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International audience ; In the previous CIST conference I was underlining the risks both of "territorial fetishism" and the exclusion that could bear a too close association between territory and identity. Drawing from Afro-Latin American experiences ("pueblo negro" Mexico, "Comunidades Negras" in Colombia) I show how territories and territorialities, when they are ethnically qualified, may promote exclusion as well as emancipation. I propose to develop this question with a two-folded approach: on the one hand, empirical, that relies not only on black people or "Afro-Latin" specific cases, but on the population seen as a whole; on the other hand, theoretical, that aims at introducing conceptual tools such as 'territorial legitimacy', 'geobody' and 'spatial technology'. This approach that combines new theoretical and empirical data is useful to identify political and territorial innovations and to understand how they combine to redraw the boundaries of citizenship in Latin American multicultural context. ; On a coutume de considérer l'association identité-territoire comme un gage d'exclusion et de conflits potentiels. Le texte aborde la question de la multiplicité des territorialités en contexte multiculturel, avec deux objectifs : décrire la généalogie de cette diversité et sortir ainsi de l'impasse de la « condamnation » de Brunet ("Affirmer une identité sur une base territoriale, c'est se condamner tôt ou tard, à exclure l'autre») ; déconstruire l'argument du « conflit de territoires » utilisé de façon abusive pour expliquer ou analyser les conflits entre collectivités, alors qu'il s'agit souvent de processus plus précis que l'on peut interpréter sous d'autres paradigmes : légitimité territoriale, techniques spatiales, atteinte ou protection d'espaces conçus comme des « corps géographique » par les acteurs. L'analyse de contextes conflictuels récents, en Colombie, montrera ensuite que l'espace est non seulement produit mais porteur de sens politique, il devient facteur (et non pas objet de) des négociations ...

Information systems are widespread and used by anyone with computing devices as well as corporations and governments. It is often the case that security leaks are introduced during the development of an application. Reasons for these security bugs are multiple but among them one can easily identify that it is very hard to define and enforce relevant security policies in modern software. This is because modern applications often rely on container sharing and multi-tenancy where, for instance, data can be stored in the same physical space but is logically mapped into different security compartments or data structures. In turn, these security compartments, to which data is classified into in security policies, can also be dynamic and depend on runtime data. In this thesis we introduce and develop the novel notion of dependent information flow types, and focus on the problem of ensuring data confidentiality in data-centric software. Dependent information flow types fit within the standard framework of dependent type theory, but, unlike usual dependent types, crucially allow the security level of a type, rather than just the structural data type itself, to depend on runtime values. Our dependent function and dependent sum information flow types provide a direct, natural and elegant way to express and enforce fine grained security policies on programs. Namely programs that manipulate structured data types in which the security level of a structure field may depend on values dynamically stored in other fields The main contribution of this work is an efficient analysis that allows programmers to verify, during the development phase, whether programs have information leaks, that is, it verifies whether programs protect the confidentiality of the information they manipulate. As such, we also implemented a prototype typechecker that can be found at http://ctp.di.fct.unl.pt/DIFTprototype/.

This paper investigates the evolution of income inequality in Spain during its transition to democracy, suggesting a method for the correction of under-reporting of earnings and profits in the Household Budget Surveys' data. The contribution is twofold: the methodological proposal, based on income-expenditure discrepancy and scaling-up to National Accounts, improves on previous work and can be useful for similar historical sources in other countries. Second, its application results in an alternative history of the distribution of income in this case, changing the levels and also the observed trend. Previous literature asserted a substantial equalisation, related to the democratisation process, while after the adjustment inequality in disposable income is shown to have been quite persistent. ; Este artículo analiza la evolución de la desigualdad de rentas en España durante la transición a la democracia, proponiendo un método para corregir la infra-declaración de ingresos en las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares. La contribución es doble: la metodología, basada en la discrepancia entre rentas y gastos y en el ajuste a Contabilidad Nacional, puede ser de utilidad para fuentes históricas similares en otros países. En segundo lugar, su aplicación resulta en una interpretación alternativa en este caso, al cambiar los niveles de desigualdad y también la tendencia observada. Si la literatura anterior había tratado de una sustancial mejora en la distribución, vinculada a la democracia, tras el ajuste efectuado la desigualdad en la renta disponible se muestra bastante persistente. ; This paper is part of the PhD dissertation project «Tax system and redistribution: the Spanish fiscal transition (1960-1990)», under the supervision of Alfonso Herranz-Loncán and Alejandro Esteller-Moré, to whom the author was grateful. The author acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Education's (FPU scholarship) and Research Project ECO2012-39169-C03-03.

