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Efforts to empower the poor communities in urban areas are still very urgent at this time. Although the number of poor communities in urban areas is decreasing, the rate is not significant. Empowerment needs to place poor urban as the main actors and the government as facilitators and motivators. This research aims to provide a scientific description of the causes of poverty and the empowerment model for the poor urban in Makassar city, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative with a narrative strategy. The research participantss were as many as five low-income households in an urban area. The data collection technique used in-depth interviews with participants. Field observations were also made related to participants' social life and literature studies to strengthen the interview and observation data. Data analysis takes three ways: data reduction, data display, and verification/conclusion drawing. The result showed three factors that cause urban poverty: natural, cultural, and structural. The empowerment model was implemented by understanding the problems encountered, developing problem-solving strategies, understanding the importance of making planned changes, and strengthening the urban poor's capacity. ; Upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat miskin di perkotaan masih sangat mendesak saat ini. Meski jumlah masyarakat miskin di perkotaan menurun, angka tersebut tidak signifikan. Pemberdayaan perlu menempatkan masyarakat miskin perkotaan sebagai aktor utama dan pemerintah sebagai fasilitator dan motivator. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran ilmiah tentang penyebab kemiskinan dan model pemberdayaan masyarakat miskin perkotaan di kota Makassar, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan strategi naratif. Partisipan penelitian adalah sebanyak lima rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah di wilayah perkotaan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dengan partisipan. Pengamatan lapangan juga dilakukan terkait kehidupan sosial partisipan dan studi literatur untuk memperkuat data wawancara dan observasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan tiga cara yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi / penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga faktor penyebab kemiskinan perkotaan: alamiah, budaya, dan struktural. Model pemberdayaan dilaksanakan dengan memahami permasalahan yang dihadapi, menyusun strategi pemecahan masalah, memahami pentingnya melakukan perubahan yang terencana, dan memperkuat kapasitas masyarakat miskin perkotaan.

Since reform was introduced in the governmental administration system in Indonesia, lots of progress have been reached up to the present day but problems are however still found in some cities and district government in West Sumatra. Based on the evaluation by The Ministry of Home Affairs of The Republic of Indonesia in 2011 and 2012 against all level of provincial, districts and city governments through out Indonesia, there is only one regional government namely the City of Sawahlunto of the 12 districts and 7 cities in West Sumatra that comes into the national big 10 having best achievement in the government administration (2011). In order districts and city government can give best performance and increase numbers of the regional Governments the Province of West Sumatra to be able to enter the big 10 of government administration with best performance in the national record ahead, it is highly emphasized that Governor as the representative central government in West Sumatra needs to increase its intensive management on the administration of ditricts and City governments. This study aims to finding out and analyzing management implementation, constraints, obstacles, and endeavours that have been made to overcome the said circumstances encountered by the governor as the government representative in carrying out management on government administration of district and city governments in the province of West Sumatra. In writing this thesis, the wtriter uses the method of yudicial social approach. The Implementation fostering regional government administration of district and city government levels by the governor as the representative government in the Province of West Sumatra is not well-executed because the implementative and technical guidance on the implementation mechanism of management are not yet available but however the Governor with his regional secretary and head of related sectors of development remains to take initiative to carry out the management through the activities of coordinative meetings, socialization and on-going implementation programs and other activities attended by the whole existing district and city Governments in West Sumatra.Keywords: Fostering, regional government administration, of districts and city.

