Suchergebnisse

Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Organ Donation Worldwide -- 1. The State of the International Organ Trade: A Provisional Picture Based on Integration of Available Information -- 2. Spain Leads the World in Organ Donations -- 3. How to Mend a Broken Heart -- 4. Kuwait Is Determined to Improve Its Rate of Organ Donation -- 5. England's Minority Communities Have a Low Rate of Organ Donations -- 6. Ontario Has Wide Variations in Organ Donation Rates -- 7. A Soldier's Death Gives Life to Another Man -- Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Barriers to Organ Donation -- 1. American Organ Donations Hindered by Religious and Cultural Myths -- 2. Israel's Religious Misconceptions a Barrier to Organ Donation -- 3. Japanese Doctors Are Reluctant to Harvest Organs -- 4. Obstacles Remain for the Field of Face Transplants -- 5. Saudi Arabia Must Confront Cultural and Religious Taboos -- Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Strategies to Improve Organ Donations -- 1. Canada Should Pay Organ Donors -- 2. The British Hindu Community Is Addressing the Shortage of Organ Donors -- 3. Wales Is Switching to a Presumed Consent System for Organ Donations -- 4. Germany Initiates a Campaign to Raise Awareness of Organ Donation Shortfall -- 5. England Is Right to Propose a Presumed Consent Model -- 6. The United States Should Consider a Mandatory Organ Donation Policy -- 7. Portugal Has Implemented a Presumed Consent Law -- Periodical and Internet Sources Bibliography -- Chapter 4: The Problem of Organ Trafficking -- 1. Organ Trafficking Is a Global Problem -- 2. Nepal's Illegal Organ Trade Is on the Rise -- 3. India's Organ Trade Exploits the Country's Most Vulnerable People -- 4. Egypt's Illegal Organ Trafficking Endangers the Poor

Organ trade constitutes the sale and purchase of organs for financial or material gain. Although prohibited since the 1980s, an increasing number of reports indicate its proliferation across the globe. Yet, many knowledge gaps exist on organ trade, in particular on the demand -and facilitation side of the trade. This thesis addresses the following aims: 1 Provide insight into the scale of patients who buy organs for transplantation and describe why, where, how and from whom they purchased organs 2 Acquire knowledge and understanding of the experiences, attitudes, behaviors and needs of transplant professionals who treat patients before and/or after they buy organs 3 Examine the modus operandi of those who facilitate illegal transplantations and study the investigation and prosecution of organ trade networks 4 Assess the possible implications of a punitive, legislative approach 5 Propose alternative strategies that may deter organ trade more effectively Adopting a multidisciplinary approach, the objective is not only to acquire a better empirical understanding of organ trade, but to use this knowledge to explore and encourage strategies that may eliminate-or regulate-the trade more effectively with lesser risk of harms.

The purpose of the research was to conduct a critical review of the literature surrounding organ donation. The paper discusses the different types of legislation involved in organ donation and solutions to increase organ donation rates. A systematic literature review and analysis of recent peer reviewed journal articles was conducted to assess different organ donation systems around the world. Medline, PubMed, Proquest and ScienceDirect databases were used. The majority of countries with high organ donation rates have an opt-out organ donation system. There are a variety of confounding factors that might explain this correlation, such as the transplant capacity of the country, health expenditure and high mortality rates relevant to organ donation. Countries have implemented various strategies to increase organ donation rates. Some of these include changing consent systems, adopting the Spanish Model of organ donation, the reintroduction of donation after cardiac death, public education campaigns, training health workers to approach families for consent, incentives and developing a nationally coordinated system. The gap between the supply and demand for organs continues to widen. Countries need to focus on maximising all organ donation opportunities. There is not a single solution to increase organ donation rates. A multi-sectoral approach is needed to reduce the gap between the supply and demand for organs. This thesis adds to the growing body of literature surrounding organ donation.

Intro -- EXPERIMENTAL ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION -- EXPERIMENTAL ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Section I. Transplantation Models in Rodents, Pigs, and Nonhuman Primates -- Chapter 1: Applications of Experimental Transplantation in Medical Research -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Development of Experimental and Clinical Transplantation -- Applications of Experimental Transplantation in Basic Research -- Applications of Experimental Transplantation in Therapy Development -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Anatomy of Mouse Heart -- Surgical Techniques -- Animal -- Pre-operative Care and Anesthesia -- Abdominal Heterotopic Heart Transplantation Model -- The Cervical Heterotopic Heart Transplantation Model -- Postoperative Care -- Surgical Complications -- Assessing the Mouse HHTx Graft Rejection -- Applications of the Mouse HHTx Model -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Kidney Transplantation in Mice -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Anatomy of Mouse Urinary System -- Surgical Techniques -- Surgical Complications -- Clinical Course and Allograft Rejection of MKT -- Applications -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4: Liver Transplantation in Mice -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Surgical Procedure of MOLT -- Applications of MOLT in Medical Research -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Name List of First Authors in Reference -- Chapter 5: Pancreatic Islet Transplantation in Mice -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Establishment of Islet Transplantation Models -- Anatomy of Mouse Pancreas and Kidney -- Surgical Techniques -- Surgical Complications -- Assessment of Islet Graft Function and Survival -- Applications of Murine Islet Transplantation for Medical Research.

AbstractIn this article I argue for the need to situate deceased organ donation in and as a hospital practice. This study puts the spotlight on the practical conditions that enable and emplace organ donation in the hospital setting. The analytical move serves the political purpose to inform and interrogate dominant policy framings intended to address the problem of organ shortage. I present an ethnographic investigation that draws upon a Science and Technology Studies (STS) approach to make visible the sociomaterial arrangements that bring together people, things and politics in the assembling of organ donation at a Catalan hospital. A progressive and indeterminate process which might fall through and become disassembled at any given time. This, as I explain, challenges current opt‐out policy that unnecessarily reduces donation to an individual choice to be decided upon in life. Instead, and drawing on ethnographic materials, I propose a situated and relational understanding of organ donation: an embedded health care and procurement practice enacted as a collective accomplishment. I conclude that (more) responsible donation policies need to be informed by, and attuned to, the situated practicalities and enduring tensions that condition and constrain the assembling of organ donation at the hospital setting.

Das Verhältnis der Mitgliedstaaten zur EU erweist sich nach wie vor als das dringendste Problem der europäischen Integration.Der Kerngedanke der hier vorgestellten Überlegungen besteht darin, die Organe der supranationalen Hoheitsgewalt als Bestandteil der einzelstaatlichen Hoheitsgewalt aufzufassen. EU-Kommission, Rat, EuGH und EU-Parlament stellen hiernach keine Ebene einer »übergeordneten« Hoheitsgewalt dar, sondern erscheinen als Einrichtungen jedes einzelnen Staates – zur Beschreibung dessen könnte man von einem »Organ-Sharing« sprechen; ein solcher Begriff bezeichnet den Gedanken, dass die in der EU verbundenen Staaten diese Organe gemeinsam besitzen und nutzen. Im weiteren geht es sodann um die Frage, warum diese Auffassung gegenüber der herkömmlichen Ansicht eines »Mehrebenensystems« vorzugswürdig erscheint. In ihren juristischen Konsequenzen mündet diese Lehre in jene Linie ein, welcher auch das Lissabon-Urteil des BVerfG gefolgt ist; sie liefert hierfür jedoch einen gänzlich anderen, wesentlich stärker belastbaren und insofern zukunftsweisenden Erklärungsansatz.