Suchergebnisse

Varnost v cestnem prometu je pomemben dejavnik, ki preprečuje ogrožanje ljudi, saj je promet stalnica v našem življenju. Vsakodnevno v prometnih nesrečah ugašajo življenja, posledice nesreč pa so psihološke, finančne in pogosto nepopravljive. Zagotavljanje varnosti v cestnem prometu tako ostaja ena od prednostnih nalog. Odgovornost za varni promet je na plečih vsake države, saj mora ta na nacionalni ravni poskrbeti za varnost svojih prebivalcev. Država zagotavlja varnost na državnih cestah, za občinske ceste pa so odgovorne občine in so na njih po zakonu odgovorne zagotavljati prometno varnost. Ob tem dejstvu se poraja vprašanje, ali niso ravno lokalne skupnosti tiste, ki lahko cestnoprometno varnost zagotavljajo učinkovitejše kot država sama. Smiselno je raziskati, kako lahko lokalna skupnost na svoji ravni zagotavlja prometno varnost na območju skupnosti in kateri so njeni temeljni nosilci. Želeli smo ugotoviti, kakšne pristojnosti imajo občine pri zagotavljanju prometne varnosti glede na zakonodajni okvir in kateri občinski organi so za to pristojni. V empiričnem delu pa smo na primeru Mestne občine Ljubljana z analizo podatkov ugotavljali, kako uspešne so lahko občine pri zagotavljanju varnosti v cestnem prometu. Izvedli smo analizo stanja prometne varnosti v Mestni občini Ljubljana, zagotavljanja varne cestne infrastrukture vsem udeležencem v prometu, izvajanja preventive in prometne vzgoje ter vlogo Mestnega redarstva Mestne občine Ljubljana v izboljšanju prometne varnosti na območju Ljubljane. Analiza je pokazala, da se prometna varnost v Ljubljani izboljšuje, da občina skrbi za urejanje in vzdrževanje občinskih cest in da opravljeno delo s področja preventive v cestnem prometu posebno pozornost posveča najranljivejšim udeležencem v prometu. Ljubljansko Mestno redarstvo igra pomembno vlogo tako pri nadzoru kršitev s področja cestnoprometnih predpisov kot pri izvajanju preventivnih dejavnosti, kateri obseg se povečuje. ; Road traffic safety represents one of the important factors of threats to human, while traffic is a constant in our lives. On daily basis, many lives are lost in traffic accidents ; their consequences are psychological, financial and often irreversible. Ensuring road safety remains one of the priorities in the field of ensuring security. Responsibility for road traffic safety lays in the hand of every country, as it has to ensure safety of their citizens. The state provides safety on state road, on the other hand, safety of municipal road are responsibility of municipalities themselves. Moreover, they are obligated by laws to ensure road safety in municipality. Considering those facts, raises the question of whether local communities are not those, who can assure road safety in more effective way than state itself. It is worthwhile to research, how can local community on their level ensure road traffic safety on their area, as well as which are its basic institutions for ensuring safety. We wanted to define responsibilities of municipalities in ensuring traffic safety in relation of legislative framework and also which authorities have powers for that. In the empirical part, we choose the Municipality of Ljubljana and by analyzing data define how successful can municipalities be in ensuring road safety. We carried out an analysis of traffic safety in the Municipality of Ljubljana, ensuring a safe road infrastructure for all participants in traffic, how affective is the implementation of prevention and traffic education and the role of Municipal wardens in the Municipality of Ljubljana. Analysis has shown, that traffic safety in Ljubljana is improving, that the municipality take care of regulation and maintenance of municipal roads and that implementation of prevention pays special attention to the most vulnerable participants in traffic. Municipal wardens of Municipality of Ljubljana play an important role in exercising control over traffic road offences, as well as in the implementation of prevention activities.