Arikel ini bertujuan untuk memahami dinamika sosial politik masyarakat Desa Rias terkait kontestasi politik pemilihan legislatif tahun 2019. Khususnya tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kegagalan Calon Legislatif dari Desa rias pada momentum pemilu tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Kualitatif model deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat beberapa hal dan kondisi yang saling berkaitan yang melatarbelakangi kegagalan calon legislatif dari Desa Rias, yaitu; (1) Konstelasi politik masyarakat. (2) Perilaku politik masyarakat yang bersikap kritis kepada caleg dari dalam desa tetapi tidak kritis terhadap caleg dari luar desa. (3) Figur caleg dari dalam desa yang mendapatkan stigma negatif ketika mendekati pemilihan. (4) Tim sukses/relawan caleg yang tidak solid, tidak berpengalaman, hanya memanfaatkan uang para caleg dan tidak fokus memenangkan caleg dari dalam desa, dan terakhir (5) Biaya atau cost politik caleg yang kecil. Selain itu penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa aspek primordialisme dalam kontestasi politik desa telah kehilangan pengaruhnya. Pilihan politik masyarakat desa lebih ditentukan oleh konstruksi rasionalitas dari pada hubungan primordial dengan aktor politik.AbstractIThis study aims to understand the social and political dynamics of the Rias society related to the political contestation in the legislative elections in 2019. Especially the cause of the failure of the legislative candidates from Rias Village In the 2019 elections. This study uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation, and documentation. This research found several things and interrelated conditions that underlie the failure of legislative candidates from Rias Village, i.e; (1) The political constellation of society. (2) Political behavior is critical to candidates from within but not to candidates from outside the village. (3) A figure of candidates who get a negative stigma when almost an election. (4) Team and volunteer candidates who are not solid, inexperienced, take advantage of candidate's money and not focused on winning candidates, and finally (5) Political costs of candidates. The factors that caused society to vote outside candidates are (a) The Political Constellation, (b) a Figure of Candidates, (c) Team, and (d) Political Cost. Besides, the primordialism aspect of political contestation in the village has lost its influence. The political choices of rural communities are more determined by rational construction than primordial relationships with political actors.

Supervision is not just a mere supervision, especially if it's just to find fault. Supervision starts from planning, implementing, reporting and finally follow up from the results of supervision. This research was conducted to analyze the Follow-up of Supervision Results conducted by the Regional Inspectorate of Indramayu Regency. Follow-up to Supervision Results are reviewed from the APIP policy aspects of the implementation of completion of Oversight Results Follow-up, audited responses to audit findings, causes of audit findings, audited responses to delays in Follow-up Monitoring Results. More in this study wants to examine the steps of policy makers in completing the findings of the Audit Results Report.The Examination Result Report contains findings, conditions, causes, consequences and recommendations for recommendations that must be followed up by the Regional Work Unit (SKPD) which is examined to correct errors in the implementation of the administration of the general government and government implementation affairs that occur in the SKPD examined. The follow-up itself aims to improve and improve the quality of good and clean governanceFactors that cause low or not yet achieved completion of follow-up include lack of leadership commitment or change of leadership in the work unit / work unit, so that new leaders are less concerned about the follow-up of the results of supervision because they feel it is not their responsibility. The cause of the findings (disobedience to the legislation and the weakness of the internal control system) and the delay in following up on the findings of the examination include internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include leadership and subordinate human resources, lack of subordinate human resource capabilities and leadership managerial abilities. An external factor is the third party's lack of discipline regarding the findings of the examination and the existence of social problems in the community.In order to resolve the follow-up to the audit results, it is necessary to conduct direct monitoring efforts, namely by reviewing directly to the audited work unit / work unit accompanied by a value test of the findings of the audit completed with the Follow-Up Update Minutes. While the indirect update is carried out based on a value test of supporting documents / evidence submitted by the work unit / work unit as a follow-up to the auditor's recommendations.

