Further education (FE) has frequently been portrayed as «the Cinderella service» in relation to other phases; a «submerged space» operating below the surface and out of sight of mainstream educational policy in England. A contrasting view depicts a sector often considered a panacea for social concerns. FE is charged with supplying a skilled workforce and has been portrayed as a vehicle for enhancing economic development (DfEE 1998, Leitch 2006). Despite this it has repeatedly suffered funding cuts (Tickle 2014) alongside imposed political change. This research explores the stories of tutors and managers affected by managerial processes in English FE. The findings revealed the impact of corporatisation on leadership as well as on tutor and student agency and explored how professional collaboration enabled practitioners to challenge the prevailing systems-driven culture in ways which would help the sector step out of the shadows. ; "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License."
Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto dei mercati europei e globali, crisi, diritti , regolazione ; Il presente lavoro è volto ad analizzare il riconoscimento del c.d. "right to know" negli ordinamenti sovranazionali e le sue implicazioni sulla riforma della trasparenza amministrativa in Italia. La tesi si struttura in cinque capitoli e tenta di armonizzare l'esame della giurisprudenza e della dottrina straniere con l'analisi delle problematiche di diritto sostanziale e processuale emerse nel nostro ordinamento a seguito dell'emanazione del Dec. Lgs. n. 97/2016. In tale ambito, si è evidenziata la rilevanza delle fonti sovranazionali nel definire e nel conformare il nucleo essenziale del diritto a conoscere e nel promuoverne il ruolo di diritto fondamentale nell'ambito dell'ordinamento italiano. A tal fine, si è svolto un approfondimento sulla giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo in materia di libertà d'espressione, nonché sul peculiare ruolo assunto dalla trasparenza nell'ambito dell'ordinamento dell'Unione Europa. Il terzo capitolo analizza il fondamento costituzionale dei principi di pubblicità e trasparenza e si focalizza sull'introduzione e sull'evoluzione dell'accesso documentale come strumento di realizzazione del c.d. "need to know", evidenziandone le differenze con l'istituto dell'accesso civico "rimediale", funzionale all'attuazione degli obblighi legali di pubblicazione. Viene poi esaminata approfonditamente la disciplina dell'accesso civico generalizzato e dei principali istituti connessi alla realizzazione di un regime F.O.I.A. nell'ambito del nostro ordinamento. In particolare, avvalendosi anche di sintetiche considerazioni di carattere comparatistico, si è esposto il concreto funzionamento della nuova regolamentazione, esaminando le problematiche emerse in sede attuativa e le prime reazioni ad essa manifestate dalla giurisprudenza e dai pubblici uffici. In tale sede, si sono altresì analizzate le critiche rivolte da parte della dottrina alle modalità di attuazione della riforma (specialmente in punto di governance) e alla gestione del delicato rapporto tra promozione della trasparenza e tutela della riservatezza. Il capitolo finale della tesi di dottorato mira a individuare i risultati ottenuti con gli interventi legislativi e amministrativi connessi alla realizzazione del F.O.I.A. italiano, evidenziandone contestualmente gli eventuali malfunzionamenti manifestatesi a distanza di due anni dalla sua attuazione. Nella prospettiva di dare piena e corretta attuazione al right to know, assumono particolare rilevanza le considerazioni che si possono svolgere paragonando il nostro attuale sistema al F.O.I.A. britannico o scozzese, per quanto riguarda, in particolare, la concreta operatività del regime delle eccezioni relative e il ruolo ivi attribuito all'Information Commissioner's Office. L'analisi svolta parte dall'assunto che lo sviluppo del right to know non ha una dimensione meramente individualistica, giacché la promozione della trasparenza diffusa reca preziosi benefici per l'intera collettività, incidendo direttamente sull'attuazione del principio di democraticità e su quei generali principi di imparzialità e di buon andamento cui deve risultare sempre improntata l'attività amministrativa. ; The purpose of this paper is to analyse the Italian Administrative Transparency Reform and the acknowledgement of the so called "right to know" in international and national laws. Administrative transparency improves legitimacy in the decision-making process and, consequently, promotes public trust and public support in modern democracies. Furthermore, it prevents the waste of public sources by allowing everyone to control the administrative activities. Unfortunately, the model of open administration has been unknown in Italy for a long time. In 1990, the Italian legislator introduced a particular form of access, aimed at fulfilling "the need to know" of the citizens involved in public administrative procedures. However, applicants had to demonstrate to have a direct, actual and concrete interest in obtaining the information requested, while the public offices, on the other hand, were not obliged to motivate their objections to the applications. Consequently, this kind of access to public documents did not allow a "quisque de populo" to ask public authorities relevant information just in order to check how they managed their performance. On the contrary, the new "civic universal access", introduced in the Transparency Consolidated Law in 2016, can be used by everyone in order to obtain any data from the public administrations. Public offices can deny access only through a motivated administrative act, which indicates how the data release could harm specific public or private interests. If this "substantial prejudice test" fails, the access to the requested data is to be allowed. Alas, some jurisdictional decisions and administrative practices tend to deny the access even in further cases not provided for by the law. Even though the legal regulation has deeply changed, the Italian administrative culture seems to be still very far from the Freedom of Information model existing in the U.S.A. and U.K. One of the main causes of this trend may be rely in the current connection between this innovative form of access and the anti-corruption legislation: pursuant to art. 5 of the Italian Transparency Consolidated Law, this kind of access should be used to guarantee a widespread control over public administration activities. