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Hizballah, the "Party of God" started to take shape in Lebanon in 1982, as a response to the Israeli invasion. During the first stage of its existence, Hizballah -- deeply influenced by the example of the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran -- aimed not only at turning back the Israelis but at the creation of an Islamic state in Lebanon (idea that lost much of its importance during the last years). In fact, at the time Hizballah was both a radical Islamist movement and a communal political organization, aiming at representing the Shi'a of Lebanon. This categorization overlooks the fact that, in the course of time, Hizballah has become something much more complex than a purely military and/or terrorist organization. Gradually it had extended its presence in the Lebanese civil society, creating a increasingly extensive network of welfare and educational services. Then, beginning with 1992, Hizballah, going through a crucial political development, started to take part in the elections, repeatedly winning several seats. Since then, Hizballah has progressively lost much of its identity as a community based Islamist party, and has increasingly turned into a modern nationalist mass party, although with its own peculiar features. The aim of this article is that of arriving at a more balanced assessment of Hizballah than the one that is presently dominant in the West. Accordingly it sketches out the historical development of the movement and its (incomplete) transformation from a military organization into a modern political party, actively involved in parliamentary politics. In doing this, the structure of the "Party of God" is analyzed and discussed, in order to explain some of Hizballah's main peculiarities. Finally, a conclusion dwells on two main problems left open by Hizballah's incomplete transformation, namely: (1) the continuing contradiction between Hizballah as terrorist-Islamist organization and Hizballah as a modern political party acting in a democratic setting; and (2) the problems arising from the mixture between religion and politics that continues to inform Hizballah's politics. Adapted from the source document.

Cover ; Quartino; Indice; Introduzione; Capitolo 1 -- L'azienda nell'ordine delle sue dimensioni; Capitolo 2 -- Le economie di costo associate alla grande dimensioneproduttiva; Capitolo 3 -- I "confini" della crescita dimensionale; Bibliografia; Ultimato di stampare.

L'esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell'Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l'effettività militare dell'esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un'analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell'istituzione militare del Regno d'Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l'apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell'esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d'origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d'archivio della Secrétairerie d'état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d'Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l'esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell'Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell'invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive. ; The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army's behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d'état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

Big data we mean a huge set of data in heterogeneous sources and forms, continuously fed in real time, which requires processing technologies and different management, better than traditional technologies, able to change the decision-making processes, methods production of knowledge and the cultural approach to the data value. The processing of big data gives the opportunity to those who are in possession of these particular types of data to collect an unprecedented amount of data, to gain a predictive capability on social, economic or political phenomena already in place or under development to others foreclosed and the tendency to use and continually reuse the data in such a way as to derive new information and new knowledge about reality. One can not ignore, therefore, the potential impact of these new technological and cultural possibilities inherent in the data and their management on the action and administrative organization. Govern with the Big Data means knowing produce, process and reprocess data from public sources and private owned by public administrations so as to enhance knowledge of the factual situations to which the administration must intervene, the speed and effectiveness of ' public intervention, efficiency and good management of public services. The processing of big data sets all'amministrativista the issues of no small moment: their use during the administrative action changes the traditional canons procedural investigation? Approaching the administrative decision to the optimal decision? It makes it increasingly relevant to the principle of material truth that must tend the administrative action? Govern with the Big date includes, however, the ability to govern the Big Date, ie the ability to equip public authorities the right technological infrastructure in order and to organize the internal information systems and the coordination of information between the administrations just as appropriate: ultimately to be able to organize the management of data held by public authorities. The management of big data sets, the same way, relevant legal issues: how we collect and how we retain this data? Which data quality can be achieved and what quality you have to ensure that these data? Which of these files you make reusable? The Big Date, ultimately, emphasize that it is necessary to rethink the cognitive function of government, understood in its dynamic sense (administrative action), both in its static sense (organizational): a cognitive function more and more autonomous because highly technical and difficult to place as assets only instrumental administrative action.