UID/ANT/04038/2013 ; Orientalism? This is not another critique of Edward Said's Orientalism. We know that there is still some space for further discussion on this matter and that there are still people wanting to engage with it, but this is not our concern here. Nevertheless, the term has become inescapable for people like us, researching into and teaching on Arab and Islamic contexts and topics – and even more so when our strategic location is constantly under surveillance in times of Islamophobia and Islamophilia, wary eyes asking if we are with Muslims or against them, or, in a more sophisticated way, with good Muslims or their evil twins, bad Muslims (Mamdani 2004). Strangely, and dangerously, our position regarding Islam – as a monolithic and petrified religion – is presumed to be part of our own academic identity. Said's book or – as he wrote among other, very insightful things – his metabook – is timeless, both for good and for the wrong reasons. Here, however, we will be using the word 'Orientalism' in a narrow sense, referring to the production of humanities and social and cultural sciences on Arab and Islamic contexts and topics and, simply, discarding the nihilistic upshot of some post-Orientalist debates, assuming the political dimension of our researches and outputs. After all, and as Mitchell, appropriately out, Said's main (and often misunderstood) simple question addressed in Orientalism was 'How does one know the things that exist?' and 'To what extent are the "things that exist" constituted by the knower?' (Mitchell 2003, referring to Said, 1978: 5). And even if he was neither the first to address this nor, for sure, the last, we need to state it for the sake of transparency and, ultimately and paradoxically, for the sake of science. ; publishersversion ; published

Field strength or signal-in-space (SIS) measurements have been performed by using manned helicopters, aircrafts or from ground level using extendable masts. With the availability of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) such as multicopters a new versatile platform for SIS measurements is deployable. Larger types show up to eight individually driven electric motors and controllers (therefore called octocopter). They provide the ability to fly along predefined traces, to hover at waypoints and to initiate other actions when those have been reached. They provide self-levelling and stabilisation and moreover, they may gear at a point of interest regardless of their actual position, e.g. during their flight around a tower. Their payload mainly depends on the platform size and allows integration of complex measurement equipment. Upgrading their navigation capabilities including state-of-the-art global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and ground station transmitter (real-time kinematic – RTK) enables precise localisation of the UAS. For operation in electromagnetic harsh environments a shielding can be considered and integrated into the concept. This paper describes concept and design of an octocopter and its instrumentation, along with applications in recent projects, in which we measure and validate terrestrial navigation systems applied in air traffic and the weather forecast services. Among those are instrumentation landing systems (ILS), VHF omnidirectional radio ranges (VOR), airport traffic and weather radars as well as military surveillance radars, and UHF wind profilers. Especially to investigate the possible interaction of VORs and radars with single wind turbines (WT) or wind power plants has become a major request of economy, military and politics. Here, UAS can be deployed to deliver measurement data investigating this interaction. Once developed and setup to a certain extent, UAS are easy and cost-efficient to operate. Nonetheless, due to their compact size, UAS will have rather low interaction with the electromagnetic field to be measured compared to the operation of manned helicopters.