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the applications must be rejected if the applicants pursue different scopes. International conventions and national constitutions tend to qualify the so called "right to know" as a fundamental right whose limitation should consequently be interpreted restrictively. Any information contact with public bodies should in fact be considered as a chance to strengthen the fiduciary relationship between citizens and government. Moreover, the proportionality principle may be invoked to introduce the so called "public interest test": this means that, whenever an access application may cause a substantial prejudice to one or more of the interests protected by the law, the access could still be allowed if the public interest to disclosure seems to be prevailing. In other words, the demonstration of the substantial prejudice may not be considered sufficient to deny the disclosure. The paper analyses the relationship between "the right to know" and personal privacy throughout the abovementioned transparency reform legislation, underlining the importance of a cultural as well as legislative innovation. In the Conclusions, some general considerations are made regarding the role and the perspectives of the so called "civic universal access" in the Italian legal system.
The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of 'Dialogues' as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with 'others', which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, "dialogue" as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title 'translated' into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.
In Levinas' thought the feminine otherness assumes different connotations and is shrouded in ambiguity. Initially it is assumed as a paradigm of the otherness, then Levinas in Totality and Infinity, especially in the pages about The Dwelling, which have been rightly criticized, attaches a 'disfigured' face and a too intimate and familiar relationship with the other (man) to it. According to Jacques Derrida, the most interesting aspect of the strategy by Levinas, which is put in place to reach the radical 'deposition' of the Subject, is the hyperbolic revival of some female stereotypes (welcome, vulnerability, maternity), which are assumed in order to characterize the humanity of the Human as such. The otherness of the other (woman) becomes, therefore, the key to the deconstruction of subjectivity and to the understanding of the Human. Keywords: Emmanuel Levinas, Otherness, Feminine, Gender difference, Politics
AdmInIstratIve Detention of Irregular Foreigners in Italy and in the European Union and the Fundamental Human Right to Personal Freedom and Proper Defense. Foreigners are particularly subject to the restriction of personal freedom. A great number of countries resort to the detention of irregular migrants and asylum seekers by reason of the violation of immigration laws, including irregularly crossing the State border, using false document, non-possession of identification documents, staying after the permit of stay has expired, etc. In Italy and in other member States of the European Union we can notice an ordinary use of administrative detention of foreigners (without authorization to entry or stay in EU countries) and of other measures of restriction of personal freedom also with respect to aylum seekers. The purpose of this article is to examine the italian and european legal framework of administrative detention of non EU citizens and stateless persons, to see if it comply with the fundamental principles of constitutional and international law and case-law on human rights, with regard, in particular, to the protection of personal freedom and proper defense.
The study focuses on the nature and discipline of administrative liability derived from crimes committed by legal entities in the Vatican system, in compliance with the commitments assumed by the Holy See on the occasion of its Monetary Agreement with the European Union (2010) for the fight against financial malfeasance at an international level. The situation is examined in its various aspects, from the particular attribution criteria to the scope of legislative application to its sanctioning protocol, coming to the conclusion that its incidence is limited in the Vatican order due to its particular characteristics as a small state devoid of a free market and private entities running financial operations. Finally, the author focuses on the argument that the introduction of this institution in the Vatican legal system would mark a reaffirmation of criminal responsibility of legal entities in the canonical system, making some critical observations and placing the institution in the context of possible signs of the principle of canonization of civil laws (can. 22, CIC). ; El estudio se centra en la naturaleza y disciplina de la responsabilidad administrativa derivada de delito de personas jurídicas en el ordenamiento vaticano, donde esta institución se introdujo en cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos por la Santa Sede mediante el Convenio Monetario con la Unión Europea (2010) para la lucha contra los delitos económicos a nivel internacional. Se examina la institución en sus diversos aspectos, desde los criterios particulares de atribución al ámbito de aplicación de la legislación hasta su aparato sancionador, concluyendo en el sentido de su reducida incidencia en el ordenamiento vaticano debido a las peculiares características del pequeño Estado, desprovisto de un mercado libre y de entidades privadas titulares de empresas económicas. Por último, el autor se detiene en la tesis que ve en la introducción de esta institución en el ordenamiento vaticano una reafirmación de la responsabilidad penal de las personas ...