This paper analyses the important of regional investment agreements for promoting international trade in ASEAN countries. To visualize the above idea, this work will explain the roles of regional investment agreements to serve investment, trade facilitation and to protect regional investment interests. It is argued that regional investment agreements can serve as a vehicle for dialogue, coordination on and to response regional issues including regulatory harmonization, infrastructure development, and collaboration among members to facilitate investment. The paper shows how regional agreements will commit to eliminate barriers on substantially trade and investment, create positive welfare gains, the productivity and stimulus to growth in the region. This paper also analyses the effect of the establishment of an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015 to the regional investment policies. AEC aiming at transforming ASEAN into a single market and production base with a highly competitive economic region, equitable economic development, free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labor, and freer flow of capital, will likely accelerate regional integration and cooperation in the investment sectors fully integrated into the international trade. Then, this work demonstrates the implementation of regional investment cooperation into the formal instruments/agreements of investment policy architecture promoting and protecting cross border investment among nationals of ASEAN member states, such as ASEAN Investment Guarantee Agreement (IGA), the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) and ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA). However, it is realized that the ASEAN members may resist and protest against the regional investment agreements because of conflicting their national interest. The paper proposed that the regional inv stment agreements need to be strengthened by harmonization and structural adjustment due to the member's resistance and protest. This idea may spark challenge because each member has fundamental differences on the nature and character of legal and economic systems reflecting different political systems, economic and social cultures in accordance with the philosophy of life values and national interests of each country. To overcome the challenge, this paper argues that ASEAN member countries need to unilaterally and collectively come up with structuring trade and investment policy harmonization to move ahead and reap the benefits from regional investment agreement as a common tool for contesting their interest in international trade. In addition, pre agreed flexibilities to accommodate the interests of all ASEAN countries may eliminate the problem.

Coastal as an open-access resource has the potential to cause conflict with spatial use. This research aims to analyze the conflict in the utilization of coastal resources among fishermen and unconventional tin miners. This research used a survey research method with qualitative descriptive research, including income analysis, employment opportunities, education, and health. Respondents in this research were fishermen and unconventional tin miners in Bangka Tengah district, including Batu Belubang village - Pangkalan Baru sub-district, Kurau village - Koba sub-district, and Baskara Bhakti village - Namang sub-district. Data collection using methods through observation, interviews, and documentation. Conflicts are analyzed through a stakeholder analysis approach with an onion analysis approach. The results showed that there were four main issues triggering conflict: 1) environmental issues; 2) social issues; 3) law violation issues; 4) economic issues. Conflict resolution that is collaborative with a negotiation approach that combines elements of the user community (fishing groups and unconventional miners) and the government known as Co-Management which avoids the excessive dominant role of one party in the management of coastal and marine resources, including equitable division of territory between fishing and mining areas, with reference to coastal and marine spatial regulations in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia. ; Pesisir sebagai sumberdaya open-access berpotensi menimbulkan konflik pemanfaatan ruang. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konflik pemanfaatan sumberdaya pesisir antara nelayan dengan penambang timah inkonvensional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian survei dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, meliputi análisis pendapatan, kesempatan kerja, pendidikan, dan kesehatan. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah nelayan dan penambang timah inkonvensional di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah, meliputi Desa Batu Belubang Kecamatan Pangkalan Baru, Desa Kurau Kecamatan Koba dan Desa Baskara Bhakti Kecamatan Namang. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Konflik dianalisis melalui pendekatan analisis stakeholder dengan pendekatan analisis bawang bombay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat isu utama pemicu timbulnya konflik: 1) isu lingkungan; 2) isu sosial; 3) isu pelanggaran hukum; dan 4) isu ekonomi. Resolusi konflik yakni kolaboratif dengan pendekatan negosiasi yang memadukan antara unsur masyarakat pengguna (kelompok nelayan dan penambang inkonvensional) dan pemerintah yang dikenal dengan Co-management yang menghindari peran dominan yang berlebihan dari satu pihak dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya pesisir dan laut, diantaranya pembagian wilayah secara adil antara area penangkapan ikan dan tambang, dengan mengacu pada peraturan tata ruang pesisir dan laut di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Indonesia.

