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This article starts from the premise that Michel Foucault seldom gave direct & concerted attention to the field of education, & that yet, education is often mentioned, implied, or indirectly discussed in his corpus. Comprehensively drawing together, from across his entire oeuvre of books, articles, & interviews, all Foucault's references to education, this article contributes to the exploration & analysis of the establishment & mechanics of schooling as a society-wide disciplinary technology. Central to such a Foucauldian account is an examination of the development of new educational methodologies & relays of power & knowledge through which individual & collective subjects could be managed, their context regulated, their capacities augmented, & their effects channeled. It is also shown that, in this analysis, the combination of an expanding school population & the enhanced training of increasing numbers of teachers, along with assistants & monitors, required a kind of "moral orthopedics" which over a period of centuries slanted away from external vengeance & towards internal amendment. Finally, it is shown how, in the wake of the intertwining of all these diverse material technologies of discipline, the field of early modern education eventually gives birth to a host of scientific pedagogies. 3 Tables, 4 Figures, 1 Appendix, 13 References. T. K. Brown

This practical introductory guide provides PA/NP students with the tools to recognize and begin treatment of the most common orthopedic problems, to avoid missing critical diagnoses, and to serve as a base of knowledge to which they can add depending on their chosen career path. Utilizing this concise text, PA/NP students will gain a basic familiarity with how to describe a problem (including imaging) to an orthopedic surgeon as well as how to begin treatment. In addition, the student should have no difficulty passing the orthopedic portion of the PA/NP credentialing exams. The essentials of imaging, fracture description and operating room procedures are presented first. Then, proceeding anatomically from upper to lower extremity and the spine, chapters utilize a user-friendly chapter format covering fractures, dislocations and trauma as well as non-traumatic injury, focusing on pathophysiology, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and brief treatment protocols. Since many PAs are office-based, only the highlights of surgery are presented, with an emphasis on what to look for regarding post-operative complications as well as the goals of the rehabilitation process (both non-operative and post-operative). Many books intended for orthopedic PA/NP students are written for those already in practice, usually providing far more information than the student can absorb in the usual 4-week orthopedic rotation, while others tend to skip important areas. This guide provides concise yet comprehensive coverage for a well-rounded presentation of everything orthopedic PA/NP students need to know to succeed

The unique development of early medical specialization in the West can be traced to California's geography and economic development. Such early specialization produced men with orthopedic inclinations. Early orthopedists founded the first medical school and the first modern teaching hospital, helped to found Stanford's Lane Medical Library and made the first use of x-rays in the West. In addition many of these orthopedists were prominent in the political and social activities of the time.

In recent years, Peripheral Nerve Blocks (PNB) have undergone a significant development due to the simplicity of management of patients under peripheral nerve blocks and especially the quality of postoperative analgesia. This study aims at reviewing the epidemiology and complications of Peripheral nerve blocks. We conducted a prospective surveillance study including all patients who had undergone surgery under peripheral nerve blocks for anesthesia or analgesia in the Trauma Department of the Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat over four (4) years. We recorded demographic characteristics, ASA class, effects of puncture, time of performing peripheral nerve blocks, failure, requirement for further block, perioperative and postoperative complications and theirmanagement. One thousand four hundred and twelve (1412) patients underwent nerve blocks during the study period, representing 49% of anesthetic activity in Trauma Department. The mean age is 35 years old. For 85% of patients, the indication of peripheral nerve blocks was advised for anesthesia and 15% PNBwere purely for analgesia. The most performed anesthetic nerve blocks were the infraclavicular blocks followed by blocks at the humeral canal. For analgesia, the ilio-facial and femoral blocks are the most performed. Minor complications are dominated by vascular punctures and paresthesia. As far asmajor complications are concerned, we noticed four (4) cases of convulsions and two (2) cases of neuropathies. Peripheral locoregional anesthesia is an effective and safe method for anesthesia and analgesia. Minor incidents are frequent, serious complications are possible. Their prevention is achieved through compliance to rules on peripheral nerve blocks performance, contraindication, benefit and risk analysis of each block and ultrasound skills.

The treatment of non-union or delayed union of fractures includes a growing number of approaches and techniques, one of which is bone growth stimulation using low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS). The treatment is effective, painless and safe. Currently, Exogen is the only device marketed worldwide that uses LIUS to influence the fracture healing process.