Legislative Decree no. 14 of 12th January 2019, in additionto replacing the bankruptcy law and establishing thenew Code of Business Crisis and Insolvency, introducedand amended some articles of the Italian Civil Code on themanagement and control of business activities. Indeed, theregulatory provision, which requires the appointment of acontrol body or auditor for small and medium-sized enterprises,also affects the management of the performing companiesand, in particular, the establishment by these entitiesof an internal control system. The analysis carried out isintended to highlight the benefits that small and mediumsizedenterprises could obtain implementing a valid andadequate organizational, administrative and accountingstructure ; Legislative Decree no. 14 of 12th January 2019, in addition to replacing the bankruptcy law and establishing the new Code of Business Crisis and Insolvency, introduced and amended some articles of the Italian Civil Code on the management and control of business activities. Indeed, the regulatory provision, which requires the appointment of a control body for small and medium-sized enterprises, also affects the management of the performing companies and, in particular, the establishment by these entities of an internal control system. The analysis carried out is intended to highlight the benefits that small and medium-sized enterprises could obtain implementing a valid and adequate organizational, administrative and accounting structure.
Studying the Italian procedure, one have to disappoint the lenght of the administrative process. The aim of this thesis is to study one of the way to short it and to ensure timely and efficient exercise of administrative justice, creating the amministrative telematic process. I review the vigent italian laws and regulations about the institution of such process. Then I consider the status of application, the perspectives and the develpoments. The most important and innovative law on the topic is d.l. n. 90/2014, converted as law L. 114/2014. It challenges the 'Codice del Processo Amministrativo' in a lot of topics and we should distinguish the most relevant: -the mailing of the legal notifications throught the system of autentication mail called Pec, an acronym meaning 'Posta elettronica cerificata'; - the notifications by PEC of the acta sent by the lawers; - to sign by digital signature the acta of the judge, of the 'amici curiae', of the administravive staff and of the lawyers. After studying the laws, the scholarship and the sentences concerning the use of electronic and telematic instruments, I try to expose the structure, the application, the practicse, and the effect on the administrative organization and on the process actors. The first chapter I discuss the following topics: -the telematic deposit of acta and documents have just been well known in the italian courts, but it is just a parallel practicse, and it is not the principal and effective way of legal storage. It remains the paper based one; - the Pec mailing is compulsory and exclusive ex art. 42 del d.l. 90/2014. The law extends civil procedural norms to the amministrative process; - the Adunanza Plenaria del Consiglio di Stato del 10 dicembre 2014 n. 33 had aknowleged the PEC mailing in the administrative process; - the laws planned procedures, not just acting: the main case is rapresented the electronic signature of acta and documents; The second chapter I try to sum up a very controversial question: can the lawyer during the admistrative process notify by PEC the recurse as does the lawyer during the civil process? Different and diametrial Tribunali Amministrativi Regionali sentences have been pronunced in the last years and in the last months: the ones prohibited the PEC notification; the others permitted to notify by PEC. As I can consider, the problem may be studied by two different point of view: I try to indicate the dicotomy, adopting two categories of sentences, the formalists and the evolutionists, in other words the courts applying a formalist method, and an innovative one. The 'formalists' dinied this way of notification by PEC, waiting to adopt this notification only after the legislation have been completed. The 'evolutionsts' are more open to this way of notification by PEC, emulating the civil law procedure. Concluding, I have not a solution. Simply I guess that the digital, electronic and telematic instruments will give a strong contribution to a new and easy legal system open to the citizens.
Le scritture giudiziarie prodotte dal tribunale civile di Palermo nel secolo XIV si affiancano a quelle di natura amministrativa e relative al governo della città, in una apparente sovrapposizione delle funzioni in capo allo stesso organo istituzionale, la Corte Pretoriana; in realtà la coincidenza degli autori della documentazione, lungi dal configurare una 'confusione' di ruoli e competenze, è indice del prestigio politico e della preminenza giuridica che la Corte Pretoriana, magistratura cittadina interamente elettiva, in virtù della combinazione delle prerogative proprie dell'istituzione e dei privilegi dei cives Panormi ricopre sia in ambito locale sia nel rapporto con le altre istituzioni del regno. ; The judiciary written records produced by the civil tribunal of Palermo during the 14th century join the administrative records about the city government in a superposition only apparent of functions of the same magistrature, the corte pretoriana. This coincidence is actually more the signal of the preminence and the political prestige of the corte than the result of a confusion of roles and competences. The corte pretoriana in fact is a urban magistrature entirely elective whose leading role in the city derives from a combination of peculiar prerogatives and the privilegies connected to the citizenship, exercised both on a local arena and within the royal institutions.
