Suchergebnisse

The issue of the forms of deciding an administrative case has not yet been analysed in a comprehensive manner. First of all, attention used to be paid to individual forms of deciding on an administrative case, namely: administrative decision, administrative ruling, administrative settlement and deciding an administrative case in a tacit manner. If there were collective generalizations made, they came down to administrative decision and administrative ruling, which are classified as classic administrative acts, while the recent introduction of non-typical forms of deciding an administrative case, i.e. administrative settlement and deciding an administrative case in a tacit manner, makes us re-consider the characteristics of their catalogue; in particular, it should be noted at this point that they constitute a substitute for an administrative decision, which is considered to be a classic administrative act. The evolution of the forms of deciding on an administrative case leads to the conclusion that their relationship with the administrative jurisdiction has ceased to be so obvious. ; Zagadnienie form załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej nie było dotąd analizowane w sposób kompleksowy. Przede wszystkim bowiem zwracano uwagę na poszczególne formy załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej, a mianowicie: decyzję administracyjną, postanowienie administracyjne, ugodę administracyjną i milczące załatwienie sprawy administracyjnej. Jeżeli dochodziło już do zbiorczych uogólnień, to ograniczały się one do decyzji administracyjnej i postanowienia administracyjnego, które zalicza się do klasycznych aktów administracyjnych. Tymczasem wprowadzenie ostatnio nietypowych form załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej, czyli ugody administracyjnej i milczącego załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej, zmusza do ponownej refleksji teoretycznej nad charakterystyką wyróżnionego ich katalogu. W szczególności należy podkreślić, że stanowią one substytut rozstrzygnięcia administracyjnego, za jaki uznaje się klasyczny akt administracyjny. Ewolucja form załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej prowadzi zatem do wniosku, że ich związek z jurysdykcją administracyjną przestaje być oczywisty.

Deprivation of an entity of acquired rights deriving from an administrative act is possible through the combined application of administrative provisions of substantive and procedural law. The limits of durability acquired under an administrative decision rights are the constitutional principle of the protection of acquired rights and the general principles of administrative procedure. The permanence of the right acquired by the administrative decision is not absolute. Repeal or change of the administrative decision is possible only in the mode provided in the law, since the administrative decision makes use of the presumption of regularity. The deprivation of administrative and legal powers in the area of public law takes place in the context of an assessment of the implementation of an administrative decision carried out by a state body. This assessment is possible with the use of two procedural institutions for the expiry of an administrative decision and a substantive institution for the withdrawal of rights. The body assesses whether the addressee of an administrative act has implemented the administrative decision not only in accordance with its content but also the provisions of the generally applicable law. The deprivation of a party of an acquired right is often accompanied by the need to award damages (grant compensation). The procedure and premises for claiming compensation liability have been regulated in the provisions of substantive administrative law. The principle of the effectiveness of public administration bodies is one of the basic principles of administrative law. Its application is not limited only to the creation of law, but also includes the application of law by public administration bodies. The problem of the efficiency of operations of state bodies is of particular importance not only in the area of enforceability of an administrative decision, but also its authorising function. The efficiency of operations of entities in the State structure is assessed through the prism of the implementation of a given administrative decision.

Deprivation of an entity of acquired rights deriving from an administrative act is possible through the combined application of administrative provisions of substantive and procedural law. The limits of durability acquired under an administrative decision rights are the constitutional principle of the protection of acquired rights and the general principles of administrative procedure. The permanence of the right acquired by the administrative decision is not absolute. Repeal or change of the administrative decision is possible only in the mode provided in the law, since the administrative decision makes use of the presumption of regularity. The deprivation of administrative and legal powers in the area of public law takes place in the context of an assessment of the implementation of an administrative decision carried out by a state body. This assessment is possible with the use of two procedural institutions for the expiry of an administrative decision and a substantive institution for the withdrawal of rights. The body assesses whether the addressee of an administrative act has implemented the administrative decision not only in accordance with its content but also the provisions of the generally applicable law. The deprivation of a party of an acquired right is often accompanied by the need to award damages (grant compensation). The procedure and premises for claiming compensation liability have been regulated in the provisions of substantive administrative law. The principle of the effectiveness of public administration bodies is one of the basic principles of administrative law. Its application is not limited only to the creation of law, but also includes the application of law by public administration bodies. The problem of the efficiency of operations of state bodies is of particular importance not only in the area of enforceability of an administrative decision, but also its authorising function. The efficiency of operations of entities in the State structure is assessed through the prism of the implementation of a given administrative decision.