The article reviews in details regulating documents of Ministry of Public Health of Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, resolutions of the Government of Russian Federation concerning providing high-technology medicine in traumatology and. orthopedics and. prospects of development of organizational problems on the realizing of high-technology medicine. High-technology medicine is the complex of treatment and. diagnostics medical services, that are realized in hospital conditions with use of complex and. (or) unique resource-demanding medical technologies. Hightechnology medicine is provided under the standards of medical aid approved by the orders of Ministry of Public Health of Russian Federation for federal special-purpose medical institutions providing high-technology medicine and is financed by federal budget. Selection of patients and their referral to the Commission of the subject of Russian Federation is realized by Medical commissions of medical organizations where patients are treated and observed after recommendations of doctor in charge on the basis of the excerpt from medical documentation of the patients. In 2013—2014 development of the further problems on the providing of high-technology medicine is planned: optimization of kinds of high-technology medicine, development of innovative technologies, training of the personnel, licensing of medical organization taking into account providing kinds of high-technology medicine, development of information-analytical system of high-technology medicine, united choice of medical organization. for providing high-technology medicine by the doctor and. the patient. In 2015—2020 the transfer of high-technology kinds of medicine in the system of compulsory medical insurance is planned. 55 billions rubles a year are needed for the development of resource-demanding technologies including transplantation, complex kinds of prosthetics, robotized and innovative technologies. Organization, in federal state institutions special bed funds providing permanent innovative development of medical aid. is prognosed. ; В статье подробно рассматриваются регламентирующие документы Министерства здравоохранения РФ, РАМН, Постановления Правительства РФ по оказанию высокотехнологичной медицинской помощи по профилю «травматология и ортопедия» и перспективы, развития организационных вопросов по оказанию ВМП. Высокотехнологичная медицинская помощь (далее — ВМП) — комплекс лечебных и диагностических медицинских услуг, проводимых в условиях стационара с использованием, сложных и (или) уникальных, обладающих значительной ресурсоемкостью медицинских технологий. ВМП предоставляется в соответствии со стандартами медицинской помощи, утвержденными приказами Минздрава РФ для. федеральных специализированных медицинских учреждений, оказывающих ВМП, и финансируется за счет средств федерального бюджета. Проведение отбора пациентов и направление их в Комиссию субъекта Российской. Федерации осуществляется. Врачебными комиссиями медицинских организаций, в которых проходят лечение и наблюдение пациенты, по рекомендации лечащего врача на основании выписки из медицинской документации пациента. В 2013—2014 гг. планируется развитие следующих вопросов в оказании ВМП: оптимизация видов ВМП, развитие инновационных технологий, подготовка кадров, лицензирование медицинских организаций с учетом выполнения видов ВМП, развитие информационно-аналитической системы. ВМП, совместный выбор врачом и пациентом медицинской организации для. оказания ВМП. В 2015—2020 гг. планируется перевод высокотехнологичных видов в систему обязательного медицинского страхования. На развитие ресурсоемких технологий, включая трансплантацию, сложные виды протезирования, роботизированные и инновационные технологии, необходимо финансирование 55 млрд. руб. в год. Прогнозируется Создание в ФГУ особого коечного фонда, обеспечивающего непрерывное инновационное развитие медицинской, помощи.

Background and purpose — In Norway all compensation claims based on healthcare services are handled by a government agency (NPE, Norsk Pasientskade Erstatning). We provide an epidemiological overview of claims within pediatric orthopedics in Norway, and identify the most common reasons for claims and compensations. Patients and methods — All compensation claims handled by NPE from 2012 to 2018 within pediatric orthopedics (age 0 to 17 years) were reviewed. Data were analyzed with regard to patient demographics, diagnoses, type of injury, type of treatment, reasons for granted compensation, and total payouts. Results — 487 compensation claims (259 girls, 228 boys) within orthopedic surgery in patients younger than 18 years at time of treatment were identified. Mean age was 12 years (0–17). 150 out of 487 claims (31%) resulted in compensation, including 79 compensations for inadequate treatment, 58 for inadequate diagnostics, 12 for infections, and 1 based on the exceptional rule. Total payouts were US$8.45 million. The most common primary diagnoses were: upper extremity injuries (26%), lower extremity injuries (24%), congenital malformations and deformities (12%), spine deformities (11%), disorders affecting peripheral joints (9%), chondropathies (6%), and others (12%). Interpretation — Most claims were submitted and granted for mismanagement of fractures in the upper and lower extremity, and mismanagement of congenital malformations and disorders of peripheral joints. Knowledge of the details of malpractice claims should be implemented in educational programs and assist pediatric orthopedic surgeons to develop guidelines in order to improve patient safety and quality of care. ; publishedVersion