This work focuses on a subject that has been of constant interest and continuing centrality in the political agendas of different national legal systems: the procedural simplification that can be ascribable to the species of interventions that belong to the broader genus of the change of public administration'. Since the '70s, the transformation of public administration, among other different possibilities, chose the ambiguous and winding path of simplification. It has been taken as a guiding principle for the entire legal system and as a prevailing logic for the process of redesigning and restructuring the administrative organization and action. Administrative simplification was a 'fashionable' topic in the '90s, and since then a 'central block' and 'driving force' of both EU and national public policies, thus becoming a technical and cultural process for reforming administration. Its aim is 'to give it a more suitable shape that is tailored to the needs of society' for which its services are indeed intended. The procedural simplification is a topic of overnational interest that in several jurisdictions has been gradually occupying larger and larger spaces in the definition of public policies, according to the shared view that the simplification of the regulatory and administrative system is a fundamental condition for of socio-economic growth. Thanks to the awareness of the notion of 'administrative risk', or rather, the sensitive 'mutual dependence' between political-administrative and economic system, as Borruso noted in the preface to the European Commission Communication Europe 2020. A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, the administrative simplification measures and, in particular, administrative procedures, have been dominating for a long time the political, legal, economic and social debates. Moreover, they are intended to occupy significant spaces in the near future, inasmuch as they are directed to keep within a threshold of 'tolerance' the inevitable organizational and functional complexity of an administration built on the principles of institutional pluralism, subsidiarity, competence and specialization, indispensability journalistic intervention, not to say of binding formalism. By establishing itself as a legal and social requirement to guarantee an administrative action that would be 'simpler, more effective, more efficient and more economical' for citizens, and by changing its status from mere collective aspiration to legal claim, the simplification of administrative procedures is an multi-faceted and poly-dimensional objective that the national legislature has pursued through different strategic actions, among which, the computerization process has been taking a central role. Not surprisingly, the development of digital administration has been considered by many as the most effective tool to simplify administrative action and respond to the issue of procedural complication. It has been sees as a process of 'review of the administrative structures and their organizational links, [.] redefinition of tasks and optimization of the capacity for work in the offices, thus achieving a reduction of the steps and the time required for the performance of administrative acting, which is what the simplification of procedures consists of. A theme which, in the first instance, concerns the balance between interests and principles. Inevitable corollary to administrative impartiality, organizational structure and the distribution of skills, the procedural complexity, which is questioned for the number of its steps and intra-procedures activities, for the time taken to achieve them and the red tape that affects citizens, it is a challenge to be answered, in general, through the use of computerization and communication tools. It is a challenge to be carried out with the accurate use of computerization and communication technologies. First of all, as its digitization is able to give an adequate response to the need to combine functional demands and requirements of simplification and rebalance the relationship between the end-protection guarantee of the interest and the duty of non-compression 'effectiveness, efficiency and economy of action that is traditionally made explicit while making the decision. From this remark, the added value that the process of computerization has shown in the policies of simplification can be understood precisely by evaluating in a negative way, how, the simplification of the administrative proceedings 'cannot be prosecuted by dequotando (non so cosa vuol dire) and debunking the rules of procedure whose positivization has represented a civilized procedural achievement. The extra value of the process of computerization among the techniques of procedural simplification – we have already said – is 'integration' between the principles of effectiveness, efficiency and economy, of certainty of timing, transparency of administrative action; the ability to overcome the limits that are connected to this principle and process of public administration reform, summarized in the principle of 'contradictory', participation, impartiality, and the necessary complete investigation; in the introduction of better modes of interaction, enabling faster and more effective relationships with participants and a greater guarantee of legal claims. In short, it consists of the ability to re-balance, at the procedural level, the relationship between the needs of the function and the requirements of guarantee of the action, often 'unbalanced ' in favor of one or the other. The 'revolutionary' aspect that we identify in the electronic administrative procedure is actually the result of a process that first passes through the definition of new information systems. The object of technological revolution is indeed information. The revolutionary aspect of computerization administration is the dynamic management of information and the possible reality of interconnected information systems that are integrated and shared, which does not mean less safe. And the verbal synthesis of a technological simplified action is the digital administrative proceedings . The digital simplification of the administrative procedure is the product of different methods of collection, use, access, transmission and communication of information, all technology-based. And administrative digital procedure is nothing but a decision-making process that takes advantage of the tools that technology puts at governments and citizens disposal. 'Neutral' tools that the legislature adopts for political purposes aiming at simplification and exercise of the rights. Tools that, precisely because they are neutral, will act in terms of reducing procedural complexity according to the quantum assumed while legislative determining, on the one hand, and enforcement by public authorities on the other. From this perspective we must look at the tools that legislators, Italian as well as Spanish, have outlined in order to give the electronically processed work the same effectiveness as the one carried out traditionally and in order to fulfill the obligation of information management procedures: from the discipline of electronic documents and the electronic signature, to the discipline of registering incoming and outgoing communications through an automated system; from the rules of the communications of documents between public administrations through the use of electronic mail to the rules for the direct acquisition of data and documents in the digital archives of public administrations; and again, to the provisions of a computer file, taken in the path as the 'centerpiece of the new mode of conducting administrative proceedings'. From this remark, the same computer file, created by national legislature as 'informative base' needed for a contextual work and shared between different subjects, 'fulfilled' with the expectations of simplification of the action and relationships, of the 'right to be known' of action both on the domestic side as on the external side, suggests, of course, a 'new' management process, but it remains only in the domain of attempt to reform if not accompanied by concrete implementation by individual administrations. It is their duty to start the processes of re-organization in order to manage the 'new' procedure based on shared information and transparent activities; on direct and immediate relationships; on a different value of time and space; on a simpler, more effective, efficient and economical, and at the same time, more able to guarantee rights and interests. The practical and proper application of these tools remains responsibility of each administration, asked to face the real challenge of procedural innovation. The following research is based on this fundamental interpretation and its methodological approach is developed, at first, starting from the acknowledgement of the legal category of the administrative procedure, the reconstruction of the lines of development and legal aspects that make of this administrative point as both action and organization, the place and the best opportunity to study the topic. Secondly, the working hypothesis is outlined. Starting from the construction of the simplification of the administrative procedure as recognition of a 'right' balance between complexity and simplicity of the action, the work continues by electing computerization as a 'form' of simplification that is able to envisage a possible solution for the problem of quality decision-making, resulting from the balance between the quantum and guarantees of effectiveness and efficiency of the action. In a third passage, we deal with the administrative digital proceedings, with particular attention to the developments which, from different management information mechanisms can derived in terms of modes of action that can develop horizontally, network-like or shared among stakeholders of the exercise of power. Finally, on the same lines, the work is enriched by the experience of the Spanish structure, in order to strengthen the thoughts on digital simplification of the procedure from a comparative perspective, which is always essential for the development of the research. From this point of view, the analysis of different time frequency of the stages of computerization in the two systems is an important key. The comparative analysis, despite showing an initial protagonism of the Italian legislator who, with the adoption of Digital Administration Code, anticipated a correct vision of modernization and initiated the 'transformation' of digital government, displays, in a second stage, a slowdown in the process, whereas it has a reverse path in the Spanish system, which, after assimilating the Italian model, proved able to proceed to the state of implementation with a more sustained dynamism and in shorter time. In the Spanish system what played an important role was the 'codification' of the awareness of the need for a transition phase, in which the digital system coexisted side by side with the paper-based system rather than automatically superseding it. This phase based on flexibitly proved to be effective for the change in the administrative system. First as a system of relations of public and private entities. Precisely this relational paradigm, in the analysis that is proposed here, has been the core of the thesis. This paradigm is both a thread of the investigation and the space where all the different approaches and issues related to procedural matters converge. The democratic nature of the administrative action, the implementation of the principles of impartiality and the participation in the Administrative Procedure Law, the introduction and the vindication of private sector criteria of efficiency, effectiveness and economy of the public actions are the background to the conclusion that the procedural simplification is primarily 'simplification of the interaction'. All these elements also frame the structural and functional reorganization that the digitization process requires, and, at the same time, develops, in an eminently relational perspective; of a 'new' way of building and developing inner relationships within the administration, between different administrations and between them and the citizens.