On 1 June 2017, a major amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure came into force. The article deals with mediation incorporated into the Code as a new institution of administrative proceedings. The authors presented the advantages and disadvantages of mediation in public matters and discussed the theoretical foundations of this construction. They analysed the effectiveness of the mediation conducted in the proceedings before the administrative courts, pointing that en­trusting mediation to professional mediators (by amending the Act of 7 April 2017) was justified. The new regulation provides for mediation that is voluntary, secret, and conducted by an impartial mediator. The amending act does not specify the preferred mediation strategies, leaving this issue to the mediators, but the analysis of the content of the new provisions leads to the conclusion that the evaluative type of mediation is the leading one. The amended provision of Article 13 § 1 of the Code allows mediation in any matter, provided its the nature is sufficiently suitable. In the Authors' opinion, mediation should be allowed especially in matters that need to be resolved basing on the administrative discretion and in matters whose settlement requires the interpretation of terms that are not specified. In the authors opinion, mediation may be an effective instrument for eliminating administrative disputes but requires proper preparation of the clerks involved.

On 1 June 2017, a major amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure came into force. The article deals with mediation incorporated into the Code as a new institution of administrative proceedings. The authors presented the advantages and disadvantages of mediation in public matters and discussed the theoretical foundations of this construction. They analysed the effectiveness of the mediation conducted in the proceedings before the administrative courts, pointing that entrusting mediation to professional mediators (by amending the Act of 7 April 2017) was justified. The new regulation provides for mediation that is voluntary, secret, and conducted by an impartial mediator. The amending act does not specify the preferred mediation strategies, leaving this issue to the mediators, but the analysis of the content of the new provisions leads to the conclusion that the evaluative type of mediation is the leading one. The amended provision of Article 13 § 1 of the Code allows mediation in any matter, provided its the nature is sufficiently suitable. In the Authors' opinion, mediation should be allowed especially in matters that need to be resolved basing on the administrative discretion and in matters whose settlement requires the interpretation of terms that are not specified. In the authors opinion, mediation may be an effective instrument for eliminating administrative disputes but requires proper preparation of the clerks involved. ; On 1 June 2017, a major amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure came into force. The article deals with mediation incorporated into the Code as a new institution of administrative proceedings. The authors presented the advantages and disadvantages of mediation in public matters and discussed the theoretical foundations of this construction. They analysed the effectiveness of the mediation conducted in the proceedings before the administrative courts, pointing that entrusting mediation to professional mediators (by amending the Act of 7 April 2017) was justified. The new regulation provides for mediation that is voluntary, secret, and conducted by an impartial mediator. The amending act does not specify the preferred mediation strategies, leaving this issue to the mediators, but the analysis of the content of the new provisions leads to the conclusion that the evaluative type of mediation is the leading one. The amended provision of Article 13 § 1 of the Code allows mediation in any matter, provided its the nature is sufficiently suitable. In the Authors' opinion, mediation should be allowed especially in matters that need to be resolved basing on the administrative discretion and in matters whose settlement requires the interpretation of terms that are not specified. In the authors opinion, mediation may be an effective instrument for eliminating administrative disputes but requires proper preparation of the clerks involved.

