Suchergebnisse

The authors of the paper focused upon the general clause of social interest in the general administrative proceedings, as well as the proceedings before administrative courts and the administrative executive proceedings. Thus we got a comprehensive – although limited, considering the framework of the study – analysis of the function of this clause in the three main sets of proceedings constituting the system of administrative procedure. The paper discusses a complicated concept of social interest and its relationship to a concept of public interest. It must be emphasized that both of the terms mentioned above are used, among other things, in the regulations of the Code of Administrative Proceedings. The authors also analyze the questions regarding possibilities of a conflict between a social interest and an individual interest. ; Autorzy opracowania skupili swe rozważania na klauzuli generalnej interesu społecznego w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym, postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym oraz postępowaniu egzekucyjnym w administracji. W ten sposób otrzymali kompleksową, aczkolwiek ograniczoną ze względu na ramy opracowania, analizę funkcji tej klauzuli w podstawowych postępowaniach systemu procedury administracyjnej. Artykuł wyjaśnia skomplikowane pojęcie interesu społecznego oraz jego stosunek do pojęcia interesu publicznego. Podkreślenia wymaga, że oba pojęcia występują choćby w przepisach kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego. Przedmiotem rozważań autorzy uczynili również kwestie dotyczące możliwości zaistnienia kolizji między interesem społecznym a interesem indywidualnym.

The article presents the institution of an administrative agreement from the perspec-tive of legal solutions in force in selected European countries. The increase in the number and diversity of tasks performed by the administration and the multitude of conducted proceedings encourage the search for alternative forms of settling a case in relation to an administrative decision. The administrative agreement is one of them. The analysis of foreign regulations confirms that the institution in question belongs to the modern procedural laws. The scope of regulation varies, as do the individual solutions concerning the admissibility and mode of concluding the contract, its subject matter, the mechanisms for removing defects, the grounds for contestability of the contract and its enforceability. It turns out that in individual European orders two patterns of regulation dominate: French and German, although they are subject to significant modifications. The performance of certain public tasks by private parties on the basis of an administrative agreement provides for certain guarantees not only for the parties to the agreement but also for the beneficiaries of those tasks. This particular type of contract allows adequate protection of the public interest. The prevalence of the administrative agreement in Europe prompts the author to formulate a conclusion on the need to include this institution in the home system. The attempt made in the 2017 reform of the Administrative Procedure Code to include in it an administrative agreement was unsuccessful. The provisions on an administrative agreement that were then drafted were intended to give a deeper meaning to mediation, a new institution in administrative proceedings, which is currently not popular. Mediation was to precede the conclusion of an administrative agreement. However, there are no significant obstacles to returning to work on the regulation of this institution, which is so widely used in other European countries, and which is clearly lacking in its home Code ; The article presents the institution of an administrative agreement from the perspec-tive of legal solutions in force in selected European countries. The increase in the number and diversity of tasks performed by the administration and the multitude of conducted proceedings encourage the search for alternative forms of settling a case in relation to an administrative decision. The administrative agreement is one of them. The analysis of foreign regulations confirms that the institution in question belongs to the modern procedural laws. The scope of regulation varies, as do the individual solutions concerning the admissibility and mode of concluding the contract, its subject matter, the mechanisms for removing defects, the grounds for contestability of the contract and its enforceability. It turns out that in individual European orders two patterns of regulation dominate: French and German, although they are subject to significant modifications. The performance of certain public tasks by private parties on the basis of an administrative agreement provides for certain guarantees not only for the parties to the agreement but also for the beneficiaries of those tasks. This particular type of contract allows adequate protection of the public interest. The prevalence of the administrative agreement in Europe prompts the author to formulate a conclusion on the need to include this institution in the home system. The attempt made in the 2017 reform of the Administrative Procedure Code to include in it an administrative agreement was unsuccessful. The provisions on an administrative agreement that were then drafted were intended to give a deeper meaning to mediation, a new institution in administrative proceedings, which is currently not popular. Mediation was to precede the conclusion of an administrative agreement. However, there are no significant obstacles to returning to work on the regulation of this institution, which is so widely used in other European countries, and which is clearly lacking in its home Code

