduced, recyclability is increased, and the need of synthetic laminates is diminished. Biopolymers are quite abundant in nature and have previously been regarded as surplus or waste. In order to improve film or coating properties biopolymers must be combined in new and creative ways. For this reason it is interesting to investigate different matrices, parameters and factors that may influence the properties of the films in order to optimize the performance of edible films and coatings and to understand the relationships between structure and properties. The production of edible film by combining various polysaccharides, proteins and lipid is considered beneficial because there is the advantage of the properties of each compound and the synergy between them. The attributes that each component contributes to overall film properties are different too. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of compounds on structure and functional properties of hydrocolloids based films. The results will help to develop a coating system with specific properties, such as solubility, barrier and mechanical properties, to control physiological, microbiological and physicochemical changes in food products, with an improvement of the food quality and an increasing of their shelf-life. To reach this objective the research was articulated in three study cases. I STUY CASE Effect of rosemary oil on functional properties of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose films. Edible films based on hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) obtained with different concentrations of rosemary oil (0.0, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 2.0) were prepared. In order to study the impact of the incorporation of rosemary oil into the HPMC matrix, microscopy analysis mechanical properties, and water vapour permeability (WVP) were evaluated. Results showed the structure of HPMC film was affect by rosemary oil concentration. Probably, most oil had migrated toward the evaporation surface. This phenomena was most evident to maximum oil concentration for 2%HPMC film for low viscosity of HPMC solution. For dynamical mechanical analysis, it must be highlighted that for these films an higher variability of the data was measured respect to film at 2% of HPMC, thus from a statistically point of view not significant differences can be highlighted among samples at different oil concentration. WVP of HPMC films increased as increased HPMC concentration for increased of hydrophilic groups. Rosemary oil improve water barrier properties only to 0.4% concentration oil of 6% HPMC films. II STUDY CASE: Structure and properties of Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose-sodium caseinate film cross-linked by Transglutaminase The objective of the present work was to study the structure and the functional properties of Hydroxypropil methyl cellulose (HPMC)-sodium caseinate (SC) edible films cross linked with TGase. SDS-PAGE, scanning electronic microscopy and dynamical mechanical analysis were performed to investigate the structure of the films. Film performance were studied by means of solubility test, thickness, mechanical properties and water vapour permeability. Results show that structure and functional properties of HPMC/CS films were affected by the film composition. In particular, the number of cross-links within the blend edible films is function of HPMC/SC ratio and increased by increasing the protein concentration, but only for HPMC concentration less than 50%. The cross linked structure in presence of protein can enhance blend film solubility but only at specific ratio HPMC/SC, maybe due to immiscibility lacunas. Mechanical properties confirmed the positive role of polysaccharides on the film stiffness, but the negative effect on film extensibility. In contrast, the different ratio of HPMC/CS film did not affect the permeability to water vapour of the films, showing that it is the hydrophilic nature of the polymer that play the major role in determine the barrier properties of the films. III STUDY CASE Food application of sodium caseinate cross linked with trasglutaminase edible film: oil absorption reduction on French fried potatoes The objective of the present work was to assess the oil barrier properties of Sodium caseinate film coated on potato surface. Sodium caseinate coating at two concentration were prepared and applied on the potato surface by immersion for 5 minute. The product was dried to allow the film formation on the food surface. Coated and uncoated potato were fried for 3 minute in oil at 190°C and then the absorbed oil was determined by extraction with n-hexane. Preliminary results showed that the sodium caseinate film to concentration tested did not reduce oil absorption during frying process. Because oil absorption depends by several factor including formulation coating and the homogeneity of the coated surface, we hypothesized that was need to optimized coating formulation.