Crop phenology is dynamic as it changes with times of the year. Such biophysical processes also look spectrally different to remote sensing satellites. Some crops may depict similar spectral properties if their phenology coincide, but differ later when their phenology diverge. Thus, conventional approaches that select only images from phenological stages where crops are distinguishable for classification, have low discrimination. In contrast, stacking images within a cropping season limits discrimination to a single feature space that can suffer from overlapping classes. Since crop backscatter varies with time, it can aid discrimination. Therefore, our main objective is to develop a crop sequence classification method using multitemporal TerraSAR-X images. We adopt first order markov assumption in undirected temporal graph sequence. This property is exploited to implement Dynamic Conditional Random Fields (DCRFs). Our DCRFs model has a repeated structure of temporally connected Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). Each node in the sequence is connected to its predecessor via conditional probability matrix. The matrix is computed using posterior class probabilities from association potential. This way, there is a mutual temporal exchange of phenological information observed in TerraSAR-X images. When compared to independent epoch classification, the designed DCRF model improved crop discrimination at each epoch in the sequence. However, government, insurers, agricultural market traders and other stakeholders are interested in the quantity of a certain crop in a season. Therefore, we further develop a DCRF ensemble classifier. The ensemble produces an optimal crop map by maximizing over posterior class probabilities selected from the sequence based on maximum F1-score and weighted by correctness. Our ensemble technique is compared to standard approach of stacking all images as bands for classification using Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and standard CRFs. It outperforms MLC and CRFs by 7.70% and 6.42% in overall accuracy, respectively.

El ensayo parte de considerar la teatralidad como una política de la mirada, razón por la cual no se atiene, en cuanto a los corpus vallejianos, al estudio de los textos teatrales, sino que intenta la descripción de las estrategias y tácticas enunciativas que afectan la espectacularidad de la escritura de César Vallejo: su teatralización historizada de la política. Partiendo de los poemarios iniciales (Heraldos negros y Trilce), el ensayo se detiene en un análisis de las transformaciones discursivas en las Crónicas, los epistolarios y en las piezas dramáticas. Este trabajo no se restringe, pues, a las separaciones que los críticos han operado en el proceso vallejiano (poesía, prosa, teatro, por un lado, y por otro América/Europa). Por el contrario, se quiere postular un "sujeto en proceso" que se va reacomodando permanentemente sus puntos de vista mientras reflexiona sobre el escritor latinoamericano, el exilio, la modernidad, el fascismo y la revolución, detectando cada instante de expansión, cada obstáculo y cada redefinición de los protocolos escriturarios, artísticos y receptivos. Enunciation and theatricality Starting from the consideration of the theatrical as a politics of seeing -a reason why the discussion does not restrict itself, insofar as the Valle jan corpus is concerned, to the examination of theatrical texts- this essay intends to identify the enunciative tactics and strategies affecting the spectacularity of Cesar Vallejo' s writing; its historicized theatricalization of politics. From the opening poems (Heraldos N e gros and Trilce) this essay stops to analyze the discursive transformations in the Crónicas, the epistolaries, and the dramatic pieces. This analysis is therefore not restricted to the customary separation made by the critics in the Vallejan process (poetry, prose and theatre on one side, America/Europe on the other). On the contrary, it intends to postulate a 'subject in process' constantly reacommodating its viewpoints, while reflecting on the Latin American writer, exile, ...

Objective: To identify the biosocial characteristics, self-care measures and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in women with altered Pap at the first consultation at the Cervical Pathology Unit, in Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Valparaiso, 2013. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive and transversal. Approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital Carlos Van Buren. Fifty women provided informed consent and answered a questionnaire. Cervical samples were taken for HPV genotyping performed by PCR and hybridization. Results: 26% of women were aged between 25-34 years, 58% finished high school, 66% had their first sexual encounter between 15-19 years, 48% tested positive for high risk HPV, 26% have a history of other sexually transmitted infections, 26% do not undertake regular Pap exams and 90% do not use condoms. Discussion: Knowledge of biosocial characteristics of this population permits examination of government strategies in HPV prevention and thus the development of cervical cancer, such as: sex education, healthy lifestyles, strategies for access to Pap testing, among others. In addition, it is necessary to expand research on issues that contribute to the sexual life of women and society. ; Objetivo: Identificar las características biosociales, medidas de autocuidado y genotipoficación del virus papiloma humano en mujeres con papanicolaou alterado en la primera consulta de la Unidad Patología Cervical, Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Valparaíso, 2013. Material y método: Cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Aprobada por Comité Ético-Científico. Muestra de 50 mujeres que previa firma de consentimiento informado, se les aplicó un cuestionario y se les tomó muestras cervicales para genotipificación VPH con técnica PCR e Hibridación. Resultados: 26% con edad entre 25-34 años, 58% tiene a lo menos cuarto medio, 66% tuvieron primera relación sexual entre los 15-19 años, 48% presentaron test positivos para VPH alto riesgo, 26% tiene antecedentes de otras infecciones de transmisión sexual, 26% no se realiza el Pap de forma ...