The aim of the article is to present the basic assumptions of the reforms of the Polish administrative judiciary. The planned and implemented reforms concerned both the model of administrative judiciary system, as well as the model of adjudication and rules of procedure before administrative courts. The analysis of the implemented solutions, starting from the period of the Second Polish Republic, made it possible to formulate a thesis that the administrative judiciary was subject to evolutionary (developmental) reforms. The article mainly concerns systemic issues, as the creation of a separate, independent, two-instance administrative judiciary was a priority postulate for reforms initiated after Poland regained independence, which appeared in later reform proposals. As the analysis shows, this postulate was fully implemented after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podstawowych założeń reform polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego. Projektowane i realizowane reformy dotyczyły zarówno modelu ustrojowego sądownictwa administracyjnego, jak również modelu orzekania i reguł postępowania przed sądami administracyjnymi. Analiza wdrażanych rozwiązań, począwszy od okresu II Rzeczypospolitej, pozwoliła postawić tezę, że sądownictwo administracyjne podlegało reformom o charakterze ewolucyjnym (rozwojowym). Artykuł w głównej mierze dotyczy kwestii ustrojowych, jakoże stworzenie odrębnego od władzy wykonawczej, niezależnego, dwuinstancyjnego sądownictwa administracyjnego było priorytetowym postulatem reform zapoczątkowanych po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości, który pojawiał się w późniejszych projektach reform. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy, postulat ten został zrealizowany w najpełniejszym zakresie po wejściu w życie Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 1997 r.

The aim of the article is to present the basic assumptions of the reforms of the Polish administrative judiciary. The planned and implemented reforms concerned both the model of administrative judiciary system, as well as the model of adjudication and rules of procedure before administrative courts. The analysis of the implemented solutions, starting from the period of the Second Polish Republic, made it possible to formulate a thesis that the administrative judiciary was subject to evolutionary (developmental) reforms. The article mainly concerns systemic issues, as the creation of a separate, independent, two-instance administrative judiciary was a priority postulate for reforms initiated after Poland regained independence, which appeared in later reform proposals. As the analysis shows, this postulate was fully implemented after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podstawowych założeń reform polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego. Projektowane i realizowane reformy dotyczyły zarówno modelu ustrojowego sądownictwa administracyjnego, jak również modelu orzekania i reguł postępowania przed sądami administracyjnymi. Analiza wdrażanych rozwiązań, począwszy od okresu II Rzeczypospolitej, pozwoliła postawić tezę, że sądownictwo administracyjne podlegało reformom o charakterze ewolucyjnym (rozwojowym). Artykuł w głównej mierze dotyczy kwestii ustrojowych, jako że stworzenie odrębnego od władzy wykonawczej, niezależnego, dwuinstancyjnego sądownictwa administracyjnego było priorytetowym postulatem reform zapoczątkowanych po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości, który pojawiał się w późniejszych projektach reform. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy, postulat ten został zrealizowany w najpełniejszym zakresie po wejściu w życie Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 1997 r.

The aim of the article is to present the issues of the Russian revolutions, their course and effects in the Polish press published under the partitions, representing various ideological and political trends. Foreign dailies remained the source of information about the revolution. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The creators of the Polish press assumed the attitude of observers of political and social life. The influence of revolutionary events on the development of the situation in Poland was discussed. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The press content analysis method and qualitative analysis of the presented content were used.

The article is an attempt to look at post-socialist tower blocks and modernist housing from a contemporary perspective. It takes the context of post-communist Europe as the basis for analysis, citing Sofia as an example. On the basis of the literature and references to the messages of mass culture, it shows the specificity of a metropolitan neighborhood, and leads the reader to a proposal for a conceptualization of 'neighborhood' using the notion of a neighborhood circle. The empirical part presents the results of a questionnaire carried out by means of a nationwide online survey and by means of interviews carried out in three Polish locations: Poznań, Warsaw and Wronki. The collected empirical data are described from the point of view of selected themes related to the concept of 'neighborhood circles', and analyzed statistically. The recommendations indicate the need to ask further detailed questions and invite discussion, and not only among urban sociologists, on the condition of modernist mass housing from the point of view of building neighborly relations.