ABSTRACTNationalism, ideology based on the premise that the individual's loyalty anddevotion to the nation state surpass other individual or group interest nationalismis a modern movement. A consciousness of the part of individuals or groups ofmembership in a nation, whether one's or another. A state of mind, permeating thelarge majority of people and climing to permeate all its members, it recognizes thenation state as the ideal form of political organization and the nationality as thesource of all creative cultural energy and economic will being.Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by thepromotion of the interest of particular nation, especially with the aim of gainingand maintaining sovereignty (self governance). The supreme loyalty of man istherefore do to this nationality, as his own life is supposedly rooted in and madepossible by its welfare.The policy or doctrine of asserting the interest of one's own nation viewed asseparate from the interest of all nation and idiom or trait peculiar to a nation, amovement, as in the arts, based upon the folk idioms, history, aspirations of anation. Nationalism is a strong attachment to a particular country or nation. It isalso called patriotism many historians consider nationalism to be one of the mostimportant forces in shaping modern history. Nationalism can have a positiveinfluence by giving people a sense of belonging to a national community.Integral nationalism, this stage of nationalism centers the nation and its state in thelife of all citizens. Instead of a state being committed to supplying public goods tocitizens, this form of nationalism emphasizes individuals sacrifice for the benefit ofthe nation and its government.Nationalism is a simple and relativist political ideology that holds tremendous waywith millions of voters and many government. Nationalism's adaptability to mostlocal conditions allows it to thrive, especially when supported by a governmentintent on expanding its own power, domestically and internationally. It's andattractive ideology for political leaders, as it provides a ready made and widelybelieved justification for increased political power in order to make the nation.Indonesia's leader want to wean the country off commodities and push investmentin value added manufacturing and services to emulate the success of countries. Theargument that Indonesia needs to focus on overhauling education andinfrastructure to lift the country's productivity and help boost its economy.Its vision of the inevitable transformation of the nation state system by globalprocesses that the nation state was entering a period of crisis. The argue thatnationalism would only intensity as states the growing challenge of globalization.

Abstract : There are two opposite opinions about the permissibility of women in politics. One opinion states that women should be at home, devoted to her husband, just have a domestic role, and should not be involved in politics. Another opinion states that women have the freedom to play, both inside and outside the home as well as in politics. This happens because they don't understand the concept of women's rights that purely political, as well as in understanding the text verse Al-Qur`an is still gender bias. The differences of those opinions related to the differences in understanding the Islamic sources especially the verses of the Al-Qur`an about politics. This paper discusses political rights of women in Islam, so that people can understand and not considered taboo against women who were involved in politics. Based on the identification, classification, and analysis of the texts of the Al-Qur'an and hadith about politics, found that women in politics have the right according to Islam. Men and women are obliged to enjoining good and forbidding evil through several ways including the political media. Islam does not distinguish between men and women in individual rights and social rights especially political rights. However, it was noted that all rights must be placed within the limits of natural as women. Abstrak : Terjadi dua pendapat yang berseberangan tentang kebolehan perempuan berpolitik. Satu pendapat menyatakan perempuan harus di dalam rumah, mengabdi kepada suami, dan hanya mempunyai peran domestik dan tidak boleh berpolitik. Pendapat lain menyatakan perempuan mempunyai kemerdekaan untuk berperan, baik di dalam maupun di luar rumah demikian juga dalam bidang politik. Hal tersebut terjadi karena belum difahaminya konsep tentang hak politik perempuan secara murni, juga karena dalam memahami teks ayat al-Qur`an masih bias gender. Perbedaan pandangan tersebut terkait dengan perbedaan dalam memahami sumber-sumber ajaran Islam terutama ayat al-Qur`an yang berbicara tentang politik. Makalah ini membahas bagaimana sebenarnya hak politik perempuan dalam Islam, sehingga masyarakat dapat memahami dan tidak menganggap tabu terhadap perempuan yang terjun di dunia politik. Berdasarkan identifikasi dan klasifikasi serta analisis nash-nash dari al-Qur'an dan hadis tentang politik dalam al-Qur`an, ditemukan bahwa perempuan mempunyai hak dalam berpolitik menurut Islam. Laki-laki dan perempuan berkewajiban untuk amar makrûf nahî munkar melalui beberapa cara termasuk diantaranya dengan media politik. Islam tidak membedakan laki-laki dan perempuan dalam hak-hak individu dan hak-hak kemasyarakatan utamanya hak politik. Namun demikian, yang perlu dicatat adalah semua hak tersebut harus diletakkan dalam batas-batas kodrati sebagai perempuan.