Background and purpose — In Norway all compensation claims based on healthcare services are handled by a government agency (NPE, Norsk Pasientskade Erstatning). We provide an epidemiological overview of claims within pediatric orthopedics in Norway, and identify the most common reasons for claims and compensations. Patients and methods — All compensation claims handled by NPE from 2012 to 2018 within pediatric orthopedics (age 0 to 17 years) were reviewed. Data were analyzed with regard to patient demographics, diagnoses, type of injury, type of treatment, reasons for granted compensation, and total payouts. Results — 487 compensation claims (259 girls, 228 boys) within orthopedic surgery in patients younger than 18 years at time of treatment were identified. Mean age was 12 years (0–17). 150 out of 487 claims (31%) resulted in compensation, including 79 compensations for inadequate treatment, 58 for inadequate diagnostics, 12 for infections, and 1 based on the exceptional rule. Total payouts were US$8.45 million. The most common primary diagnoses were: upper extremity injuries (26%), lower extremity injuries (24%), congenital malformations and deformities (12%), spine deformities (11%), disorders affecting peripheral joints (9%), chondropathies (6%), and others (12%). Interpretation — Most claims were submitted and granted for mismanagement of fractures in the upper and lower extremity, and mismanagement of congenital malformations and disorders of peripheral joints. Knowledge of the details of malpractice claims should be implemented in educational programs and assist pediatric orthopedic surgeons to develop guidelines in order to improve patient safety and quality of care. ; publishedVersion

Background and purpose — In Norway all compensation claims based on healthcare services are handled by a government agency (NPE, Norsk Pasientskade Erstatning). We provide an epidemiological overview of claims within pediatric orthopedics in Norway, and identify the most common reasons for claims and compensations. Patients and methods — All compensation claims handled by NPE from 2012 to 2018 within pediatric orthopedics (age 0 to 17 years) were reviewed. Data were analyzed with regard to patient demographics, diagnoses, type of injury, type of treatment, reasons for granted compensation, and total payouts. Results — 487 compensation claims (259 girls, 228 boys) within orthopedic surgery in patients younger than 18 years at time of treatment were identified. Mean age was 12 years (0–17). 150 out of 487 claims (31%) resulted in compensation, including 79 compensations for inadequate treatment, 58 for inadequate diagnostics, 12 for infections, and 1 based on the exceptional rule. Total payouts were US$8.45 million. The most common primary diagnoses were: upper extremity injuries (26%), lower extremity injuries (24%), congenital malformations and deformities (12%), spine deformities (11%), disorders affecting peripheral joints (9%), chondropathies (6%), and others (12%). Interpretation — Most claims were submitted and granted for mismanagement of fractures in the upper and lower extremity, and mismanagement of congenital malformations and disorders of peripheral joints. Knowledge of the details of malpractice claims should be implemented in educational programs and assist pediatric orthopedic surgeons to develop guidelines in order to improve patient safety and quality of care.

Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) represent one of the major problems in orthopedic prosthetic surgery. The incidence of PJIs varies according to the site of intervention, and different published case studies report occurrence at 0.5 to 3.0% in the event of first implants, with a significant greater risk in the case of prosthesis revisions. The diagnosis of prosthetic infections is seldom simple, needing a multi-specialist approach, which includes the accurate collection of patient anamnesis, its clinical evaluation, the evaluation of inflammation biomarkers, and the use of imaging techniques. It is essential to identify the bacteria responsible for the infection not only for an accurate diagnosis, but also to select the correct antibiotic treatment. Failure to identify the bacteria involved makes it impossible to establish targeted systemic antibiotic therapy. In developed countries such as Italy, the right to health is guaranteed by the Constitution, where the institutions that provide health services must be staffed by a team of medical professionals that can guarantee the safest possible health pathways. Risk management represents the set of actions aimed at improving the quality of the care provided, the adherence to guidelines and good care practices with the final objective of guaranteeing patients' safety. All hospitals, including the ones where prosthetic orthopedic surgery is performed, must adopt clinical risk management procedures which, through prospective tools aimed at preventing errors and complications and by retrospective methods, permit the identification of critical points in the different phases of the process and propose actions for improvement. The constant increase in litigation for malpractice in Western countries, especially in Italy, calls for special attention to the problem of PJIs and the in-depth assessment of medico-legal problems, also considering the new legislative initiatives in the field of medical malpractice. Hospitals need to tackle the onset of PJIs in a transparent and ...