Varnost cestnega prometa najpogosteje povezujemo s številom prometnih nesreč in mrtvimi v prometnih nesrečah. Po statističnih podatkih Policije predstavlja vožnja pod vplivom alkohola enega izmed najpomembnejših dejavnikov za nastanek prometnih nesreč. V Sloveniji število povzročiteljev prometnih nesreč, ki so pod vplivom alkohola, sorazmerno pada z zmanjševanjem števila prometnih nesreč. V nalogi je prikazana prometna varnost ter socialna stališča ljudi do prometne varnosti v Evropi in Sloveniji. Podrobneje je analizirana prometna varnost na območju Policijske uprave Maribor v letih 2008–2012, s poudarkom na vplivu alkohola na varnost v cestnem prometu. Spremembe prometne zakonodaje in uvedba ukrepov na področju zmanjšanja rabe alkohola pripomorejo k zmanjševanju števila prometnih nesreč, ki jih povzročijo povzročitelji pod vplivom alkohola. V prihodnje je potrebno spodbujanje udeležencev v prometu k odgovornejšemu ravnanju in vedenju, oblikovanju zavesti o prometni varnosti in spoštovanju zakonodajnih predpisov, da bi se zagotovila večja prometna varnost cestnega prometa. ; Road traffic safety is most commonly related to the number of accidents and deaths in traffic accidents. Statistical data collected by the police show that driving under the influence of alcohol is one of the most important factors for the occurrence of traffic accidents. In Slovenia, the number of accidents caused by drivers under the influence of alcohol decreases proportionally to the decreasing number of traffic accidents. The study presents traffic safety and people's social perception about road transport safety in Europe and in Slovenia. More detailed analysis of transportation security highlighting the impact of alcohol on road traffic safety is given for the area within the Police Administration Maribor during the years 2008–2012. Modifications of traffic regulation and the implementation of measures to reduce usage of alcohol are assisting to lower the number of traffic accidents caused by alcohols intoxicated drivers. To assure better road transportation safety in the future, the encouragement of all road traffic participants to act responsibly, to be aware of traffic safety guidelines and to obey traffic regulation is necessary.

Zadnje desetletje se veliko govori o ogroženosti našega planeta, ki je zaradi vse hitrejšega razvoja industrij in čedalje večje gostote prometa posledica onesnaževanja okolja. Zaradi tega se dandanes srečujemo z enim izmed glavnih okoljskih izzivov, podnebnimi spremembami. Vemo, da onesnaževanje povzročajo vse oblike transporta, a vendar smo se v nalogi omejili samo na cestni promet. In kako bi rešili ta problem? Seveda z uporabo okolju prijaznih vozil. A vendar se tukaj potem srečamo z drugim problemom, kako kupca prepričati v takšen nakup. Zato se bomo v magistrski nalogi osredotočili na dejavnike, ki vplivajo na odločitve o nakupu okolju prijaznih vozil. Reševanja, kako bi kupca pripravili za nakup okolju prijaznega vozila, smo se lotili s spletno anketo (glede različnih okoljskih vprašanj ter nefinančnih in finančnih vidikov). Ker smo želeli videti, kako razmišljajo ljudje izven Slovenije, smo si izbrali dve državi ‒ Španijo in Poljsko (z različnih koncev Evrope). V naši spletni anketi je sodelovalo okoli 350 anketirancev v vsaki državi. Na podlagi okoljskih vprašanj smo anketirance razdelili v tri skupine, kar je bilo zelo smiselno, saj smo tako prišli do njihovih mnenj o okolju in okolju prijaznih vozilih. ; Last decade, there is a lot of talking about the endangerment of our planet due to faster industry development and heavy traffic pollution. Regarding the pollution problem, today we are facing one of the main environment challenges – climate changes. We know, that all kinds of transport causes the pollution, but we nevertheless limited only to road traffic. And how to solve this problem? With use of environmentally friendly vehicles. But again there is another problem, how to convince a consumer to buy that kind of vehicle. That is why we focused on factors that influence on decisions of buying eco-friendly vehicles in our paper work. For solving the problem regarding the decision of buying eco-friendly vehicle, we used a web survey. It contained several different environmental questions and none financial and financial point of views. We wanted to see how people outside of Slovenia are thinking, so we have chosen two countries from different parts of Europe, Spain and Poland. In our web survey, there were about 350 people questioned from each country. Regarding the environmental questions, we divided the interviewees into three groups. That is how we got their opinion about environment and eco-friendly vehicles.