The subject of this study is an analysis of legal norms focused on the efficiency of administrative procedure, including norms establishing the time limits for the administrative authorities to deal with cases and legal remedies to ensure that cases are settled without unnecessary delay. The considerations seek to verify whether the currently applicable regulations in the Polish legal system protect the right for cases to be considered in a fair manner, without undue delay, and whether they do not differ from the solutions adopted in other countries of the European Union. To compare models of administrative procedure in these terms, two Scandinavian procedures were chosen: Swedish and Finnish. It is widely accepted that Scandinavian countries are mature democracies, highly regarded for the administrative services provided to citizens and their guarantees of human rights protection. The Swedish model of administrative procedure was chosen due to the introduction of a new Administrative Procedure Act. In turn, the Finnish legal system is considered one of the most citizen-friendly public administration systems. In both Sweden and Finland, a number of improvements have been made to popularize e-administration, including actions taken to facilitate administrative procedure. ; Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza regulacji dotyczących sprawności postępowania administracyjnego, w tym w szczególności norm ustanawiających terminy załatwienia spraw administracyjnych i środków prawnych przysługujących stronom w celu zagwarantowania realizacji przez organ administracji publicznej obowiązku załatwienia sprawy bez zbędnej zwłoki. Założeniem, które zostanie zweryfikowane w toku prowadzonych rozważań, jest stwierdzenie, że obecnie obowiązujące regulacje w polskim systemie prawnym zapewniają możliwość realizacji prawa jednostki do rozpatrzenia sprawy w sposób sprawiedliwy, a równocześnie bez nieuzasadnionej zwłoki i nie odbiegają od rozwiązań przyjętych w innych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Do porównania modeli ...

This article presents the results of an experimental research carried out in Poland on selected aspects of social capital. These aspects were trust and trustworthiness. Our research was conducted on a total of 1540 students at universities in 16 Polish cities, capitals of 16 administrative regions, and was based on a commonly used experimental game termed the 'Trust Game'. These results were compared with the results of studies performed in many other countries all over the world. It has been found that with regard to the proportion of money returned by Player B (a measure of trustworthiness), Poles (and more generally, those from Central and Eastern Europe) do not significantly differ from other countries belonging to Western culture (Oceania, Western Europe, North America). Based on the proportion of the money transferred by Player A (a measure of generalised trust), there is only a weak indication that Poles are less trusting than other Europeans. ; Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nad wybranymi aspektami kapitału społecznego w Polsce na tle innych państw. Analizowane są w nim aspekty: zaufania i wiarygodności. W artykule porównano wyniki badań opartych na typowej grę eksperymentalną (grę "zaufanie"), w tym polskie badania autorów przeprowadzone na grupie 1540 studentów w 16 miastach – stolicach regionów Polski. Wyniki badań wskazują, że względem proporcji pieniędzy oddanych przez gracza B (miara wiarygodności), Polacy (oraz ogólnie mieszkańcy Europy Centralnej/Wschodniej) nie różnią od osób z kultury zachodniej (Oceania, Europa Zachodnia, Ameryka Północna). Biorąc pod uwagę proporcję pieniędzy przekazanych przez gracza A (miara zaufania), istnieją słabe tylko dowody, że Polacy przekazują mniejszą część (czyli są mniej ufni) niż pozostali Europejczycy.

The study is the result of a legal comparative analysis of the directions of reforms in the administrative judiciary in the countries of young democracy: Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine, Georgia and Kazakhstan. The analysis was carried out with reference to the patterns developed in old European democracies, mainly in Austria and Germany. Papers on reforms of the administrative judiciary in each of these countries were delivered at the international scientific conference: Reforms of administrative judiciary in the countries of young democracy (10–11.06.2021, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz). They focused on three issues: 1) contemporary challenges of the rule of law and administrative judiciary, 2) directions of changes in the national systems of administrative judiciary, 3) the future of administrative judiciary. The content of the study refers to this system of issues, which reflects the stages of development of administrative judiciary in the countries of young democracy. The conclusions drawn from the analysis show the results of reforms at each of these stages – from the constitutionalization of the rule of law, through the independence of the court-administrative procedure, to the stage of the present, extremely difficult challenges, not only of a procedural nature. ; Opracowanie stanowi wynik prawnoporównaczej analizy kierunków reform sądownictwa administracyjnego w państwach młodej demokracji: Polski, Czech, Litwy, Chorwacji, Serbii, Węgier, Ukrainy, Gruzji i Kazachstanu, w nawiązaniu do wzorów wypracowanych w starych demokracjach europejskich, głównie w Austrii i Niemczech. Wygłoszone na międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej: Reformy sądownictwa administracyjnego w państwach młodej demokracji (10–11.06.2021r. WPiA UŁ) referaty na temat reform sądownictwa administracyjnego w każdym z tych państw koncentrowały się na trzech zagadnieniach: 1) współczesne wyzwania praworządności a sądownictwo administracyjne, 2) kierunki przemian w krajowych ...