In un'epoca in cui la competizione globale spinge alla delocalizzazione produttiva, alla ricerca dell'abbattimento dei costi di produzione, l'origine di una merce assume una forte connotazione evocativa.Nella valorizzazione della qualità e della trasparenza della filiera degli oli di oliva vergini s'innesta una terminologia relativamente nuova, il ""Made in Italy"", il cui valore ha origini molto profonde e lontane.In tale prospettiva, la regolamentazione giuridica delle attività di produzione e distribuzione dell'olio vergine d'oliva, con l'entrata in vigore della legge n. 9/2013, sembra porr

The article critically discusses André Gorz's Écologie et liberté (1977) forty years after its original publication. After having isolated Gorz's interests throughout his theoretical trajectory, it focuses on his "ecological phase". It analyzes in some detail the originality of Gorz's foundational contributions to political ecology, contextualizes his engagement with Marx and Illich and highlights his unprecedented understanding of 1973 oil shock as a double crisis concerning both the sphere of production and that of reproduction. It concludes on the way in which Gorz articulates self-management as a comprehensive political project and utopia as its communicative tool.

L'articolo ha come obiettivo dimostrare l'inefficacia del diritto del lavoro in tempi di globalizzazione nel tutelare il lavoratore, quale contraente debole del rapporto di lavoro. Dopo una breve disamina del contesto storico-politico della globalizzazione, che ha portato ad un diritto del lavoro sempre più privatizzato, si insiste nell'assenza di una forma di protezione universale per i lavoratori dal punto di vista del diritto internazionale pubblico nei sistemi OIL-WTO-carte Onu; si individua infine come unica tutela transnazionale, e comunque orientata in senso favorevole al mercato, la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia alla luce delle disposizioni della Carta europea dei diritti fondamentali. ; The article is aimed at demonstrating that in globalization labour law is ineffective to protect the worker, as weak contractor in the employment relationship. After a short analysis of the historical and political context of globalization, that brought labour law to privatization, the author highlights the lack of universal protection for workers from the point of view of international public law in the systems of ILO-WTO-UN charts; finally, he describes -like unique transnational form of workers' protection, even if market-oriented - the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice about the European Chart of Fundamental Rights. ; L'article veut démontrer la faiblesse du droit du travail dans la mondialisation en ce qui concerne la protection du travailleur, contractant sous-protégé dans la relation de travail .Aprés une brève description du contexte historique et politique de la globalisation, qui a produit un droit du travail toujours plus privatisé, on souligne l'absence de techniques de sauvegarde du travailleur dans le système du droit international publique (OIT, OMC, documents ONU); à la fin, on individue la jurisprudence de la Court de Justice comme seule forme de protection transnationale du travailleur, même si orientée vers les valeurs du marché. ; El artículo quiere demostrar la ineficacia del derecho del trabajo en la globalización en lo que se refiere a la protección del trabajador, en cuanto contrayente débil. Tras una breve descripción del contexto histórico-político de la globalización, que ha producido un de - recho del trabajo cada vez más privatizado, se subraya la ausencia de una forma de protec - ción en pos de los trabajadores en el sistema del derecho internacional público (OIT, OMC, cartas ONU); por fin, se individua, como única forma de tutela transnacional del trabajador, en cualquier caso orientada hacia el mercado, y la recién jurisprudencia de la Corte de Justicia de la Unión Europea a la luz de la Carta Europea de los derechos fundamentales.