L'Atlante storico dinamico delle circoscrizioni amministrative della Campania costituisce un modello innovativo di ricostruzione della vicenda storica delle regioni d'Italia, con particolare riferimento alle variazioni di denominazione e territoriali dei comuni e delle province intervenute dall'Unità in poi. A partire da un'ampia ricognizione di fonti normative, bibliografiche, archivistiche e cartografiche, si realizza un G.i.s. contenente basi vettoriali per i confronti tra le partizioni territoriali nelle diverse epoche e aperto allo sviluppo di banche dati relative alle diverse dinamiche storiche che hanno interessato la Campania nell''800 e nel '900. Nel G.i.s. sono inoltre previsti Collegamenti ipertestuali per la visualizzazione della cartografia storica e della documentazione iconografica più significativa. ; The dynamic historical Atlas of the administrative districts of the Campania Region is an innovative model to reconstruct the Italian Regional history, with particular reference to the territorial variations and denomination changes of communes and provinces from the Unification (1861), legislative, bibliographic, archival and cartographic sources, have been used to build a GIS based on vector layers for the comparisons between the territorial partitions in different ages and finalized to the development of data base about historical dynamics that have interested the Campania in 19 and 20th. In this GIS moreover hyperlinks run to visualize historical cartography and the more meaningful iconographic documents.
Since the beginning of civilisation mankind counterpoised to its society another potential and utopian world - which is both happy and distant from reality - that has been adjusted to economical and political changes during the course of history. This genre has its maximum expression during the Modern Age, but in the Twentieth Century it is revised under a dystopian light. This happens in Le città invisibili by Italo Calvino and in Hayao Miyazaki's film production. From the analysis of Miyazaki's work from Castle in the sky and its literary sources the opportunity of building a cultural bridge between eastern and western sides of the world comes to light. ; Fin dall'origine della civiltà l'uomo ha contrapposto al sistema sociale di appartenenza un mondo potenziale altro, utopico – e quindi felice e allo stesso tempo impossibile da applicare alla realtà – di volta in volta rielaborato sulla base dei cambiamenti economici e politici imposti dall'evoluzione storica. Se il genere trova la sua massima espressione nel corso dell'età moderna, nel corso del Novecento viene rivisitato in senso distopico. Così avviene ne Le città invisibili di Italo Calvino e nella produzione cinematografica di Hayao Miyazaki: dall'analisi di Laputa – Il castello nel cielo e delle sue fonti letterarie emerge l'opportunità di gettare un ponte culturale fra il mondo orientale e quello occidentale.
The costs of bureaucracy have been discussed for a long time. They are often cited as the main cause behind the difficulties Italy faces in doing business. In this work an estimate of a set of administrative costs borne by small businesses in trade and catering sectors was made for Italy. In order to reduce the margins of uncertainty, a sensitivity analysis of the results was carried out using the Montecarlo Method (for a sector subset in the class of 1-9 employees). From this initial assessment, the cost for all economic sectors in Italy was then estimated (for the 1-19 employee class only). ; I costi della burocrazia sono oramai da tempo oggetto di discussione e sono spesso chiamati in causa come i principali responsabili della difficoltà che affronta l'Italia nel fare impresa.La letteratura economica ha analizzato gli effetti della regolamentazione dell'attività economica da parte dello Stato su occupazione, investimento, produttività, crescita e sviluppo. Sebbene non vi sia consenso unanime su quale tipologia di regolazione sia associata a risultati positivi si può sostenere che sistemi di regolamentazione efficaci sono essenziali per prevenire i fallimenti di mercato, tutelare gli interessi collettivi e realizzare rilevanti obiettivi di politica economica e sociale.Un elemento che rimane di grande interesse è la quantificazione dell'impatto economico che tale regolazione produce. In altri termini quali sono i costi della burocrazia.In questo lavoro è stata fatta una stima per l'Italia di un determinato set di costi amministrativi sopportati dalle piccole imprese dei settori del commercio e della ristorazione. Per ridurre i margini di incertezza è stata effettuata l'analisi di sensitività dei risultati (per i soli settori del commercio e della ristorazione con classe di addetti 1-9) attraverso il Metodo di Montecarlo.Da questa prima valutazione si è poi stimato il costo per tutti i settori economici in Italia (per la sola classe di addetti 1-19).