Recent Paraguayan narrative shows a close and explicit relationship between literature and its surrounding socio-political reaity. Notably, the use of history as a recourse, specifically traumatic historical moments such as wars and dictatorships, is central to the novels of the last decades. This article presents three different but complementary perspectives that show how Paraguayan narrative has addressed its own history, and the ways in which this approach has progressed in recent years to reflect a greater opening and more explicit criticism. First, I analyze two instances of the so-called Historical Novel: Caballero written by Rodríguez Alcalá during the last years of Stroessner's dictatorship, and Un viento negro by González Delvalle, published in 2012. Secondly, I study two novels by Augusto Roa Bastos (probably the most famous of all Paraguayan writers), that have been labeled novels of "exile after the exile": El Fiscal and Contravida. Here I focus on the difference between writings inside and outside Paraguay, noting that this distinction characterizes much of the country's literary production during the 20th century. Finally, I briefly examine three novels –one written in the 1980s, and the other two at the beginning of this century– that seem not to make any reference to the dictatorship or to any war. I argue, however, that they do so surreptitiously, while conforming to relevant tendencies in recent Paraguayan literary production. ; Este ensayo se estructura a partir de la estrecha y explícita relación que se establece en la narrativa paraguaya de las últimas décadas entre la literatura y la realidad socio-política circundante. Especialmente, existe un notable recurso a la historia, sobre todo a momentos traumáticos –guerras y dictaduras–, que es central en la novelística de las últimas décadas. El artículo presenta tres perspectivas complementarias que dan cuenta de cómo la narrativa paraguaya se ha acercado a su propia historia y cómo este acercamiento ha ido modificándose en los últimos años, ...

Through flows from 3 states, employment, unemployment and out of the labor force, we analyze the dynamics of labor markets in Chile from 1962-2007. We identify some periods of different labor market regimes and relate them with changes in flexibility. We found that reforms such as that of 1967, which introduced the "just cause" requirement to fire workers, did not help workers to keep their jobs, but there is no evidence of significant changes in inflexibility. Other labor regimes significantly affected transitions, but surprisingly, it was the new regime identified in 1990, that increased mobility. We interpret this as the result of the consolidation of a flexibility prone model that, until then, had been associated with an unpopular imposition by the military regime. Finally, we do not find any evidence showing that after 1998 the changes in labor participation and consequently, that the explanations of the changes in the unemployment rate could be associated with "added and discouraged worker effects." ; A través de flujos provenientes de 3 estados, empleo, desempleo y fuera de la fuerza laboral analizamos la dinámica del mercado laboral en Chile en 1967-2007. Identificamos algunos períodos de distintos regímenes del mercado laboral y los relacionamos con cambios en flexibilidad. Encontramos que reformas tales como la de 1967, que introdujo la "causa justa" como requerimiento para despedir, no ayudó a los trabajadores a mantener sus trabajos, pero no hay evidencia de cambios significativos en rigidez. Otros regímenes laborales afectaron en forma significativa las transiciones, pero sorprendentemente se encontró que el nuevo régimen laboral de 1990 aumentó la movilidad. Interpretamos este resultado como la consolidación de un modelo que propicia la flexibilidad, el cual, hasta entonces, había estado asociado con una impopular imposición del régimen militar. Finalmente, no encontramos evidencia alguna que muestre que luego de 1998 los cambios en la participación laboral y, por consiguiente, las explicaciones de ...