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis faktor yang menjadi penyebab penyalahgunaan narkotika oleh pegawai negeri sipil dikota gorontalo serta upaya penanggulangan terhadap penyalahgunaan narkotika oleh pegawai negeri sipil di kota gorontalo. Jenis Penelitian yang digunakan oleh peneliti dalam menyusun Penelitian ini adalah jenis Penelitian normatif-empiris, Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan oleh peneliti dalam menyusun penelitian ini adalah, antara lain: Pendekatan Perundang-Undangan (Statue Approach); Pendekatan kasus (case approach). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa faktor-faktor terjadinya penyalahgunaan narkotika yang melibatkan pegawai Negeri Sipil di Kota Gorontalo di akibatkan oleh beberapa faktor, baik faktor internal maupun faktor eksternal, faktor internal yaitu dengan mencoba-coba untuk menyalahgunakan narkotika, dan faktor eksternal yaitu dengan faktor lingkungan tempat tinggal dan lingkungan pergaulan. Dan upaya-upaya dalam penanggulangan penyalahgunaan narkotika oleh Pegawai Negeri Sipil dilakukan mulai dari upaya preventif yang dilakukan dengan cara penyuluhan dan sosialisasi tentang bahaya narkoba, upaya Represif yang bersifat tindakan penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh Polres Gorontalo Kota dan Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi Gorontalo, dan melakukan upaya Rehabilitasi secara sosial dan secara fisik, selain itu melakukan tes urine secara berkala disetiap instansi, harus adanya sosialisasi secara rutin dan penindakan hukum secara tegas bagi PNS yang melakukan penyalahgunaan Narkotika. Kata kunci: Kriminologi; Pegawai Negeri Sipil; Narkotika ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the factors that cause narcotics abuse by civil servants in the city of Gorontalo and efforts to combat drug abuse by civil servants in the city of Gorontalo. The type of research used by researchers in compiling this research is a type of normative-empirical research. The approaches used by researchers in compiling this research are, among others: the statutory approach (Statue Approach); The case approach (case approach). The results of this study indicate that the factors in the occurrence of narcotics abuse involving civil servants in Gorontalo City are caused by several factors, both internal and external factors, internal factors, namely trying to abuse narcotics, and external factors, namely environmental factors. place of residence and social environment. And efforts in overcoming narcotics abuse by civil servants are carried out starting from preventive efforts carried out by means of counseling and socialization about the dangers of drugs, repressive efforts that are law enforcement actions carried out by the Gorontalo City Police and the National Narcotics Agency of Gorontalo Province, and carrying out Rehabilitation efforts socially and physically, apart from conducting regular urine tests in every agency, there must be routine outreach and firm legal action for civil servants who commit narcotics abuse.

The purpose of this study is to see how the representation of government officials about the pros and cons of lockdown by those who are pro with the policy of government officials; and how the representation of government officials about the lockdown counter by those who are counter to the policy of government officials in conveying their ideology in a speech on the ILC TV ONE talk show with the theme Corona: Pro and Counter Lockdown. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data in this study were in the form of speeches from each of the speakers, namely government officials and experts. The subjects in this study were government officials and experts who were the speakers at the ILC TV ONE program. The approach of this research is AWK Norman Fairclough's qualitative approach. The results of this study indicate that, that there is no one vote whether the pros or cons lockdown. Because there are a lot of considerations and shadows if the lockdown is done what the impact is and if nothing is done. There are 3 findings of representation from government officials' statements on the lockdown policy, namely (1) Government officials in their speeches do not have strong control to make decisions, local government officials still play it safe and maintain respect for the government above it. (2) Central government officials, which are represented by the President's spokesman, can only provide an educational explanation on what is social distancing and what is lockdown and the policies that are carried out; and (3) Representative government officials and experts criticizing the policies taken by the government have not been maximized and are not firm. AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana representasi pejabat pemerintah tentang pro dan kontra lockdown oleh pihak yang pro dengan kebijakan pejabat pemerintah; dan bagaimana representasi pejabat pemerintah tentang prokontra lockdown oleh pihak yang kontra dengan kebijakan pejabat pemerintah dalam menyampaikan ideologinya dalam tuturan di talk show ILC TV ONE dengan tema Corona: Pro dan Kontra Lockdown. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis wacana kritis model Norman Fairclough yang meliputi teks, discourse practice, dan sociocultural practice. Pendekatan penelitian ini berupa pendekatan kualitatif prespektif AWK Norman Fairclough. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, bahwa tidak satu suara apakah pro atau kontra lockdown. Karena banyak pertimbangan dan bayangan-bayangan jika lockdown dilakukan apa dampaknya dan jika tidak dilakukan apapula dampaknya. Ada 3 temuan representasi dari tuturan pejabat pemerintah atas kebijakan lockdown, yaitu (1) Pejabat pemerintah dalam tuturannya tidak mempunyai kendali yang kuat untuk membuat keputusan, pejabat pemerintah daerah masih bermain aman dan menjaga kehormatan kepada pemerintah diatasnya. (2) Pejabat pemerintah pusat yaitu diwakili oleh jubir Presiden hanya bisa memberikan penjelasan pendidikan mengenai apa itu sosial distancing dan apa itu lockdown serta kebijakan yang dilakukan; dan (3) Pejabat pemerintah wakil rakyat dan pakar mengkritisi kebijakan yang diambil pemerintah belum maksimal dan tidak tegas.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap keterkaitan demokrasi dengan kekuasaan adat dalam menangani eks pengungsi Timor-Leste di Kabupaten Belu, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia, terkait dengan praktik demokrasi. Lebih spesifiknya, demokrasi dibatasi pada konteks potensi eksklusi akses Dana Desa bagi penduduk baru. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan studi kasus untuk mengungkap praktik demokrasi terkait implementasi Dana Desa yang terjalin erat dengan budaya lokal. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah penduduk baru di Desa Fatuba'a yang secara geografis berdekatan dengan perbatasan antara Indonesia dan Timor-Leste. Hampir separuh dari penduduk Fatuba'a adalah penduduk baru eks pengungsi Timor-Leste. Banyaknya penduduk baru telah menjadi masalah sosial yang kompleks bagi Desa Fatuba'a. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan diskusi kelompok terfokus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lembaga adat memiliki peran yang signifikan dalam mendistribusikan kekuasaan baik dalam aspek pemerintahan maupun pembangunan desa, termasuk dalam penyaluran penggunaan dana desa. Suku Liudasik merupakan suku dominan yang berhasil mendapatkan legitimasi penduduk baru dengan memberikan tanah ulayat sebagai tempat tinggal dan bercocok tanam atas kontribusi mereka untuk memilih kepala desa dari suku Liudasik. Dalam konteks Dana Desa, penggunaannya juga menunjukkan adanya saling ketergantungan antara penghuni baru dengan suku Liudasik. Dengan demikian, penduduk baru memiliki akses ke dana desa. Tidak ada eksklusi terhadap penduduk baru untuk penggunaan Dana Desa Fatuba'a. Ketergantungan penduduk baru pada lembaga adat telah melanggengkan kekuasaan adat suku Liudasik. ; This research aims to reveal the relations between democracy and customary power in handling the East Timorese ex-refugees in Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, related to democratic practices More specifically, democracy is limited to the context of potential exclusion access of the Village Fund for new residents. This research used a qualitative and case studies approach to reveal democratic practices related to the implementation of Village Funds that are intertwined with the local culture. The subjects in this research were new residents in Fatuba'a Village which is geographically close to the cross-border between Indonesia and East Timor. Nearly half of Fatuba'a's populations are new residents who are East Timorese ex-refugees. A large number of new residents have become a complex social problem for Fatuba'a Village. The data collection techniques consist of observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The results showed that customary institutions play a significant role in distributing power both in aspects of government and village development, including the distribution of village funds-use. The Liudasik tribe is a successful dominant tribe obtaining legitimacy of the new residents by granting customary land as a place to live and farming for their contribution to elect the village head from the Liudasik tribe. In the context of the Village Fund, its use also shows the interdependence between new residents and the Liudasik tribe. Consequently, the new residents have an access to village funds. There is no exclusion of new residents for the Fatuba'a's Village Fund-use. The dependence of new residents on customary institutions has perpetuated the customary power of the Liudasik tribe.