The doctoral thesis aims to analyse the recent establishment of the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) which constitutes the second pillar of the European Banking Union, entrusted by the European legislator with the mission to ensure an orderly resolution of failing banks and groups, with minimum impact on the real economy and public finances of the participating Member States. The objective of this research is to highlight the main consequences arising from the establishment of such a mechanism within the EU framework. To this purpose, attention is paid, on the one hand, to the compatibility between the SRM regulation and the EU subsidiarity principle and, on the other hand, to the main problems related to the field of judicial protection. Chapter I recalls the historical-legal evolutionary process leading to the establishment of the Banking Union. Chapter II focuses on the analysis of the main provisions of the SRM regulation, with particular regard to the organizational and functional aspects of the entire mechanism; to the relationship between the SRB and the NRAs; to the decision-making process and, finally, to the powers they have been assigned with by both the SRM regulation and the BRRD. Once highlighted the SRM "working context", analysis have been conducted in order to study the SRM regulation through the "legal filter" of the subsidiarity principle (Chapter III). In this regard, the latter has been connected to the provision of Article 114 TFEU and the agencification process, which, according to the doctrinal point of view, can be regarded as one of the latest concrete expression of the subsidiarity principle, if not even a way of legitimizing such a principle. On the basis of the the relevant case law, together with the specific and unique features of the banking resolution field and the powers the SRB has been entrusted with, conclusions have been drawn about the compatibility of the SRM regulation with the subsidiarity principle, although not traditionally understood. Moreover, the main purpose being also to get a preliminary understanding of the judicial protection's effectiveness within the SRM, Chapter IV is devoted to identifying and illustrating the issues and challenges to be faced by those subjects which will be affected by resolution decisions. From this perspective, analysis have been carried out having regard to the allocation of competences outlined in the SRM regulation, namely a complex administrative (and therefore judicial) machinery, most of the time involving interrelations between the European and the national level. Finally, Chapter V attempts to summarize the main blocks of the research and to draw general conclusion on the SRM-related topics.

Negli atenei italiani le biblioteche sono chiamate a governare processi organizzativi e di servizio di maggiore complessità rispetto al passato anche recente. Questi processi reclamano nuovi livelli di professionalità e di autonomia, dunque una ridefinizione delle competenze e delle funzioni dei bibliotecari universitari. L'ultimo Contratto collettivo nazionale di lavoro (CCNL) del personale tecnico amministrativo può avere (in parte sta già avendo) un impatto notevolissimo sulla crescita e sul destino delle professioni (segnatamente di quella bibliotecaria) all'interno degli atenei. Con questo contratto siamo entrati nel territorio delle competenze gestionali e di comunicazione: si è consapevoli che il sapere tecnico non basta da solo ad assicurare la crescita professionale degli individui e quella delle organizzazioni e che l'ambito applicativo di questi processi non coinvolge soltanto le figure apicali, ma anche tutte le altre. Inoltre, la valorizzazione dei contenuti professionali di più alto profilo non si basa più sul comando gerarchico e sul controllo, ma sulla formazione permanente, sulla partecipazione a progetti di ricerca, sulla responsabilizzazione.L'attuale cornice contrattuale sembra adatta a ospitare le destinazioni professionali verso cui i bibliotecari universitari italiani si stanno avviando e che rimandano a un fenomeno emergente di più larga portata: la tendenziale trasformazione dei lavoratori della conoscenza da knowledge provider a knowledge integrator, vale a dire da specialisti che conoscono un procedimento e forniscono una risposta a persone capaci di integrare le loro conoscenze con quelle altrui per ottenere risultati originali (Butera). Questo profilo può rappresentare anche le funzioni che i bibliotecari - nelle università in modo marcato - svolgono o aspirano a svolgere, indipendentemente dai livelli di responsabilità e all'interno di diversi processi.Organizzare servizi bibliotecari nelle università sta assumendo anche nel nostro Paese il significato di attivare ambienti in cui si realizzano facilitazioni per l'accesso alle informazioni, ma in cui contemporaneamente si sviluppano esperienze di elaborazione, condivisione e conversione di conoscenza. Tutto ciò implica la capacità di arricchire e trasformare costantemente il proprio bagaglio professionale con nuovi innesti: è necessario possedere competenze trasversali, competenze che un macrosistema flessibile di politiche del personale può aiutare a valorizzare. La formazione continua deve diventare la colonna portante del sistema