The article presents the institution of an administrative agreement from the perspec­tive of legal solutions in force in selected European countries. The increase in the number and diversity of tasks performed by the administration and the multitude of conducted proceedings encourage the search for alternative forms of settling a case in relation to an administrative decision. The administrative agreement is one of them. The analysis of foreign regulations confirms that the institution in question belongs to the modern procedural laws. The scope of regulation varies, as do the individual solutions concerning the admissibility and mode of concluding the contract, its subject matter, the mechanisms for removing defects, the grounds for contestability of the contract and its enforceability. It turns out that in individual European orders two patterns of regulation dominate: French and German, although they are subject to significant modifications. The performance of certain public tasks by private parties on the basis of an administrative agreement provides for certain guarantees not only for the parties to the agreement but also for the beneficiaries of those tasks. This particular type of contract allows adequate protection of the public interest. The prevalence of the administrative agreement in Europe prompts the author to formulate a conclusion on the need to include this institution in the home system. The attempt made in the 2017 reform of the Administrative Procedure Code to include in it an administrative agreement was unsuccessful. The provisions on an administrative agreement that were then drafted were intended to give a deeper meaning to mediation, a new institution in administrative proceedings, which is currently not popular. Mediation was to precede the conclusion of an administrative agreement. However, there are no significant obstacles to returning to work on the regulation of this institution, which is so widely used in other European countries, and which is clearly lacking in its home Code. ; 53 ; 73 ; 2

Amending the Code of Administrative Procedure, the legislator decided to introduce the possibility of conducting mediation proceedings. A mediator may be a natural person who has full legal capacity and exercises full civil rights. The mediator's role is to ensure the conduct of the mediation process. They have the responsibility to stimulate the initiative of the parties by means of appropriate mediation techniques, as well as to create an appropriate climate of conversation, based on mutual trust and respect. The mediator uses procedural rights, which include: the right to read the case files and the right to remuneration and reimbursement of expenses related to mediation. The Code of Administrative Procedure also imposes procedural obligations on the mediator: it must maintain impartiality in the conduct of mediation and draw up a report on mediation. Participants in the mediation are also parties of the administrative proceedings and a public administration body. The task of the public administration body is to determine whether the arrangements made by the parties with the participation of the mediator fall within the scope of the generally applicable law.

The article presents mediation as the basic method of alternative dispute resolution (the so-called ADR), used to resolve conflicts in administrative and judicial-administrative proceedings, and analyses legal regulations regarding mediation in administrative and court-administrative cases. The summary draws attention to the similarities and differences between administrative mediation and court-administrative mediation. ; The article presents mediation as the basic method of alternative dispute resolution (the so-called ADR), used to resolve conflicts in administrative and judicial-administrative proceedings, and analyses legal regulations regarding mediation in administrative and court-administrative cases. The summary draws attention to the similarities and differences between administrative mediation and court-administrative mediation.

The history of the establishment of administrative judiciary in Ukraine dates back to the 19thcentury, but only after regaining independence did the process of its development begin. Administrative courts have only been envisaged in the Ukrainian Constitution as independent judicial organs since 2016, and the current system of these courts includes: the Supreme Court, appellate courts and district administrative courts. Proceedings before administrative courts are governed by the Code of Administrative Judiciary of Ukraine of 2005. The aim of the study is to present the challenges facing the Ukrainian administrative judiciary and to formulate postulates aimed at improving its functioning. The most important of these include ensuring the uniformity of the case law of the Supreme Court and modernizing the provisions on administrative proceedings. ; Historia powstania sądownictwa administracyjnego wUkrainie sięga XIXw., jednak dopiero po odzyskaniu niepodległości rozpoczął się właściwy proces jego rozwoju. Sądy administracyjne, jako niezależne organy wymiaru sprawiedliwości, zostały przewidziane wukraińskiej Konstytucji dopiero od 2016r., aobecny system tych sądów obejmuje: Sąd Najwyższy, apelacyjne irejonowe sądy administracyjne. Postępowanie przed sądami administracyjnymi reguluje Kodeks sądownictwa administracyjnego Ukrainy z2005r. Celem opracowania jest ukazanie wyzwań stojących przed ukraińskim sądownictwem administracyjnym oraz sformułowanie postulatów mających na celu poprawę jego funkcjonowania. Do najważniejszych znich należy zapewnienie jednolitości orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego oraz unowocześnienie przepisów opostępowaniu administracyjnym.