Evropska sosedska politika (v nadaljevanju ESP) je politika urejanja odnosov s sosednjimi državami EU, ki jim ni bilo ponujeno članstvo v EU. Na Južnem Kavkazu, kjer so po letu 1991 nastale države Azerbajdžan, Gruzija, Armenija, se je sosedska politika okrepila po letu 2003, ko se je spremenila politična struktura v Gruziji in, ko se je s pridružitvijo Romunije in Bolgarije EU širila še bolj proti vzhodu. Velik del »evropeizacije« te regije temelji na širjenju pojma EU »kot edino pravega« razvoja družbe s pomočjo človekovih pravic in svoboščin, demokracije, liberalizacije, urejenega pravnega reda in prostovoljnega skupnega sodelovanja ter na postopni integraciji teh držav v politični, pravni in gospodarski red EU. V magistrski nalogi iščem odgovor na vprašanje ali je ta način promocije evropskih vrednot učinkovit za povezovanje z vsemi sosednjimi državami ali pa utegne imeti negativne posledice v odnosih z njimi. S pravno, gospodarsko in politično analizo evropske sosedske politike v Armeniji, Gruziji in Azerbajdžanu, spoznavanjem njenih prednosti in slabosti, ugotavljam perspektive za prihodnji razvoj. Za oblikovanje ključnih vidikov povezovanja je pomembno poznavanje zgodovinskih, etničnih, geografskih, kulturnih in političnih razlik ter poznavanje problematike območij z velikim varnostnim tveganjem kot so Gorski Karabah, Južna Osetija in Abhazija. Države Armenija, Azerbajdžan in Gruzija se nahajajo na pomembnem območju, kjer se prepletajo geostrateški interesi Rusije, ZDA, Turčije, Irana in v zadnjem času tudi Kitajske. EU se srečuje z novimi izzivi, med katerimi vedno večjo vlogo igra njena sosedska politika do tretjih držav. Ker je v primeru Južnega Kavkaza splošno zaznati obširnost evropskih virov, t. j. dogovorov in politik (pridružitveni sporazumi, sporazumi o partnerstvu in sodelovanju, finančni instrumenti, Vzhodno partnerstvo, Sinergija Črnega morja, sporazumi po sektorjih), v nalogi ugotavljam, ali bi bilo potrebno vzpostaviti enotnejšo in s tem preglednejšo sosedsko politiko do vsake posamezne države. ; The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is an instrument for governing relations with the EU's neighbourhood countries which are not to become members of the EU. In the South Caucasus, where Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia declared independence in 1991, the ENP was strengthened after 2003 with change of political structure in Georgia and after EU's enlargement further to the east with joinder of Romania and Bulgaria. A big part of Europeanisation of this region is based on promotion of the EU's values as being »the only right way« of developing societies, through strengthening human rights and liberties, democracy, liberalisation, the rule of law, voluntary cooperation and gradual integration of these countries into the EU's political, legal and economic framework. In this master's thesis I am looking for an answer to a question whether such way of promoting European values will result in cooperation with all the neighbouring countries or whether it might bring negative consequences in the EU's relationship with them. With legal, economic and political analysis of the ENP in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan and with identification of the ENP's advantages and disadvantages, I am trying to find possibilities for its further development. Understanding historic, ethnic, geographic, cultural and political differences and understanding problems coming from areas considered major security risks, such as Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, is important for developing key areas of cooperation. Countries Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are located in the important area where geostrategic interests of Russia, USA, Turkey, Iran and recently China intersect. The EU has been facing new challenges, one of them being the increasing importance of its policy towards the neighbouring countries. As there has been a significant amount of European sources, such as arrangements and politics (e.g. association agreements, partnership and cooperation agreements, financial instruments, Eastern Partnership, Black Sea Synergy, sectoral agreements) in the South Caucasus, I am discussing in this thesis whether there should be a more unified and consequently more transparent neighbourhood policy for each partner country.