professionale negli atenei. Essa è disciplinata dall'art. 45 del CCNL, che stabilisce un esplicito nesso tra crescita del personale e crescita qualitativa dei servizi, ma che lascia in sospeso aspetti rilevanti della programmazione degli interventi formativi. Sono aspetti su cui i coordinamenti bibliotecari di ateneo possono svolgere un ruolo di primo piano e formalmente riconosciuto, reclamando il diritto-dovere di concorrere alla messa a punto delle attività di programmazione e al sostegno di tutte le fasi attuative dei piani di formazione che coinvolgano il personale bibliotecario. Ciò, per giocare d'anticipo sulle carenze di programmazione che spesso si manifestano: genericità dei programmi, sovrapposizione di diversi livelli di intervento (di base, di aggiornamento, avanzati), assenza di contenuti formativi che insistano sulla cultura di progetto e di risultato, sui processi e sui comportamenti organizzativi, sulle capacità di relazione, ecc. Il contratto introduce, al pari di ciò che accade in altri paesi europei, un sistema di quantificazione e di verifica formale dell'apprendimento e di certificazione di qualità dei percorsi formativi (i crediti). Anche qui non mancano questioni meritevoli di immediata attenzione da parte dei bibliotecari: si possono avviare iniziative di coordinamento interateneo, avvalendosi del contributo che può venire dalla stessa commissione università-ricerca dell'AIB e da AIB-Seminari. In particolare, occorerebbe tenere in grande evidenza l'opportunità offerta dal comma 5 dell'art. 45, laddove si parla di corsi organizzati da consorzi interuniversitari, e occorrerebbe approntare un sistema di valutazione qualitativa dell'offerta di formazione per i bibliotecari universitari esistente sul mercato. Premesse del genere comportano la necessità di compiere un lavoro preliminare, quello di classificare in qualche modo le competenze dei bibliotecari. Si tratterebbe di accertare quali competenze individuali occorrono prioritariamente, per poterne fare oggetto di formazione mirata e poterle proficuamente valorizzare dentro le più vaste competenze organizzative dei sistemi bibliotecari di ateneo. Anche queste ultime andrebbero classificate, per stabilire le priorità e investire di più e meglio su ciò che oggi può rendere le biblioteche accademiche un valore, una risorsa strategica. Un tentativo di classificazione delle competenze organizzative dei sistemi bibliotecari di ateneo potrebbe assumere come modello iniziale di riferimento quello, piuttosto noto, di Kochanski e Ruse, necessariamente adattandolo. ; My intervention takes its cue from a contribution by Serafina Spinelli on university cooperation. It is a very clear and detailed analysis in which the origins and short historical path of university library systems are reconstructed and their current configuration is summed up. Some possible lines of development of the matter are also presented and some challenges to be faced are indicated. These challenges include the organizational redesigning of the library systems, the necessity to increase the rate of effectiveness of the cooperation, the problems regarding digital libraries, projection towards the exterior of the library profession in universities and even of the library systems: something that originates from the new requirements of organization of knowledge and scientific communication in universities. A large number of these processes can be interpreted together as a sort of mission for inter-university coordination. They are complex processes, which demand new levels of professionalism and autonomy, therefore a clear and strong redefinition of the skills (understood as collections of knowledge, abilities and indentities) and of the functions of university librarians. And they are processes to be positioned within the macro-scenarios of the totality, of the new competitive and instable contexts, in which universities also operate. After all, and more generally speaking, it is precisely around the central position of the skills (individual and organizational), the capacity to integrate diversified skills (internal and external to the organizations), the development of the professions within the organizations, in short it is around the use of knowledge as a primary organizational resource, that a service society can be born and be consolidated. There is moreover a negative pendant, which involves the high level professionalisms and more advanced sectors: that which is called skill shortage, lack of necessary skills, deficit of skills on the market. This is a phenomenon of considerable dimensions, which forces reflections on the theme of high-level formation, which makes prospects of permanent formation essential and, finally, forces a reclassification of existing professions, closely connected with the start of wide-ranging and long ranging formation processes. How do Italian universities respond? With a series of reform processes in the sign of autonomy, those which we all know and daily experience and which at this time bring didactic autonomy to the fore; they also repond with the start of an overall revision of their organizational set-up. The latest National Collective Contract of Work (CCNL) of the technical administrative personnel is an important stage along this path.