In the context of Aceh, the word "Ulama" refers to an Islamic scholar who own boarding school (In Aceh language known as Dayah) or a leader of an Islamic boarding school (known as Teungku Dayah). Ulama become "the backbone" of any social problem and play strategic and influential roles in Acehnese society. However, The Ulama roles have changed in the post-conflict era in Aceh. The assumption that Ulama are unable running their authorities in Acehnese society especially in the post-conflict era. Ideally, their roles are needed in the reconciliation regarding the agents of reconciliation who have authority like the Ulama and are trustworthy by Acehnese society. Therefore, this article aims to discuss the position of Ulama in the process of post-conflict reconciliation in Aceh. To investigate the problem, a descriptive qualitative method was used, where the method is to describe the nature of a temporary situation that occurs when the research is carried out in detail, and then the causes of the symptoms were examined. The data were literature studies, participatory observation, and in-depth interviews. The results of this research showed that during an important period of Aceh's history, the Ulama constantly become guardians that provide a religious ethical foundation for each socio-political change in Aceh, and subsequently they also act as the successor to the religious style that developed in the society. Even the formation and development of the socio-political and cultural system occurred partly on the contribution of the Ulama. The position of Ulama in the process of post-conflict reconciliation in Aceh can be found in four ways. Firstly, knowledge transmission. Secondly, as a legal decision-maker which refers to Sharia law, especially related to the reconciliation process. Thirdly, as a mediator. Fourthly, cultural roles in the form of ritual or ceremonial guides that are carried out when the parties of the conflict have met an agreement to reconcile. ; Dalam konteks Aceh, "Ulama" merujuk pada sosok individu yang memiliki Dayah (pesantren) atau pimpinan Dayah yang terkenal dengan sebutan Teungku Dayah. Pada ranah sosial, Ulama Aceh merupakan "tulang punggung" keputusan dalam berbagai hal. Ulama hadir sebagai kelompok strategis dan berpengaruh dalam kehidupan masyarakat Aceh. Namun, pasca konflik Aceh, telah terjadi dinamika pergeseran peran ulama di Aceh. Ada anggapan bahwa ulama tidak lagi mampu menjalankan otoritasnya dalam masyarakat, terutama pada masa pasca konflik. Padahal idealnya, ulama turut berperan dalam proses rekonsiliasi, mengingat saat ini belum ada agen rekosiliasi yang memiliki otoritas seperti ulama dan benar-benar dapat dipercaya oleh masyarakat Aceh. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ingin mendiskusikan tentang posisi Ulama Aceh dalam proses rekonsiliasi pasca konflik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu suatu metode untuk menggambarkan sifat suatu keadaan yang sementara terjadi pada saat penelitian dilakukan secara detail, dan kemudian berusaha memeriksa sebab-sebab dari gejala tersebut. Data dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari studi pustaka, obeservasi partisipatoris dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam setiap periode penting seajarah Aceh, ulama selalu hadir sebagai satu kekuatan yang memberi ladasan etis keagamaan bagi setiap perubahan sosial-politik di Aceh, dan selanjutnya ulama bertindak sebagai penerus corak keagamaan yang berkembang dalam masyarakat Aceh. Bahkan pembentukan dan perkembangan sistem sosial-politik dan budaya masyarakat Aceh terjadi sebagian atas kontribusi para ulama. Adapun Posisi ulama dalam proses rekonsiliasi di Aceh pasca konflik dapat dilihat dalam empat hal. Pertama, transmisi pengetahuan. Kedua, sebagai pengambil keputusan hukum yang bersumber dari ajaran Islam, terutama terkait dengan proses rekonsiliasi. Ketiga, sebagai mediator. Keempat, peran kultural yang berupa pemandu ritual atau seremonial yang dilakukan ketika pihak yang bertikai sudah menemukan kata sepakat untuk berdamai.