The purpose of the work was to analyze the history of orthopedics using numismatic materials. The branch of historical science of numismatics (from the Latin numisma — coin) originated in the 19th century and became closely connected with economics, politics, culture and law; it includes a thematic study of coins, medals and plaques. Best of all, the history of orthopedics is illustrated by the various forms of the medallic educational art (exonumia, or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of the commemorative coin. This work presents a catalogue of 95 numismatic materials (including some unique one, first cited), reflects the stages of development of the study of using treating factors, provides links to significant historical events, refers to brief biographies of physicians who have made an invaluable contribution into the formation of this scientific discipline. ; Целью работы был анализ истории ортопедии по нумизматическим материалам. Отрасль исторической науки нумизматика (от лат. numisma — «монета») зародилась в XIX столетии и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает тематическое изучение монет, медалей и плакет. Лучше всего историю ортопедии иллюстрируют разные формы медальерного образотворческого искусства (экзонумия или паранумизматика), а медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В настоящей работе представлен каталог 95 нумизматических материалов (в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных), отражены этапы развития изучения использования лечебных факторов, поданы ссылки на значимые исторические события, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков, внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование данной научной дисциплины. ; Метою роботи був аналіз історії ортопедії за нумізматичними матеріалами. Галузь історичної науки нумізматика (від лат. numisma — «монета») зародилася в XIX столітті і стала тісно пов'язаною з економікою, політикою, культурою й правом, включає тематичне вивчення монет, медалей та плакет. Найкраще історію ортопедії ілюструють різні форми медальєрного образотворчого мистецтва (екзонумія або паранумізматика), а медаль стала прообразом пам'ятної (меморіальної) монети. У даній роботі подано каталог 95 нумізматичних матеріалів (у тому числі деяких унікальних, вперше наведених), відображено етапи розвитку вивчення використання лікувальних факторів, надані посилання на значні історичні події, згадуються короткі біографії медиків, які зробили неоціненний внесок у формування даної наукової дисципліни.

The purpose of the work was to analyze the history of orthopedics using numismatic materials. The branch of historical science of numismatics (from the Latin numisma — coin) originated in the 19th century and became closely connected with economics, politics, culture and law; it includes a thematic study of coins, medals and plaques. Best of all, the history of orthopedics is illustrated by the various forms of the medallic educational art (exonumia, or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of the commemorative coin. This work presents a catalogue of 95 numismatic materials (including some unique one, first cited), reflects the stages of development of the study of using treating factors, provides links to significant historical events, refers to brief biographies of physicians who have made an invaluable contribution into the formation of this scientific discipline. ; Целью работы был анализ истории ортопедии по нумизматическим материалам. Отрасль исторической науки нумизматика (от лат. numisma — «монета») зародилась в XIX столетии и стала тесно связанной с экономикой, политикой, культурой и правом, включает тематическое изучение монет, медалей и плакет. Лучше всего историю ортопедии иллюстрируют разные формы медальерного образотворческого искусства (экзонумия или паранумизматика), а медаль стала прообразом памятной (мемориальной) монеты. В настоящей работе представлен каталог 95 нумизматических материалов (в том числе некоторых уникальных, впервые приведенных), отражены этапы развития изучения использования лечебных факторов, поданы ссылки на значимые исторические события, упоминаются краткие биографии медиков, внесших неоценимый вклад в формирование данной научной дисциплины. ; Метою роботи був аналіз історії ортопедії за нумізматичними матеріалами. Галузь історичної науки нумізматика (від лат. numisma — «монета») зародилася в XIX столітті і стала тісно пов'язаною з економікою, політикою, культурою й правом, включає тематичне вивчення монет, медалей та плакет. Найкраще історію ортопедії ілюструють різні форми медальєрного образотворчого мистецтва (екзонумія або паранумізматика), а медаль стала прообразом пам'ятної (меморіальної) монети. У даній роботі подано каталог 95 нумізматичних матеріалів (у тому числі деяких унікальних, вперше наведених), відображено етапи розвитку вивчення використання лікувальних факторів, надані посилання на значні історичні події, згадуються короткі біографії медиків, які зробили неоціненний внесок у формування даної наукової дисципліни.

LAY SUMMARY Many non-acute muscle and skeletal injuries can be rehabilitated with conservative management, such as physiotherapy or physiatry, rather than orthopedic surgery. In the primary care centre, the authors noted that almost half of patients with non-acute muscle and skeletal injuries referred to orthopedic surgery did not need orthopedic intervention. Referrals to orthopedic surgery, for which conservative management is more appropriate, contribute to wait times and delay the recovery process. To improve access to conservative management and reduce the demand for orthopedic services, this study looked at the benefits of using physiotherapists to screen electronic medical records (EMRs) to determine if patients needed orthopedic intervention or conservative management. The results show physiotherapy screening increased the percentage of patients referred to orthopedic surgery that truly required orthopedic intervention from 47.9% to 63.7%. This emerging practice may lead to shorter wait times for patients to see an orthopedic surgeon, fewer in-person assessments, and improved access to conservative treatment.