This paper presents a critical, on a social-political level, of development of psychotherapy, seen as the health discipline, especially in that part of the world called West, scientifically established itself through the evaluation of the effectiveness of its two most common types of setting: Individual and Group- Psychotherapy. Through a social-anthropological interpretation of mental processes which it underpins, and a group analytical analysis of organizational and institutional dynamics that led to its evolution, the authors highlight the significant impasse in which psychotherapy finds itself today compared to new and more pervasive forms of mental suffering. Following on of the latest scientific research on the functioning of the mind and of new policy proposals from the World Health Organization, it is suggested so a form of basic psychotherapy, focused on the quality of the mental health of human contexts, defined Community-Focused Psychotherapy. This new form of psychotherapy is wrong simply understood as a new setting, alongside the classic individual, group, or family setting, but as a political-cultural background and a theoretical-methodological framework, so for different psychotherapeutic treatment (individual, group , family) put in place in cases of specific psychopathological symptoms, as for a number of other clinical and social programs, carried out by professionals, workers and (formerly) users, who support the empowerment of people, with serious psychological disorders or severe mental illness, in their own social contexts of belonging, and in their own recovery, through the active participation of all those therapeutic processes that support their care. ; L'articolo propone una lettura critica, su un livello politico-sociale, dello sviluppo della psicoterapia, intesa come quella disciplina sanitaria affermatasi scientificamente, soprattutto in quella parte di mondo definita Occidente, attraverso la valutazione dell'efficacia clinica delle sue due tipologie di setting più diffuse; la Psicoterapia Individuale e la Psicoterapia di Gruppo. Attraverso una lettura antropologico-sociale dei processi mentali che essa sottende, ed una analisi di scuola gruppoanalitica delle dinamiche istituzionali che ne hanno determinato l'evoluzione, gli autori evidenziano la sostanziale empasse in cui la psicoterapia si ritrova oggi rispetto alle nuove e più pervasive forme di sofferenza mentale. Sulla scia delle recenti ricerche scientifiche sul funzionamento della mente e delle nuove proposte politiche dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, viene così proposto una forma psicoterapeutica di base, focalizzata sulla qualità della salute mentale di contesti umani definiti, definita Psicoterapia di Comunità. Questa nuova forma psicoterapeutica non và semplicemente intesa come un nuovo setting, da affiancare ai classici setting individuali, di gruppo, o familiari, ma come uno sfondo politico- culturale ed una cornice teorico-metodologica, tanto dei diversi interventi psicoterapeutici (individuali, di gruppo, familiari) messi in atto nei casi di specifiche manifestazioni psicopatologiche, quanto di tutta una serie di altri interventi clinici e sociali, messi in atto da professionisti, operatori ed (ex)utenti esperti, che sostengono l'empowerment delle persone con gravi disagi psicologici nei loro contesti sociali di appartenenza, ed il loro recovery attraverso la partecipazione attiva a tutti quei processi terapeutici che ne sostengono la cura.

2009/2010 ; Riassunto della tesi di dottorato Titolo: "Attività di gestione patrimoniale di una società di gestione del risparmio" Le società di gestione di risparmio costituiscono il "new vehicle" orientato alla gestione per conto di terzi di portafogli mobiliari. Note con l'acronimo di SGR, le società in questione rappresentano un intermediario finanziario che negli ultimi anni ha assunto notevole importanza grazie ai progressi e alle prospettive offerti dalla nuova normativa che disciplina l'intermediazione finanziaria e grazie alle rinnovate esigenze di razionalizzazione dei servizi finanziari. La gestione del risparmio corrisponde all'investimento di milioni di euro in titoli di società quotate in borsa. Il capitale che vi si impiega è alimentato dai risparmi di un'estesa collettività di persone, ma anche da investimenti assicurativi e previdenziali (investimento delle riserve matematiche e tecniche delle imprese di assicurazione, investimento del fondo trattamento fine rapporto, ed altri dipendenti da processi di previdenza sociale). E' proprio l"asset management" a rappresentare una vasta opportunità di profitto. Dato che sul mercato italiano sono sempre più presenti banche e assicurazioni a capitale estero, il management delle società di gestione di risparmio testimonia anche una sfida sul piano delle tecniche più evolute e competenze sia ai fini della gestione che nell'offerta dei prodotti e servizi finanziari. Nel presente lavoro si è cercato di ricostruire un quadro sufficientemente completo per interpretare il ruolo che una società di gestione del risparmio (SGR) svolge sul mercato del risparmio gestito e del mercato finanziario nel suo insieme, esaminandone la struttura e l'attività di gestione patrimoniale che la caratterizza. Oggetto di questa tesi è, per l'appunto, lo studio dell'attività delle società di gestione del risparmio. Il presente lavoro di tesi si articola in più parti. La prima parte evidenzia il ruolo della società di gestione del risparmio nel sistema finanziario e l'importanza di tale servizio per la stabilità dei mercati finanziari e dell'economia in genere e il ruolo delle istituzioni rilevanti collegate. Tratta anche le principali categorie dei fondi d'investimento: fondi comuni, hedge funds, fondi di fondi, index funds, ETF – exchange traded funds. La seconda parte descrive indici di performance dei portafogli (indici di Jensen, Treynor e Sharpe), asset allocation strategica, rendimento dei portafogli, prodotti e strumenti finanziari (titoli corporate e titoli di stato, azioni), indici di borsa (price, value weighted e unweighted). La terza parte evidenzia in concreto una società di gestione di risparmio italiana, l'attività di gestione patrimoniale per segmento, i fondi pensione aperti come underlying asset, il benchmark quale parametro oggettivo, l'andamento dei mercati finanziari e le prospettive degli stessi. La quarta parte si occupa dell'analisi di portafoglio vs rendimento, con riguardo a fondi pensione aperti, per linea d'investimento, con i rispettivi benchmark e della volatilità dei rendimenti e dei benchmark. L'ultima parte si articola in due fasi: Sintesi dei risultati e conclusioni e testi consultati e bibliografia di riferimento. Oggetto della tesi è dunque lo studio dell'efficienza operativa e della redditività delle società di gestione del risparmio attraverso l'esame di dati professionali. La tesi, in generale, sottolinea la teoria gestionale del portafoglio e gli stili di gestione, valore di capitalizzazione (valore di mercato delle azioni di una società), dati anagrafici dei titoli e oscillazione dei titoli, ed in particolare interpreta i fondi pensione aperti come "underlying asset" delle società di gestione del risparmio. La decisione di sviluppare la gestione del risparmio e la consulenza finanziaria ha assunto una forte valenza strategica per molti intermediari finanziari sia in Italia sia negli altri paesi. Per incrementare stabilmente la redditività nel comparto finanziario è necessario aumentare il valore aggiunto (added value) della propria offerta. La maggior parte dei gestori finanziari continua a porsi l'obiettivo di superare il benchmark