A more open diplomacy vs. greater secrecy [trend toward greater openness in United States diplomacy]
In: Foreign service journal, S. 31-32
ISSN: 0146-3543
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In: Foreign service journal, S. 31-32
ISSN: 0146-3543
In: The bulletin of the atomic scientists: a magazine of science and public affairs, Band 6, S. 213-217
ISSN: 0096-3402, 0096-5243, 0742-3829
In: Statistica Neerlandica, Band 9, Heft 4, S. 261-269
ISSN: 1467-9574
SummaryA decade of industrial statisticsThis paper deals with a review about the development of industrial statistics in the Netherlands during the last ten years.Different factors influenced this development: a great need of statistical treatment of problems caused by the evolution of modern industry; the availability of useful statistical tools; the activity of a number of competetent industrial statisticians; the greater openness for new ideas and the better climate with reference to industrial statistics. A detailed discussion of these factors is given.
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 352, S. 129-140
ISSN: 0002-7162
The increasing income & expanding leisure proceeding from the continuing growth of productivity in our society are generating a deep-seated cultural transition from the values of work & production toward those associated with consumption & leisure. Recreation policy can be a useful instrument in effecting this transition with a minimum of cultural dislocation, but there is a need to develop more effective frameworks for recreation policy-making. Leisure activity can be viewed as a quasimarket system whose performance results from the interaction of demand & supply factors subject to analysis. When costs are measured in terms of both money & time, & when transportation costs are specified as variables, it becomes possible to construct a model of the space economy of recreation activity which should become an important analytical perspective for the recreation planner in the future. Because the 'openness' of the system in which he plans is growing, he will need to relate his plans to the larger world, where the federal recreation policies can play a valuable role in providing the context for the planning of local recreation activity. AA.
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 352, Heft 1, S. 129-140
ISSN: 1552-3349
The increasing income and expanding leisure which are proceeding from the continuing growth of produc tivity in our society are generating a deep-seated cultural transition from the values of work and production toward those associated with consumption and leisure. Recreation policy can be a useful instrument in effecting this transition with a minimum of cultural dislocation, but there is a need to develop more effective frameworks for recreation policy-making. Lei sure activity can be viewed as a quasi-market system whose performance results from the interaction of demand and supply factors which are subject to analysis. When costs are measured in terms of both money and time, and when transportation costs are specified as variables, it becomes possible to construct a model of the space economy of recreation activity which should become an important analytical perspective for the recreation planner in the future. Because the "openness" of the system in which he plans is growing, he will need more and more to relate his plans to the larger world, and it is here that the federal recreation policies can play a valuable role in provid ing the context for the planning of local recreation activity.
In: Public opinion quarterly: journal of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Band 16, S. 358-380
ISSN: 0033-362X
A survey of major models used in past human thought is presented. Models serve the following functions by which their performance value may be judged: organizing, heuristic, predictive, mensurative. In a discussion of genuine vs. pseudomodels, the author states a problem posed by the fact that those who are best equipped to construct models frequently know least about social science. All analytic work in the social sciences is tied to judgements of relevance, evaluating the realism of assumptions. Since communication and control are decision processes in an organization, if the pathways by which information is communicated and by which it is applied to the behavior of the organization are mapped, the essential elements of the organization will be understood. Cybernetics, with its concepts of formal and informal communication channels, memory storage and feedback, primary information and secondary symbols, and steering, can be applied to the study of an organization. The author concludes with a concept of the characteristics of growth by which an organization may be evaluated: (1) increase in openness; (2) efficiency with which information is transmitted: (3) ability to change the environs of the organization in accordance with its projected inner policies and needs; and (4) increase in learning capacity. R. S. Halpern.
In: Canadian journal of economics and political science: the journal of the Canadian Political Science Association = Revue canadienne d'économique et de science politique, Band 24, Heft 4, S. 483-501
There is now an extensive literature on bureaucratic organization in general, and on governmental bureaucracies in particular. Recently there has been a tendency to view social power as being distributed through a set of counter-bureaucracies, each of which is a development within a particular institutional order. Modern corporations, the trade unions, the departments of state, the armed services, the church, and so forth are all bureaucratically organized. In other words they have an intensive division of labour, a hierarchical system of command and co-ordination, and an emphasis in recruitment on expert qualifications. Consequently, as bureaucratic organization pervades the entire social structure, we enter the age of the "managerial society," the "organization man," and "government by expert." Hence bureaucracy takes on its true meaning of rule by officials.While much of contemporary sociology in the fields of industrial relations and business and public administration is given over to improving the techniques of bureaucratic control, less attention is paid to the relationship of the various bureaucracies to one another within the total system of power. In this paper I have brought together data on the careers and social backgrounds of the top men—the élite—of the Canadian federal public service. The ordering of these data has been guided by models of governmental bureaucracy in relation to other institutional structures. Limitation of space precludes a full exposition here of these models, but a brief outline is necessary to give some meaning to the empirical materials that follow. The significant variables in these models are rationalization, rivalry, and openness.
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 295, S. 21-32
ISSN: 0002-7162
The foreign commentator does not always view America as a student bent on understanding the country & the American people on their own terms & for their own sake. 'More often, in fact, the perspective is one of partisanship with regard to issues in the commentator's own country or beliefs in his personal philosophy; in some cases his interpretation of America is but a convenient language in which extraneous views & prejudices can be expressed with impunity.' Themes in the writings of A. de Tocqueville, J. Bryce & M. Weber are explored. De Tocqueville eloquently pleaded in favor of the decentralization he saw in America, while not anticipating the growth of the nation into a great military power. His criticism of candidates for public offices was concerned mainly with the technical efficiency & intellectual standard inherent in US administrative practices, rather than problems of political ethics, & his principal criticism of 'the tyranny of the majority' is discussed. Bryce, like Tocqueville, decried that the best talent does not enter the field of public affairs & 'in consequence government in all its branches is below the level to be expected in a nation like the US.' Bryce points to 2 defects of US democracy that received little or no attention from Tocqueville: the corrupt & unethical party-politics practices, also prevalent in city gov'ts; & the formidable power of wealth in America. Unlike Tocqueville, Bryce did not consider a `tyranny of the majority' a danger inherent in US democracy. 'The relative freedom from the bureaucratically formalized type of administration was, to Weber, one of the most valuable aspects of US democracy.' He clearly foresaw the ascent of the US as a world power, & long viewed the US & Russia as the two great centers of gravitation in the modern world. Presented is a brief report of a direct interview survey among leaders from Europe, Asia, & Africa, bringing out 4 grand themes in their images of US: world power, bigness & wealth, technology, & big heart. 'In the political image there was, for instance, 'young & forceful nation' as well as 'young & inexperienced nation', democracy as well as `race relations impair democracy', & 'the civil liberties issue endangers democracy'.' Econ'ly, there were themes like 'opportunity' as well as `insecurity', 'maldistribution', & 'small-group rule (Wall Street)'. In the social & cultural image there was stress on such themes as 'technical skill & efficiency', 'well-integrated multinational society', 'materialism', 'competitiveness', 'success orientation', 'hard work', & 'violence'. In the image of Americans as human beings the main theme was 'friendliness & openness in HR's with such collateral themes as 'strong', 'youthful', 'juvenile', 'skillful', 'active', & 'insensitive to nontechnologicai cultural values'. (See also SA 2685 2734, 2735, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2742, 2744, 2745, 2746, 2748) P. Widem.