The history of the establishment of administrative judiciary in Ukraine dates back to the 19th century, but only after regaining independence did the process of its development begin. Administrative courts have only been envisaged in the Ukrainian Constitution as independent judicial organs since 2016, and the current system of these courts includes: the Supreme Court, appellate courts and district administrative courts. Proceedings before administrative courts are governed by the Code of Administrative Judiciary of Ukraine of 2005. The aim of the study is to present the challenges facing the Ukrainian administrative judiciary and to formulate postulates aimed at improving its functioning. The most important of these include ensuring the uniformity of the case law of the Supreme Court and modernizing the provisions on administrative proceedings. ; Historia powstania sądownictwa administracyjnego w Ukrainie sięga XIX w., jednak dopiero po odzyskaniu niepodległości rozpoczął się właściwy proces jego rozwoju. Sądy administracyjne, jako niezależne organy wymiaru sprawiedliwości, zostały przewidziane w ukraińskiej Konstytucji dopiero od 2016 r., a obecny system tych sądów obejmuje: Sąd Najwyższy, apelacyjne i rejonowe sądy administracyjne. Postępowanie przed sądami administracyjnymi reguluje Kodeks sądownictwa administracyjnego Ukrainy z 2005 r. Celem opracowania jest ukazanie wyzwań stojących przed ukraińskim sądownictwem administracyjnym oraz sformułowanie postulatów mających na celu poprawę jego funkcjonowania. Do najważniejszych z nich należy zapewnienie jednolitości orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego oraz unowocześnienie przepisów o postępowaniu administracyjnym.

Judicial control of the administration in Serbia has along tradition of over 150years. Initially, this control was exercised by the Council of State, organized according to French models. After World War II, all forms of administrative judiciary were abolished and reinstated as early as 1952, when the competence to resolve administrative disputes was entrusted to common courts, which adjudicated these cases in special chambers. The last phase of the development of administrative judiciary began anew with the creation of specialized judiciary, namely with the establishment of an administrative court in 2010. This court is no longer part of the administration, as it was before World War II, but part of the judicial system. Judicial control of administration is based on the constitutionally guaranteed right to afair trial. This means that the administrative court decides within areasonable time on the basis of the law and facts established in the course of apublic hearing, and its judgment may be delivered in limited jurisdiction (resulting in acassation judgment) or full jurisdiction (where the court itself decides the case). This phase of the development of judicial control of the administration is not finished, however, as the administrative judiciary in Serbia has asingle-stage structure, and therefore administrative court proceedings are always one-instance. This raises the need for further reforms aimed at introducing two-tier administrative judiciary and increasing its efficiency. ; Sądowa kontrola administracji wSerbii ma długą, ponad 150-letnią tradycję. Początkowo kontrolę tę sprawowała Rada Stanu, zorganizowana według wzorów francuskich. Po IIwojnie światowej wszelkie przejawy sądownictwa administracyjnego zniesiono, by przywrócić je już w1952r., kiedy to kompetencję do rozstrzygania sporów administracyjnych powierzono sądom powszechnym, które wtych sprawach orzekały wramach specjalnych izb. Ostatnia faza rozwoju sądownictwa administracyjnego rozpoczęła się na nowo wraz zutworzeniem sądownictwa ...

The study concerns the factors influencing the shape of the Polish administrative judiciary, ranging from their conceptual patterns in the interwar period to the present day. Therefore, the article presents the history of administrative judiciary reforms as well as the constitutional and statutory foundations of the Polish administrative judiciary and their most important changes. The following parts of the study discuss issues related to the structure and internal organization of administrative courts, their jurisdiction and the concept of "administrative court case" as the subject of proceedings before an administrative court. The basic principles of administrative court proceedings as well as the types and nature of court decisions, including their appealability, validityand enforceability, were also discussed. The last part highlights the challenges faced by the Polish administrative judiciary and the prospects for its further reforms. ; Opracowanie dotyczy czynników mających wpływ na kształt polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego, począwszy od ich koncepcyjnych wzorców w okresie międzywojennym, po czasy współczesne. W związku z tym w artykule przedstawiono historię reform sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz konstytucyjne i ustawowe podstawy polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego i ich najważniejsze zmiany. W kolejnych częściach opracowania omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące struktury i organizacji wewnętrznej sądów administracyjnych, ich właściwość oraz pojęcie "sprawy sądowoadministracyjnej" jako przedmiotu postępowania przed sądem administracyjnym. Przybliżono też podstawowe zasady postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego oraz rodzaje i charakter rozstrzygnięć sądowych, w tym ich zaskarżalność, prawomocność i wykonalność. W ostatniej części zwrócono uwagę na wyzwania stojące przed polskim sądownictwem administracyjnym oraz perspektywy jego dalszych reform.