The study is the result of a legal comparative analysis of the directions of reforms in the administrative judiciary in the countries of young democracy: Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine, Georgia and Kazakhstan. The analysis was carried out with reference to the patterns developed in old European democracies, mainly in Austria and Germany. Papers on reforms of the administrative judiciary in each of these countries were delivered at the international scientific conference: Reforms of administrative judiciary in the countries of young democracy (10–11.06.2021, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz). They focused on three issues: 1) contemporary challenges of the rule of law and administrative judiciary, 2) directions of changes in the national systems of administrative judiciary, 3) the future of administrative judiciary. The content of the study refers to this system of issues, which reflects the stages of development of administrative judiciary in the countries of young democracy. The conclusions drawn from the analysis show the results of reforms at each of these stages – from the constitutionalization of the rule of law, through the independence of the court-administrative procedure, to the stage of the present, extremely difficult challenges, not only of a procedural nature. ; Opracowanie stanowi wynik prawnoporównaczej analizy kierunków reform sądownictwa administracyjnego w państwach młodej demokracji: Polski, Czech, Litwy, Chorwacji, Serbii, Węgier, Ukrainy, Gruzji i Kazachstanu, w nawiązaniu do wzorów wypracowanych w starych demokracjach europejskich, głównie w Austrii i Niemczech. Wygłoszone na międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej: Reformy sądownictwa administracyjnego w państwach młodej demokracji (10–11.06.2021 r. WPiA UŁ) referaty na temat reform sądownictwa administracyjnego w każdym z tych państw koncentrowały się na trzech zagadnieniach: 1) współczesne wyzwania praworządności a sądownictwo administracyjne, 2) kierunki przemian w krajowych systemach sądownictwa administracyjnego, 3) przyszłość sądownictwa administracyjnego. Treść opracowania nawiązuje do tego układu zagadnień, który odzwierciedla etapy rozwoju sądownictwa administracyjnego w państwach młodej demokracji. Płynące z przeprowadzonej analizy wnioski pokazują wyniki reform na każdym z tych etapów – od konstytucjonalizacji zasady praworządności, przez usamodzielnienie się procedury sądowoadministracyjnej, aż po etap obecnych, niezwykle trudnych wyzwań nie tylko procesowej natury.

The essence of democracy is the rule of the sovereign, that is the nation, today understood as all of the state's citizens. At present, the most common type of governance is representative democracy, exercised by representatives elected from the citizens themselves. Therefore, for the proper functioning of liberal democracy it is difficult to find a more important issue than the procedure for the election of those who govern us. The article presents two alternative electoral systems: an alternative voting system (AV) and the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV). ; The essence of democracy is the rule of the sovereign, that is the nation, today understood as all of the state's citizens. At present, the most common type of governance is representative democracy, exercised by representatives elected from the citizens themselves. Therefore, for the proper functioning of liberal democracy it is difficult to find a more important issue than the procedure for the election of those who govern us. The article presents two alternative electoral systems: an alternative voting system (AV) and the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV).

The article aims to determine the influence of administrative courts' jurisprudence on planning practice in the field of spatial order protection. This impact was verified from the perspective of two key, practical (used by courts, local government units, participants in the space game), and legal information systems: LEX and Legalis. The jurisprudence theses contained in the systems mentioned above constitute the basis for the judgments and formulation of arguments expressed in subsequent cases. Two key provisions were selected, important from the perspective of the protection of spatial order and the scope of property rights in the spatial management system: Art. 2, point 1, and Art. 6. The results show that in the examined systems, neutral judgments dominate. Nevertheless, the representation of decisions enabling the expansion of development possibilities is forceful. In this context, the key decisions seem to be more precise, defining the spatial order and directly indicating the superiority of the spatial order over the ownership right. Despite the lack of a clear legal basis, administrative courts should pay particular attention to this direction.