di riferimento ma i risultati evidenziano che in molti casi il risultato stesso non è in linea con le aspettative. L'evoluzione nel mondo del risparmio gestito porterà a differenziare in modo più esplicito le gestioni passive (volte a replicare il benchmark di riferimento) dalle gestioni attive (volte al superamento dell'indice puntando sull'attività di stock picking e market timing). E' presumibile che si possa assistere nei prossimi anni a una più netta differenziazione degli stili di gestione con una più esplicita parametrazione dei costi allo stile di gestione adottato ed ai risultati effettivamente ottenuti. Lo studio svolto ha analizzato il comportamento di fondi pensione aperti come underlying assets delle società di gestione del risparmio. L'importanza dell'asset allocation cresce con la crescita dell'orizzonte operativo (operating time) di riferimento degli investitori. In particolare i fondi pensione dimostrano quanto sia importante la ripartizione iniziale dell'investimento, attribuendo il risultato economico di un investimento su un orizzonte temporale di dieci anni all'asset allocation strategica, stock picking, market timing e altri fattori. È fondamentale ripartire in un modo efficace il capitale tra le varie asset class d'investimento (liquidità, obbligazioni, azioni, fondi comuni d'investimento, ecc). Si devono individuare le categorie di strumenti finanziari che rappresentano combinazioni rischio-rendimento similari e cosi si tende a generare i risultati indipendenti cioè con bassa correlazione. Asset allocation strategica è legata alla condizione soggettiva di chi investe ma asset allocation tattica all'analisi della situazione di mercato attesa. In futuro, lo scopo delle società di gestione del risparmio è di sviluppare l'offerta con innovative strategie di gestione attiva e passiva. Lo studio svolto ha mostrato che la gestione passiva è applicata dai gestori dei fondi comuni d'investimento che hanno come obbiettivo una composizione del portafoglio dei titoli il più possibile in linea con il valore del loro benchmark che è poi un indice di riferimento. Il risultato di questo tipo di gestione è la replica della performance dell'indice di mercato. Una buona gestione passiva è quella che rispetta il benchmark senza aumentare la volatilità del portafoglio. Se la volatilità aumenta, si sopporta un extrarischio che non è motivato dall'extra-rendimento atteso. La gestione attiva è più costosa di quella passiva. Per ottenere una buona gestione attiva è necessario sopportare un extra costo che va a remunerare un team di gestori con superiori skills le cui prestazioni sono ben al di là dei livelli raggiungibili con sofisticati software. Infine, esaminando il problema in oggetto da un osservatorio privilegiato com'è Allianz Spa e Allianz Global Investors SGR e confrontando i rendimenti delle linee d'investimento, nella gestione passiva, con i rispetivi benchmark, possiamo concludere che il successo di una società di gestione del risparmio è legato anche al fatto fi fare parte di un gruppo importante come già sottolineato e di avere un mercato significativo nazionale ed internazionale. ; ABSTRACT Asset Management Activities of Investment Management Company (IMCO) The aim of thesis is: To understand and to let understand what is the asset management of investment Management Company? What are management activities in these companies? Organizational model. What are the types of investment funds? Which are the roles of an investment management company? What is the structure of the investments on concrete examples? What is the portfolio composition and what is the net asset value of the investments? What are the benefits for the "small" investors, looking at profitability and volatility of funds and its benchmarks? What is the effectiveness of the investments inside the investment fund? What is the diversification and what are the investment decisions? What is the asset allocation of an investment and what are the main financial instruments used to make an effective portfolio? The following thesis is composed by five chapters; in the first chapter an asset management of an investment company is elaborated, as well as the characteristics of investment funds, costs and valuation of funds. In the second one there is an elaboration of financial products and instruments like government and corporate bonds and stocks, price index and volatility of investments and benchmarks. In the third part there is a presentation of an investment company with the underlying assets, the structure of the investments and the main indicators. In the fourth chapter there is an elaboration of three pension funds, by compartment, as an underlying asset of the investment company. Finally, the last chapter works out the results and the conclusions and, of course, a set of questions for the future elaboration. The identified key words are: asset management, management activities, investment funds, volatility, profitability, pension funds, index, benchmark, price index, traded funds, quotations, expense ratio, transaction costs, Sharpe index, underlying asset, stock market, bond market, net asset value. ; XXIII Ciclo ; 1980

POLITICS BY PROVINCE: Goal-oriented rational action or value-oriented rational action in closed debate on the Wadden region and public consultation on the ecological infrastructure General This thesis is a study of political conduct, and of provincial politics in particular. It is based on three research projects. The first two research projects are empirical studies that examine, respectively, the functioning of the discussion platform for government bodies relating to the Wadden Islands area and the relationship between the regional press and provincial political organs. Each of these two projects is based on a defined problem, a theoretical framework, methodology and conclusions. Although both case studies deal with provincial politics, they are completely separate from each other. The third case study is theoretical. It seeks to clarify the rationalization theories of Max Weber and Karl Mannheim, and place the concepts of goaloriented rational action and value-oriented rational action in their theoretical context. This theoretical chapter produces a number of research questions that can be used as a 'rationality grid' to be applied to the two empirical case studies in order to determine what form of action, goal-rational or value-rational, characterizes provincial politics. Chapter One describes the background to the studies and gives a short introduction to the research themes. This chapter also presents a view of contemporary provincial politics and discusses the scientific position from which this thesis has been written, emphasizing the unique role of the sociological vision. How does the government manage the Wadden Sea? The first section examines the way in which the government manages the Wadden Sea. The study is based on an evaluation study of the functioning of the Coördinatiecollege Waddengebied (CCW) in the period 1987 to 1994. The CCW (a platform for administrative consultation between the government, the Wadden provinces and the Wadden municipalities) was set up in 1980 for the purpose of "ensuring coherent administration and an coordinated policy by the government, provinces and municipalities with regard to the Wadden region." The study is based on a bottleneck analysis; in other words, by identifying problems, concrete solutions can be proposed. The evaluation study employed a combination of two popular lines of research in organizational sociology literature – the 'whole-system approach' and the 'parties approach'. In the whole-system