The study concerns the factors influencing the shape of the Polish administrative judiciary, ranging from their conceptual patterns in the interwar period to the present day. Therefore, the article presents the history of administrative judiciary reforms as well as the constitutional and statutory foundations of the Polish administrative judiciary and their most important changes. The following parts of the study discuss issues related to the structure and internal organization of administrative courts, their jurisdiction and the concept of "administrative court case" as the subject of proceedings before an administrative court. The basic principles of administrative court proceedings as well as the types and nature of court decisions, including their appealability, validity and enforceability, were also discussed. The last part highlights the challenges faced by the Polish administrative judiciary and the prospects for its further reforms. ; Opracowanie dotyczy czynników mających wpływ na kształt polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego, począwszy od ich koncepcyjnych wzorców w okresie międzywojennym, po czasy współczesne. W związku z tym w artykule przedstawiono historię reform sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz konstytucyjne i ustawowe podstawy polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego i ich najważniejsze zmiany. W kolejnych częściach opracowania omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące struktury i organizacji wewnętrznej sądów administracyjnych, ich właściwość oraz pojęcie "sprawy sądowoadministracyjnej" jako przedmiotu postępowania przed sądem administracyjnym. Przybliżono też podstawowe zasady postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego oraz rodzaje i charakter rozstrzygnięć sądowych, w tym ich zaskarżalność, prawomocność i wykonalność. W ostatniej części zwrócono uwagę na wyzwania stojące przed polskim sądownictwem administracyjnym oraz perspektywy jego dalszych reform.

Judicial control of the administration in Serbia has a long tradition of over 150 years. Initially, this control was exercised by the Council of State, organized according to French models. After World War II, all forms of administrative judiciary were abolished and reinstated as early as 1952, when the competence to resolve administrative disputes was entrusted to common courts, which adjudicated these cases in special chambers. The last phase of the development of administrative judiciary began anew with the creation of specialized judiciary, namely with the establishment of an administrative court in 2010. This court is no longer part of the administration, as it was before World War II, but part of the judicial system. Judicial control of administration is based on the constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial. This means that the administrative court decides within a reasonable time on the basis of the law and facts established in the course of a public hearing, and its judgment may be delivered in limited jurisdiction (resulting in a cassation judgment) or full jurisdiction (where the court itself decides the case). This phase of the development of judicial control of the administration is not finished, however, as the administrative judiciary in Serbia has a single-stage structure, and therefore administrative court proceedings are always one-instance. This raises the need for further reforms aimed at introducing two-tier administrative judiciary and increasing its efficiency. ; Sądowa kontrola administracji w Serbii ma długą, ponad 150-letnią tradycję. Początkowo kontrolę tę sprawowała Rada Stanu, zorganizowana według wzorów francuskich. Po II wojnie światowej wszelkie przejawy sądownictwa administracyjnego zniesiono, by przywrócić je już w 1952 r., kiedy to kompetencję do rozstrzygania sporów administracyjnych powierzono sądom powszechnym, które w tych sprawach orzekały w ramach specjalnych izb. Ostatnia faza rozwoju sądownictwa administracyjnego rozpoczęła się na nowo wraz z utworzeniem sądownictwa wyspecjalizowanego, a mianowicie z chwilą powołania w 2010 r. sądu administracyjnego. Sąd ten nie jest już częścią administracji, tak jak miało to miejsce przed II wojną światową, lecz częścią systemu sądownictwa. Sądowa kontrola administracji opiera się na konstytucyjnie gwarantowanym prawie do rzetelnego procesu sądowego. Oznacza to, że sąd administracyjny orzeka w rozsądnym terminie na podstawie prawa i faktów ustalonych w toku publicznej rozprawy, a jego wyrok może zostać wydany w ramach jurysdykcji ograniczonej (czego skutkiem jest wyrok kasacyjny) lub jurysdykcji pełnej (w ramach której sąd sam rozstrzyga w sprawie). Ta faza rozwoju sądowej kontroli administracji nie jest jednak zakończona, bowiem sądownictwo administracyjne w Serbii ma jednostopniową strukturę, a w związku z tym postępowanie sądowoadministracyjne jest zawsze jednoinstancyjne. Rodzi to potrzebę dalszych reform, mających na celu wprowadzenie dwuinstancyjności sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwiększenie jego efektywności.