Predmet doktorske disertacije je upravljanje zunanjetrgovinske politike države ob upoštevanju delovanja nadnacionalnih entitet, pri čemer je naš osrednji cilj identificirati optimalen način realizacije nacionalnih interesov v okviru nadnacionalne entitete (tj. Evropske unije). Zunanjetrgovinska politika je eno izmed najstarejših ekonomskih področij, o katerem so tekle resne akademske razprave že v Antični Grčiji pred več kot 2000 leti. Vendar o razvoju svetovne trgovine kot sistematičnem globalnem načinu trgovanja govorimo šele od 15. stoletja dalje. Za boljše razumevanje področja v doktorski disertaciji najprej opredelimo teoretska izhodišča, v okviru katerih predstavimo teorije mednarodne menjave ter analiziramo vlogo države in ekonomske diplomacije skozi različna zgodovinska obdobja (merkantilizem, liberalizem, protekcionizem, intervencionizem ter obdobje liberalizacije in globalizacije). Kot najpomembnejše teoretično izhodišče od Davida Ricarda dalje identificiramo ugotovitev, da svet ni ničelna vsota – vse države z zunanjo trgovino pridobivajo. Kljub temu da so države skozi različna zgodovinska obdobja (glede na gospodarske razmere) vodile različne zunanjetrgovinske politike (protekcionistične ali liberalne), teorija in praksa potrjujeta, da liberalna zunanjetrgovinska politika povečuje konkurenčnost gospodarstva. Študije ekonomistov (Sachs in Warner 1995, 35 ; Frey v Pruslecki 2008, 5 ; Krueger 1980, 289) namreč kažejo, da države z liberalno zunanjetrgovinsko politiko dosegajo višjo gospodarsko rast od tistih s protekcionistično. Kot potrditev teze navajamo izsledke analiz, ki kažejo na višje stopnje gospodarske rasti v t. i. hitro rastočih gospodarstvih (državah BRIICS ‒ Braziliji, Rusiji, Indiji, Indoneziji, Kitajski in Južni Afriki). Slednje so na podlagi liberalizacije trgov v zadnjih dvajsetih letih dosegale višje stopnje gospodarske rasti od razvitih gospodarstev. Glede na to da je predmet disertacije zunanjetrgovinska politika v okviru Evropske unije (EU), ki jo Slovenija sooblikuje, se v okviru analize ukrepov osredotočimo na ukrepe zunanjetrgovinske politike EU, vlogo nacionalnih in nadnacionalnih (vladnih in nevladnih) akterjev ter povezavo vsebin z drugimi politikami. Ključni akterji v procesu formalnega delovanja na področju zunanjetrgovinske politike EU so: Evropska komisija (Direktorat za trgovino), Svet EU (Odbor za zunanjetrgovinsko politiko, Coreper in Svet za zunanje zadeve), Evropski parlament ter nevladni akterji (združenja, nevladne organizacije) kot nadnacionalni akterji in (vladni in nevladni) akterji na nacionalni ravni držav članic EU. Prioriteta zunanjetrgovinske politike EU je multilateralna zunanja trgovina, vzporedno pa potekajo pogajanja s številnimi državami oz. regijami za sklenitev preferencialnih trgovinskih sporazumov. Med ukrepi zunanjetrgovinske politike EU je pomembna še Strategija dostopa na trg, v okviru katere se dosegajo sinergije na podlagi okrepljenega partnerstva med Evropsko komisijo, državami članicami in gospodarstvom. Ugotavljamo, da postaja v obdobju globalizacije zunanjetrgovinska politika izrazito večplastna ter da izginjajo meje med zunanjimi in notranjimi politikami. Na primeru pogajanj t. i. Razvojne agende iz Dohe, ki potekajo v okviru Svetovne trgovinske organizacije, potrdimo tezo o prepletanju pogajanj na različnih ravneh (bilateralni, regionalni in multilateralni) in vsebinski povezanosti zunanjetrgovinske politike z drugimi politikami (z razvojno, s kmetijsko ipd.). Slednje potrjujejo tudi strateški dokumenti EU (Strategija Evropa 2020 ; Trgovina, rast in svetovne zadeve ter Globalna Evropa: konkurenčna v svetu), v katere je zunanjetrgovinska politika vključena kot pomemben sestavni del politike konkurenčnosti. ; The doctoral thesis focuses on a country's external trade policy management in relation to the processes witin