approach, shared values or a feeling of solidarity are what unites the organization. In the parties approach, the organization is seen as a coalition of parties with different interests and aims. The parties work together for their own benefit, or because negative sanctions force them to do so. Both approaches are integrated in the 'parties-withina-system' perspective, which focuses on the relationships between the parties and the organization as a whole. This integral approach was used to evaluate the functioning of the CCW because the CCW places great emphasis on shared values and responsibilities, which are the core elements of the whole-system approach. At the same time, however, the CCW is composed of different parties which all have their own tasks, powers and interests – the core elements of the parties approach. This perspective has been tailored to the evaluation of the CCW using the following criteria: shared values, support base, differing interests, power structure, sense of purpose, and success/failure factors. The study is based on qualitative interviews with participants in the CCW platforms, telephone interviews with councillors and members of the States General, dossier analyses and reconstructions from minutes from the CCW consultations on the following cases: enlarging the scope of the Nature Conservation Act; delegation of powers with regard to inspection and control; co-ordination of international activities, problems relating to 'traditional brown shipping'; the review of the Waddenzee II Key Planning Decision, and gas extraction in the Wadden Sea. This treatment of the original research report emphasizes a systematic description of conduct within the context of the administrative co-ordination of the Wadden region, which is usually of a closed nature. The main problem areas are the following:  a lack of shared values due to the fact that the purpose of the Wadden consultation platform is given a different interpretation depending on the interests in question;  by way of preparation for the Wadden consultations, a process of harmonization takes place within the various authorities, thereby creating an administrative support base. However, this process of preliminary consultation and feedback reveals the other side of the bureaucratic coin – this circuit is, administratively and politically speaking, strongly inward-looking;  there are no substantial conflicts of interest between the layers of government. However, mutual suspicion exists with regard to the extent to which other parties are committed to the Wadden policy. Each party suspects that the other parties will ultimately allow economic interests to prevail;  with regard to the delegation of authority, the balance of power between the government and the provinces is seen as unacceptable. The continuous lack of consensus, whether manifest or otherwise, is a barrier to discussion on a equal footing;  there are various problems relating to the sense of purpose, including the role of the Chairman and the lack of a clear definition/delegation of tasks. This analysis shows that the problems are not related to the structure of the Wadden consultative platform but rather to its culture, and more specifically to the participants' perceptions of the role and responsibilities of the platform. In addition, there appears to be a distinct lack of leadership. The main conclusions are as follows:  harmonization within the various Wadden authorities (government, provinces and municipalities) hampers harmonization between the Wadden authorities;  the representatives from the three layers of government do not present the role and purpose of the consultative platform in a consistent and uniform way;  the CCW is hampered in its work by an ongoing debate about how powers are delegated between the layers of government. Because the analysis of success and failure factors revealed that clearly defined relationships between the government authorities are essential for successful consultation, possible solutions aim to create that clarity. Recommendations have been laid down, for example, relating to the role of the Chairman, drawing up the agenda, and clearly defining the tasks of the various bodies. Although, as far back as 1995, the CCW largely acknowledged the problem areas and supported the proposals for improvement, none of the recommendations will actually be implemented before 2001. Politics and the press on the ecological infrastructure in Friesland and Drenthe Section 2 describes a study of the relationship between the regional press and northern provincial politics. The basis for the study is the political decision-making regarding the establishment of the ecological infrastructure in the provinces of Friesland and Drenthe in the period 1989 to 1996. The conclusion of a survey of the relationship between the printed press and parliamentary democracy is that the main function of the press is to provide information, criticism and comment. The role of information-provider is examined on the basis of the following:  actual report of a meeting of the Provincial Councils;  a news report giving information about matters relating to the ecological infrastructure in both provinces;  a background article describing the context, history and/or different interpretations of matters relating to the ecological infrastructure. The role of critic is examined on the basis of the following:  editorial comment;  a column in which one of the editors gives his opinion under his own name;  opinions of third parties, in which a third party, who is not an editor, is given the opportunity to express an opinion. Using four recent examples, it is then argued that the central question relating to the relationship between politics and the press is one of management – who controls political communication or, put another way, is the relationship determined by 'party logic' or by 'media logic'? The study will compare decision-making on the ecological infrastructure (as this was perceived in decision-making meetings of the provincial councils) with reporting by the regional press in both provinces. The decision-making process of the provincial councils was reconstructed for this purpose. The result is not only an analytical reconstruction of the decision-making surrounding the ecological infrastructure in Friesland and Drenthe, but also a chronicle of provincial political customs and morals. A quantitative and qualitative analysis subsequently shows how the regional press fulfils its role as information provider and critic. The quantitative analysis addresses the question of how often the press fulfils its role as information provider and critic with regard to decision-making on the ecological infrastructure. The qualitative analysis addresses the question of how the press fulfils those roles. It is argued that the quality of the information provided is determined by the degree of objectivity, but that the best measure of quality is a clear standpoint. These conclusions were used to formulate an 'ideal' against which the quality of informative and critical articles can be measured. A factual report is as objective as possible when:  it deals not only with the decision itself, but also with the opinion-forming process;  it gives the opinion not only of the representatives of official bodies, but also of opponents or those outside such bodies;  the reporter does not give his own opinion. A news report or background article is as objective as possible when:  it presents more than one perspective and/or quotes more than one authority on the subject. An editorial or column makes a constructive critical contribution when:  the