Suchergebnisse

Penelitian ini membahas tentang praktek oligopoli media massa Australia. Oligopoli media di Australia berkembang selain karena faktor ekonomi, juga karena faktor politik. Telah diketahui bahwa untuk membentuk suatu media massa membutuhkan dana yang tidak sedikit. Setelah suatu media terbentuk, masih dibutuhkan dana yang tidak kalah besar untuk biaya-biaya produksi ketika menjalankannya. Banyak sekali surat kabar di Australia yang bangkrut karena masalah finansial, seperti Daily Sun and Sunday Sun, Perth's Western Mail, Brisbane's Telegraph, Business Daily dan Sydney Mid-week News. Oligopoli ini semakin berkembang karena faktor-faktor politik yang ada seperti pemberian izin membuat televisi ke beberapa perusahaan tertentu saja. Lagipula, sebagai pemain lama raja-raja media di Australia sudah mendapatkan kemapanan yang sangat sulit diganggu, baik dalam konteks ekonomi maupun dalam konteks politik. Dua penguasa media yang paling besar dan terkenal adalah Rupert Murdoch dan Kerry Packer. Tidak hanya raja media di Australia, mereka berdua termasuk penguasa-penguasa media di dunia ini. Murdoch, yang selama puluhan tahun mengembangkan sayap News Corporation miliknya ke berbagai pelosok dunia, adalah pemilik saham di Fox Network, Star TV, Studio 20th Century Fox, surat kabar The Times dan The Sun di London, televisi kabel Fox News, Fox Sport dan lainnya. Di Australia sendiri, Murdoch memiliki 16 televisi lokal. Sementara Kerry Packer memiliki Australian Consolidated Press (ACP) dan Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL). Dalam bidang media, PBL memiliki sembilan jaringan televisi di Australia dan Australian Consolidation Press. PBL memiliki jumlah investasi yang besar dalam berbagai televisi berbayar dan jaringan televisi digital, seperti Foxtel dan Sky News Australia. Australian Consolidation Press sendiri yang didirikan pada tahun 1933 memproduksi lebih dari 60 majalah di Australia seperti Australian Women's Weekly, Cleo, Harper's Bazaar, Australian House and Garden dan sebagainya. Praktek oligopoli dalam kepemilikan media massa di Australia tersebut tentu memberikan dampak bagi masyarakat Australia. Yang paling terasa adalah, dengan pilihan yang begitu, mereka tidak bisa memilih sumber informasi lainnya apabila ingin mengetahui isu-isu politik. Selanjutnya, pemilik media dan manajer-manajernya memiliki kesempatan untuk mengintervensi berita yang diturunkan oleh media tersebut. Dan kecenderungan yang ada memang seperti itu. Seringkali mereka bertindak secara langsung untuk memastikan bahwa berita, editorial atau bahkan seluruh liputan berita tersebut merefleksikan sudut pandang tertentu atau melindungi kepentingan tertentu. Sedikit sekali pilihan yang tersedia bagi seorang staff di media yang tidak suka dengan perintah-perintah intervensi dari atasan. Karena praktek oligopoli, mereka tidak dapat bebas keluar-masuk perusahaan karena pada dasarnya kepemilikan media massa di Australia hanya berada di tangan beberapa orang saja. Dampak yang terakhir adalah, bahwa pemilik dapat mengurangi biaya produksi tanpa takut akan kompetisi. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi biaya produksi yang paling mudah ditempuh adalah dengan cara mengurangi biaya untuk pegawai. Artikel yang ditulis di salah satu surat kabar sering dimuat juga di surat kabar lain yang masih berdiri dalam satu perusahaan yang sama. Implikasinya adalah, sudut pandang yang dapat digunakan masyarakat semakin terbatas apalagi dengan kemungkinan adanya monopoli pemberitaan karena konglomerasi media massa tersebut. Perlu diingat bahwa selain radio dan televisi ABC, semua media massa di Australia adalah media komersial yang dikuasai oleh perusahaan swasta.

In the spirit of Arrow (The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1962), we examine, in an oligopoly model with horizontally differentiated products, how much a firm is willing to pay for a process innovation that it would be the only one to use. We show that different measures of competition (number of firms, degree of product differentiation, Cournot vs. Bertrand) affect incentives to innovate in non‐monotonic, different and potentially opposite ways.

ABSTRACTWe show that infinite asymmetric equilibria may be supported in a mixed Cournot oligopoly with identical private firms. This sharply contrasts with the case of private Cournot oligopolies, where only symmetric equilibria arise.

This is the first book to comprehensively examine the asymptotic behavior of dynamic monopolies, duopolies, and oligopolies where firms face information and implementation delays. It considers discrete and continuous timescales, continuously distributed delays, as well as single and multiple delays. It also discusses models with linear and hyperbolic price functions in three types of oligopolies: Cournot competition with quantity-adjusting firms, Bertrand competition with price-adjusting firms, and mixed oligopolies with both types of firms. In addition to the traditional Cournot-Nash equilibria, it introduces cases of partial cooperation are also introduced, leading to the analysis of cartelizing groups of firms and possible governmental actions against antitrust behavior. Further, the book investigates special processes for firms learning about the uncertain price function based on repeated market information. It addresses asymptotic properties of the associated dynamic systems, derives stability conditions, identifies stability switching curves, and presents in global analyses of cases of instability. The book includes both theoretical results and computer studies to illustrate and verify the theoretical findings.--

In this paper, we analyze successive oligopolies where downstream firms share the same decreasing returns technology of the Cobb-Douglas type. We stress the differences between the conclusions obtained under this assumption and those resulting from the traditional literature in which output firms use a constant returns technology. It is shown that when firms use a decreasing returns technology, (i) the profit of a downstream firm can decrease when the upstream market is more competitive; (ii) the input price does not tend to the corresponding marginal cost when the number of firms in both markets tends to infinite; and (iii) double marginalization is lower. Finally, the effects of mergers are revisited to highlight the role played by the technology of output firms.

Focuses on the dynamics of nonlinear oligopoly models. This book discusses the classical Cournot model with a large variety of demand and cost functions that illustrate the many different types of possible best response functions as well as show the existence of unique and multiple equilibria.

Oligopoly is a market where supply one type of goods controlled by a few companies. Oligopoly is usually done as an effort to hold companies to enter the market, and the purpose of doing oligopolistic firms is as an attempt to enjoy a profit by the sale price is limited, resulting in price competition among businesses that do oligopolistic practices become nonexistent. Pricing (price fixing) in Islam is not allowed because it would cause a rise in prices due to competition and the free market will also lead to a shortage of production when the demand is a lot or ride, which eventually will lead to shortages of goods. However, in order to maintain fairness between producer and consumer, the government has the right to menetakan price. In setting prices, the government should think about the benefit of traders and consumers in order not to feel aggrieved.