Suchergebnisse

Growing up as an orphan, earning his pilot's license upon high school graduation, and joining the army at age seventeen to serve in Afghanistan, Ben's story is a tale of perseverance, courage, and survival. He journeys from an abusive foster care home to the battlefields of Afghanistan, from university classrooms to backpacking trips through Europe. Ben's rich and varied experiences offer unique insight into how to draw strength and inspiration from hardship and misfortune. He tells his story with the aim of motivating youth to channel their troubles into opportunities for their personal devel

After describing the intellectual property and regulatory environment for orphan drugs in the United States, this thesis compares the investment decisions in the orphan drug market with the larger pharmaceutical industry. A series of case studies trace the development paths of different orphan products using information collected through the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approved Drug Product and Orphan Drug Product Designation Databases. In addition to this analysis, difference-in-differences estimates calculated using annual revenues compare the relative success of different orphan products under the current incentive system. This study finds that partial orphan drugs are associated with larger revenue growth. Lastly, this study proposes several policy prescriptions as alternatives to the current legislation.

Summary
This paper examines the history of orphan drug policy, from the emergence of 'orphans' in the American pharmaceutical market in the 1960s, through the debates and agitations that resulted in the passage of the US Orphan Drug Act of 1983, to attempts in the 1990s to prevent abuse of that Act and restore its original intentions. Although an increased number of drugs for rare diseases have since been developed and marketed, the extremely high price of some such drugs is considered a major public health issue internationally. The present paper traces the origins of this issue to the market-based approach to resolving the problem of orphan drugs embodied in the 1983 Act. The paper also makes visible an alternative trajectory that existed for a while in the United Kingdom but was eventually abandoned in order to help the biotechnology industry grow in the context of an increasingly integrated European drug market.

1 broadside. ; Caption title. ; "Whereas the court of Aldermen made an order in January, 1687 : that all improvements of every branch of their revenue over and above the necessary support of their government, should be applyed [sic] towards the payment of their debts and published the same in the Gazette" -- from first paragraph. ; Imprint information suggested by Wing. ; Reproduction of original in Chetham's Library.