From the socio-political point of view, the distinction equality/ inequality appears firmly related to the one of inclusion/ exclusion. Thus, the inequalities embedded in socio-environmental problems may also be seen as problems of inclusion: inclusion in the space of decisions, inclusion in the space of those affected by those decisions, inclusion in the space of those receiving compensations for them. This connection is made manifest by the multiplication of movements aimed at making these inequalities visible and including the affected in the political debate. However, by being duplicated, the distinction is also made more complex: inclusion/ exclusion and equality/ inequality are two observation schemes orthogonal to each other, so that crossing them multiplies the possible results. From this perspective, based on developments of the Theory of Social Systems, and the french school of New Inequalities, the paper will look at the current trends towards participation within Chilean energy policy, and particularly to the Estándares de Participación (Standards of Participation) built into the governmental program Energía 2050. Specifically, it will offer a reflection on the expectations to equality and inclusion these programs try to respond to, and on the limits that these same expectations imply. ; Desde el punto de vista sociopolítico, la distinción de igualdad/desigualdad se relaciona estrechamente con la de inclusión/exclusión: así, las desigualdades inherentes en los problemas socioambientales pueden ser vistas, a la vez, como problemas de inclusión: inclusión en el espacio de la decisión, inclusión en el espacio de los afectados, inclusión en el espacio de los compensados. La multiplicación de movimientos de protesta dirigidos a visibilizar estas desigualdades e incluir a los afectados en el debate político manifiesta justamente esta relación. Sin embargo, al duplicarse la distinción el resultado se complejiza: inclusión/ exclusión e igualdad/desigualdad son dos esquemas de observación transversales el uno ...

The Post is the name that this essay gives a time: what comes after to the recovery of legitimate political authority in Chile in the in the '90s; a desire: the return of a potency of organization of meaning that had existed before the catastrophe of culture that was the dictatorship, and his expectation in the long period that followed the beautiful but brief epiphany that was the popular triumph, that downed it (the 'NO'). The writings here twinned expressed tensions of a historical process whose lack of proper name (the "transition"), evidence of the elusive vocation of a reality that postpones (not yet concluded to postpone) the identification of subjects in common horizons. Voices, of these writers, set out from that constitutive lack and try to recompose a possible sense, a puzzle formed by other voices, also lost, amid the loud noise which still does not allow hear them, in the Post. ; La Post es el nombre que este ensayo da a un tiempo: el que sucede a la reposición de la autoridad política legítima en Chile en los años 90, y a un deseo: el del retorno de una potencia de organización del sentido que había existido antes de la catástrofe de la cultura que fue la dictadura, y a su expectativa en el largo período que siguió a la bella pero breve epifanía del triunfo popular que la derribó (el 'NO'). Las escrituras que aquí se hermanan expresan las tensiones de un proceso histórico cuya carencia de nombre propio (la "transición") evidencia la vocación elusiva de una realidad que pospone (no concluye aún de posponer) el encuentro de los sujetos en horizontes comunes. Voces, las de estos escritores, que se exponen desde esa falta constitutiva y que intentan la recomposición de un sentido posible, de un crucigrama formado por otras voces, también perdidas, en medio del ruido intenso que aún no permite oírlas, en la Post.

In this article, going to the personnel file of President Gabriel González Videla (1946-1952) the relationship between his idea of foreign policy and domestic policy especially in its internal crisis with the pro-communist trade union movement is discussed. For authors ideas of international politics predated his administration , and framed within a framework that could be called "progressive " thinking at the time. His "anti" positions –first anti-fascist and anti– could then be articulated in different and successive times for other more permanent role in his vision as the s inequality international relations topics, the idea of an international democratic community with coercive capacity, and the thesis that democracy had two dimensions, political democracy and economic democracy (also international). This allows researchers to shift their gaze from the international to the national and vice versa, conceiving the domestic as essentially interrelated stage and taking the stage and opportunities for Chilean foreign policy in the beginning Cold War. ; En esta artículo, acudiendo al archivo personal del presidente Gabriel González Videla (1946-1952) se discute la relación entre su idea de política internacional y la política doméstica especialmente en su crisis interna con el movimiento sindical procomunista. Para los autores, sus ideas de política internacional eran anteriores a su gestión presidencial, y se encuadraba dentro de un marco que podríamos denominar pensamiento "progresista" en la época. Sus posturas "anti" –antifascista primero y anticomunista después– pudieron ser articuladas en distintas y sucesivas épocas en función de otros tópicos más permanentes en su visión, como la inequidad de las relaciones internacionales, su idea de una comunidad democrática internacional con capacidad coactiva y la tesis que democracia tenía dos dimensiones, democracia política y democracia económica (también en lo internacional). Para los investigadores esto permite desplazar su mirada desde lo internacional a lo ...