author adopts a clear standpoint;  the context (history, background or current event) of that standpoint is given;  the author describes how the standpoint was reached, and on which information or authorities it is based. Conclusions about the information function:  in almost half of the cases, the regional newspapers do not report on provincial council meetings relating to the ecological infrastructure. The people who live in the province, but fall outside a given environmental or agricultural target group, will not become informed about the ecological infrastructure by reading their local newspaper. Neither will they become informed about the role of the provincial government in this;  in the reports which do deal with meetings of the provincial councils, there is a lack of balance. Generally speaking, no effort is made in such reports to show the full palette of political colours represented in the provincial council;  there is only relatively wide newspaper coverage on occasions when political emotions are running high. Examples are: Friesland in 1993, when an agreement was reached with the agricultural sector, and Drenthe in 1993, when an amended programme of intent for the soil-protection areas was introduced (the agricultural lobby also played an important role in this). This attention from the press can be explained by incident politics. Political groups hold widely different opinions; they make no effort to hide their differences and journalists are keen to pick up on this. Another possible explanation is that, in these cases, ecological policy is heavily influenced by the farming lobby, which itself is strongly supported by influential political groups;  the news reports are usually brief and present an event from only one perspective, without a journalistic contribution from the author. This leads to the inevitable conclusion that press releases sent to the newspapers have been published without any further interpretation;  the most common simple perspective is that which opposes the ecological infrastructure;  there are very few background articles. Background articles that clarify the situation, and outline the problems confronting provincial politicians, are indispensable with regard to a far-reaching and complex plan such as the development of the ecological infrastructure of the two provinces;  it is notable that most of the background articles are only written from one perspective, with very little informative context. On the basis of these findings, it appears that the way in which the regional press fulfils its role as information provider leaves room for improvement. Scant attention is paid to council decision-making and the quality of reporting also leaves something to be desired. Little can be said about how the press fulfils the role as critic because so few articles appear in this context. The question Who controls political communication? cannot therefore be answered because the press pays too little attention to provincial politics. Goal-oriented or value-oriented rationality: which form of rationality determines political action? Section 3 examines which form of rationality (i.e. goal-oriented or value-oriented rationality) occurs most in the closed discussions between government bodies in the Wadden study, or in public discussions on the ecological infrastructure from the study of the relationship between politics and the press. For this purpose the rationalization theories from the work of Weber and Mannheim were used. Both Weber and Mannheim recognise increasing instrumental and formal rationality (Weber) and functional rationality (Mannheim) in all areas of life, and a decrease in material rationality (Weber) and substantial rationality (Mannheim). Weber and Mannheim identify the rise and influence of a specific form of instrumental rationality, particularly within economic, legal and bureaucratic institutions. Within such institutions, actions are characterized by goal-oriented rationality. This means that the prevalent institutional pattern of norms and values that more or less prescribes how people should act within the institutions (role-related behaviour) places great emphasis on goal-rational behaviour. In order to establish whether this also applies in provincial politics and administration, a study was made of the conception of rationality in the work of Weber and Mannheim. The question of whether goal-oriented or value-oriented rationality is dominant is addressed by a secondary analysis of the material. The secondary analysis takes the form of a 'rationality grid' that is applied to the material from the two empirical studies. The grid has a coarsely meshed structure that can separate out goal-oriented and value-oriented rationality. Following the study of Weber and Mannheim's concepts of rationality, goal-oriemted rational action is defined in this study as action that is geared towards finding the most appropriate means to achieve a goal that is considered as given. When action is successful in terms of the defined goal, we speak of goal-oriented rational action and formal rationality. Success or effectiveness is therefore the measure for goal-rational behaviour. The essence of this concept is expressed in the following questions:  is conduct geared towards resources and procedures within the given of administrative co-ordination or within the structured political (provincial) discussions?  are the goals open to discussion? If action is a logical extension of or derives from a higher value or ideal, we speak of 'valueoriented rational action' and 'material rationality'. The extent to which an action is valueoriented is therefore the measure for value-rationality. In this study, value-oriented rational action is defined as action that is based on the assessment of the desirability of a given goal by means of a party-political value system. The essence of the concept, as used in the present context, is expressed in the following question:  is the action geared towards assessing the desirability of a particular goal, based on a political value system? Conclusions: 1. With regard to discussion between government bodies on the subject of the Wadden region, the hypothesis was that, within the sphere of formalised and regulated administrative co-ordination in the Wadden region, actions are largely determined by goal-oriented rationality. The purpose of the discussion platform is, after all, to co-ordinate and realise goals defined elsewhere. The hypothesis is confirmed – the Wadden discussion platform is characterized by goal-oriented rational action. But this type of action is not related to the ultimate goal of the discussion platform but rather to another goal: the increasing of the influence and governance of the government layer in question. 2. With regard to the decision-making on the ecological infrastructure in Friesland and Drenthe, the hypothesis was that political decision-making debates are characterized by the discussion of values to be lived up to and aims to be realised. It is therefore to be expected that such debates are mainly characterized by value-oriented rationality. However, the findings do not confirm this hypothesis. The discussions of the provincial councils of Drenthe and Friesland are certainly not goal-rational in nature, yet neither can they be described as valuerational. Actions are indeed geared towards assessing the desirability of a particular goal, but that assessment is not based on a political value system. It is not party-political principles that determine political conduct; it would be more true to say that conduct is based on notions of consistency in terms of policy and support.