subnational entities. Our main goal is to identify an optimal approach to realizing national interests in the context of a subnational entity (i.e., the European Union). External trade policy is one of the oldest economic policies. The first discussions on trade issues started among philosophers in Greece 2000 years ago, but global trade as a systematic process emerged in the 15th century. At the beginning of the doctoral thesis, the focus is on the theoretical background ‒ theories of external economic co-operation. We analyse the role of the state and economic diplomacy in different historical periods (mercantilism, liberalism, protectionism, interventionism, liberalisation and globalisation). The most important theoretical finding is (discovered by David Ricardo and confirmed in subsequent theories) that all states, engaged in external trade, gain (we talk about the so called positive sum). Although countries led different external trade policies during various historical periods (liberal or protectionist), theory and experience show that the liberal external trade policy increases competitiveness of an economy. Studies of several economists (Sachs and Warner 1995, 35 ; Frey 1984 ; Pruslecki 2008, 5 ; Krueger 1980, 289) also confirm, that countries with a liberal external trade policy record higher growth rates than those in favour of protectionism. Emerging economies (the so called BRIICS countries ‒ Brasil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, and South Africa) record higher growth rates in the last twenty years – after liberalising their markets. We analyse the European Union (EU) external trade policy measures, the role of national and subnational (state and non-state) actors, and the interconnectedness of the external trade policy and other national policies. The key actors in the formal process of creating EU external trade policy are: European Commission (Directorate General for Trade), Council of the EU (Trade Policy Committee – formerly 133 Committee ; Coreper, Foreign Affairs Council), European Parliament, non-state actors (associations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs)) as well as actors in the member states (state and non state actors: ministries, diplomatic network, business associations, chambers of commerce, NGOs, etc.). The priority of the EU external trade policy is multilateral trade – successful conclusion of the WTO Doha Development Agenda. In parallel, EU is negotiating preferential trade agreements with several countries and regions. One of the most important trade policy measures is also Market Access Partnership, where active involvement of member states and the business sector is expected. Globalisation has changed the patterns of global economic co-operation and global trade. External trade has become more complex (linked to the competition, energy, environment and sustainable development policies) and the number of actors (state and non-state) involved in the policy has increased significantly. The boundaries between external and internal policies disappear as well. We show the interactions between different actors, negotiating levels, and policies on the World Trade Organisation Doha Development Agenda case, where the positions of the negotiations have to be agreed on at different levels: national, bilateral, regional, and multilateral. External trade policy is an important part of the EU strategic documents (Global Europe: competing in the world, EU 2020), and therefore an important element of the competitiveness policy. The thesis also confirms that the role of economic diplomacy in trade issues has gained importance during the last twenty years. Saner and Yiu (2003) argue that the main function of the post-modern economic diplomacy is representation in the international organisations and influence on other countries' policies.