The issues of Papua (Both Papua and West Papua Provinces) have been reached by international communities even though the government regulation; Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21, Year 2001, concerning Special Autonomy for Papua Province becoming a central issue as a problem solving to make a special treat for people in Papua internally. Whereas, the regulation is expected to make people in Papua develop political, economic, and cultural also resolving the insurgency problems among them. The arrangements of social and political, economy and budget are as a special treatment, only develop economy and infrastructure but it does not solve the conflicts until today. In this case, the Counterinsurgency (COIN) strategic model needs to be implemented following the appropriateness of national policy and the condition in Papua. This research used a content analysis method to reveal the causes of an un-optimal policy in solving the insurgency. Based on the four elements of COIN, only two elements exist; community and state elements. While the international community element and private sectors do not appear on the special autonomy legislation for Papua. As a reason, the COIN model appropriates with the condition of the people that include some elements; government, local community, the non-state, international community, and private sectors. Comparing to the United States of America (USA) model where the community is not included in the COIN element since the community as an object. On the other hand, it is different from China where military and political parties as important elements since the government decisions are supported by military force to solve the insurgency problem. This research found that civil and military cooperation in the model of COIN Papua after special autonomy is reflected by the existence of Local Government Leaders Communication Forum of Papua to face all situations that happened in Papua, both in security and emergency. Active coordination among governors, local legislators, Adat communities (customary), police, and army for COIN strategy needs special coordination to global communities openly that affect opinions on the people and private sector interests in Papua. ; Persoalan Papua (Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat) telah mengundang komunitas internasional, namun kebijakan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 Tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Papua menjadi isu sentral dalam penyelesaian Papua hanya memberi perlakuan khusus terhadap internal masyarakat Papua. Padahal, melalui Undang-undang ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat Papua agar lebih cepat berkembang, baik politik, ekonomi, maupun budaya, disamping itu masalah gerakan insurgency (pemberontakan) juga dapat dituntaskan. Kenyataannya, penataan sosial politik, ekonomi dan anggaran yang bersifat khusus telah diberikan namun hanya mengembangkan perekonomian dan infrastruktur tetapi gerakan untuk memisahkan diri belum berakhir sampai saat ini. Untuk itu perlu suatu model strategi counterinsurgency (COIN) yang tetap sesuai dengan kebijakan nasional dan kondisi masyarakar Papua. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode content analysis untuk mengungkap penyebab kebijakan yang tidak optimal dalam menyelesaikan counterinsurgency. Berdasarkan empat elemen dasar dalam COIN hanya ada dua elemen yang ada, yaitu elemen masyarakat dan negara, sementara elemen komunitas internasional dan sektor privat tidak ditemukan dalam Undang-Undang Otonomi Khusus Papua. Sehingga, model COIN yang sesuai dengan kondisi masyarakat Papua harus memiliki unsur pemerintah, masyarakat lokal, non-state, komunitas internasional, dan sektor privat. Kalau dibandingkan dengan model United States of America (USA) yang memposisikan masyarakat tidak masuk dalam unsur COIN karena masyarakat diletakkan sebagai objek yang menentukan. Beda lagi kalau dibandingkan dengan strategi Cina yang menempatakan militer dan partai politik sebagai elemen penting karena keputusan pemerintah didukung oleh kekuatan militer untuk mengatasi masalah insurgency. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kombinasi sipil dan militer dalam model kebijakan COIN Papua Pasca-Otonomi Daerah tercermin dengan adanya Forum Komunikasi Pemimpin Daerah (Forkompimda) Papua dalam menghadapi situasi, baik kondisi aman maupun kondisi darurat. Koordinasikan aktif antara gubernur, legislatif daerah, masyarakat adat, kepolisian, dan militer. Strategi COIN di masa mendatang perlu jalur koordinasi khusus dengan komunitas global secara terbuka yang mempengaruhi opini tentang masyarakat Papua dan kepentingan sektor privat yang cukup kuat di Papua.