Work-related diseases, injuries, risks and deaths are the issues gaining importance especially in developing countries. The ethical dimensions of occupational health and safety issues have been relatively less examined. Responsibility, consent, autonomy, paternalism, choice and other concepts, such values or justifications used in medical ethics and bioethics are also applicable to occupational health and safety domain. This article examines the ethical issues of responsibility and consent to occupational risk. In this article, first, the concepts of consent and risk are defined, then different views on responsibility and consent to risk are discussed and finally responsibility of society and the government are examined. ; Enfermedades relacionadas con el trabajo, lesiones, riesgos y muertes son temas de mayor importancia, especialmente en países en desarrollo. Las dimensiones éticas de la salud ocupacional y los temas de seguridad han sido relativamente menos examinados. La responsabilidad, el consentimiento, la autonomía, el paternalismo, la elección y otros conceptos, como valores y justificaciones usados en ética médica y bioética, son también aplicables al ámbito de la salud ocupacional y seguridad. Este artículo examina los temas éticos de responsabilidad y consentimiento relativos a riesgo ocupacional. En este artículo, primero, se definen los conceptos de consentimiento y riesgo, entonces se discuten puntos de vista diferentes sobre responsabilidad y consentimiento al riesgo y finalmente se examina la responsabilidad de la sociedad y el gobierno. ; Doenças relacionadas com o trabalho, lesões, riscos e mortes são temas que ganham importância, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. As dimensões éticas de questões de saúde e segurança no trabalho têm sido relativamente pouco examinadas. Responsabilidade, consentimento, autonomia, paternalismo, escolha e outros conceitos, valores ou justificativas usadas em ética médica e bioética são também aplicáveis ao domínio da saúde e segurança ocupacionais. Este ...

From Michel Foucault's distinction within his concept of subjectivation, between the "subjection" and the "art of living", we will focus initially on the genealogical-archaeological description of the drift of technologies of subjection –production of subjectivity– that go from the ecclesiastical pastoral power to governmental power of state and post-state merchantveridictive power. On this basis, we will consider the modern totalitarian drift, wich in Foucault has the character of a biopolitics, as convergence and knotting of the "double bind" between procedures of political totalization and techniques of moral individualization –in this sense we will refer, on the one hand, to Giorgio Agamben's indications about the totalitarian confluence between political sovereignty and economic governmentality, and on the other hand, to the link proposed by Rodrigo Karmy between the modern governmental dispositive and the modern biopolitical concept of "civilization". Finally, we will try to think, in connection with the idea of an art of living in Foucault and under our proposed concept of paganism, the experience of the "outside" as revocation of the glory of reign: the possibility of a certain atheological and anarchic life that would put in question the ontotheology of metaphysics that articulates the Western civilizational project; atheological and anarchic life wich, as such, claims the potentiality of another relationship between life and form, a relationship involving a circulation without sovereignequivalential accumulation of life and their productions –against Western hegemonic forms of circulation with pattern of accumulation in the political, economic, aesthetic, semantical and moral spheres. ; A partir de la distinción que Michel Foucault hace, en el seno de su concepto de subjetivación, entre la "sujeción" y el "arte de vivir", enfocaremos en un primer momento la descripción genealógicoarqueológica de la deriva de las tecnologías de sujeción –producción de subjetividad– que van desde el poder pastoral de ...