Il bacino del Mediterraneo, uno dei più importanti hotspot di biodiversità a livello mondiale, è interessato da attività di ricerca ed estrazione di petrolio e di gas, con il potenziale rischio di effetti negativi sui suoi delicati ecosistemi. Nonostante le importanti implicazioni, in letteratura le relazioni spaziali fra operazioni petrolifere e aree protette del Mediterraneo non sono state ancora adeguatamente esaminate. In questo contesto, il presente lavoro fornisce la prima analisi GIS della sovrapposizione fra blocchi di ricerca ed estrazione di gas e petrolio e aree protette in ambiti marini e costieri italiani. Lo scopo principale della ricerca è quello di individuare potenziali situazioni di criticità per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile e conservazione della biodiversità in contesti marini e costieri, promossi dalle politiche europee di "Crescita Blu". I risultati evidenziano che uno dei siti maggiormente interessati dalla ricerca ed estrazione di idrocarburi è il Parco del Delta del Po, il più vasto sistema di aree umide d'Italia. ; The Mediterranean basin, one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the world, is home to oil and gas exploration and extraction activities which can potentially lead to wide negative effects on its delicate ecosystems. In spite the important implications, in the literature, the relationship between oil and gas operations and Mediterranean protected areas hasn't been examined yet. On this basis, the present article provides the first GIS analysis of the overlapping between oil and gas exploration and exploitation blocks and protected sites in the marine and coastal contexts of Italy. The main goal of the research is to identify potentially critical situations for the objectives of sustainable development and biodiversity conservation promoted by the European "Blue Growth" strategy. Results show that one of the areas most affected by oil and gas activities is the Po Delta Park, the largest wetland system of Italy.

none ; Storia delle Relazioni Internazionali ; Guerra Fredda in Medio Oriente, Petroldollari, Politica petrolifera italiana, Energia e Relazioni Internazionali. ; open ; Labbate, Silvio ; Labbate, Silvio

The Author proposes some simple reflections on the evolution of the Venezuelan regime from the establishment of Chavismo to the Maduro presidency. In particular, she consider the role of oil in the legitimization of local politics and in international geopolitical action, highlighting the critical issues in the current global strategic framework. |La Autora propone algunas simples reflexiones sobre la evolución del régimen venezolano desde el establecimiento del chavismo hasta la presidencia de Maduro. En particular considera el papel del petróleo en la legitimación de la política local y en la acción geopolítica internacional, destacando los problemas críticos en el marco estratégico global actual. |L'Autrice presenta alcune semplici riflessioni sull'evoluzione del regime venezuelano dall'instaurazione del chavismo alla presidenza Maduro. In particolare si sofferma a considerare il ruolo del petrolio nella legittimazione della politica locale e nell'azione geopolitica internazionale, evidenziandone le criticità nell'assetto strategico globale attuale.

La liberalizzazione del commercio internazionale può promuovere la crescita economica e le opportunità di lavoro sia nei Paesi in via di viluppo sia nelle economie industrializzate. Peraltro, non tutti gli Stati hanno beneficiato in uguale misura di tale liberalizzazione e, in generale, della globalizzazione delle relazioni economiche internazionali. Di conseguenza, questi fenomeni e gli accordi commerciali di stampo liberista che li hanno favoriti continuano a essere oggetto di un acceso dibattito. In tale contesto, uno degli aspetti più controversi è la mancanza di una protezione adeguata dei diritti dei lavoratori nell'ambito dei suddetti accordi. Partendo dall'attuale mancanza di regole specifiche nel quadro giuridico multilaterale degli scambi, l'autore analizza le cosiddette "clausole sociali" contenute negli accordi di libero scambio bilaterali e regionali di nuova generazione, con particolare riferimento ai trattati conclusi dall'Unione europea (UE). Dall'analisi emerge che tali clausole non garantiscono ancora una sufficiente protezione ai lavoratori e che, pertanto, esse andrebbero modificate. ; The liberalization of international trade can foster economic growth and employment opportunities both in developing countries and in advanced economies. However, States have not all benefited equally from trade liberalization and, in general, from international economic relations globalization. As a consequence, these phenomena and the liberalist trade agreements that have favoured them continue to be highly disputed. In this context, one of the most debated aspects is the lack of an adequate protection of workers' rights under these agreements. Departing from the current lack of specific rules in the multilateral trade legal framework, the author analyzes the so-called "social clauses" included in the new generation bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs), with a special focus on the European Union (EU) FTAs. From this analysis emerges that these clauses do not still guarantee a sufficient protection to workers and therefore they should be modified.