Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Series Preface -- Volume Preface -- Contents -- Introduction: Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anthropogenic Contamination as the Main Threat to the Aquatic Environment -- 2.1 Behaviour of Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Biota -- 3 Main Ingredients in Personal Care Products -- 3.1 Biocide Compounds -- 3.1.1 Benzotriazole -- 3.1.2 Triclosan and Triclocarban -- 3.2 Preservatives -- 3.3 Fragrances -- 3.3.1 Nitromusks -- 3.3.2 Polycyclic Musks -- 3.3.3 Macrocyclic Musks -- 3.4 Surfactants -- 3.4.1 Phthalates -- 3.4.2 Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates -- 3.5 Insect Repellents -- 3.6 UV Filters (Sunscreens) -- 3.7 Siloxanes -- 4 Health Effects of PCPs on Biota and Humans -- 4.1 PCPs as Endocrine Disruptors -- 5 Legislative Framework and Water Awareness Initiatives -- 5.1 European Framework -- 5.2 Other Frameworks -- 5.3 Water Awareness Initiatives -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part I: Occurrence of Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: Case Studies -- Occurrence of PCPs in Natural Waters from Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fragrances -- 3 UV Filters -- 4 Phenolic Chemicals and Detergents -- 5 Preservatives -- 6 Repellents -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Production and Usage of PCPs in China -- 3 Occurrence and Fate of PCPs in the Aquatic Environment in China -- 3.1 Antimicrobial Agents -- 3.1.1 Antimicrobial Agents in Sewage and Sludge -- 3.1.2 Antimicrobial Agents in Surface Water and Sediment -- 3.2 Synthetic Musks -- 3.2.1 Synthetic Musks in Sewage and Sludge -- 3.2.2 Synthetic Musks in Surface Water and Sediment -- 3.3 UV Filters and UV Stabilizers -- 3.3.1 UV Filters and UV Stabilizers in Sewage and Sludge -- 3.3.2 UV Filters and UV Stabilizers in Surface Water and Sediment.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) encompass a large class of chemical contaminants that can originate from human usage and excretions and veterinary applications. These pollutants have captured the attention of scientists, governments, and the public as several studies across the globe reveal their widespread occurrence in low-level concentrations in wastewater and the aquatic environment. Most of the research on PPCPs has been generated from efforts in highly developed countries, primarily North America and Europe, although investigations and reports are emerging from Southeast Asia and China. With the increased concern of potential threats triggered by the occurrence of these chemicals in the environment, environmental risk assessment (ERA) strategies for such compounds have considerably evolved over the past decade. Regulations are in effect or planned in several western nations, however, there is no global standard for conducting ERAs. As the scope of the problem evolves, substantial research will be imperative to address these contaminants and their occurrence in the environment. This chapter will discuss the evolution of the risk associated with the occurrence of PPCPs in the environment, the challenges faced by their existence here, and the colloquy about solutions to address this escalating issue.

The personal care product (PCP) industry is a worldwide multi-billion-dollar industry. Several synthetic com-pounds like parabens and antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are ingredients in many PCPs. Due to growing public awareness of potential risks associated with parabens and other synthetic com-pounds, more PCPs are being marketed as "green," "alternative," or "natural." We analyzed 19 green and 34 conventional PCP products obtained from a European store for seven parabens, TCC, and TCS. We found no statistically significant difference in the concentrations between green and conventional products. Only four products mentioned parabens in the list of ingredients; however, parabens were detected in 43 products, and at mu g/g levels in seven PCPs. Methylparaben was typically present at the highest concentration, and one mascara exceeded the European legal concentration limit of methylparaben. Low concentrations of isopropyl-, isobutyl-, and benzylparabens, which are banned in the EU, were detected in 70% of PCPs. The cumulative estimated daily intake of parabens is an order of magnitude higher for people using only conventional products than those using green products exclusively. We propose that legislation be developed with more explicit rules on when a product can be advertised as "green" to aid consumers' choices. ; The personal care product (PCP) industry is a worldwide multi-billion-dollar industry. Several synthetic com-pounds like parabens and antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are ingredients in many PCPs. Due to growing public awareness of potential risks associated with parabens and other synthetic com-pounds, more PCPs are being marketed as "green," "alternative," or "natural." We analyzed 19 green and 34 conventional PCP products obtained from a European store for seven parabens, TCC, and TCS. We found no statistically significant difference in the concentrations between green and conventional products. Only four products mentioned parabens in the ...

AbstractPharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are receiving global scientific attention due to their occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 19 PPCPs in 6 lakes and River Nag in the city of Nagpur, India. Grab samples were collected and screened by LC–MS/MS. A total of 13 compounds were detected. In the multiple‐site monitoring study, metformin (19–94 µg/L) and triclosan [upto 74.3 µg/L] were identified as the major PPCPs. In the single‐site study (performed for 2 days at 2‐hour interval), a spike was observed in the evening of Day 1, for example, atenolol (0.39–35.9 µg/L), metoprolol (ND‐26.4 µg/L), acetaminophen (1.64–14.2), naproxen (0.5–15.9 µg/L), etc. The maximum number of compounds were detected in Lake Futala (13), followed by Gandhisagar (7), Khindsi (6), Ambazari (4), Koradi (4) and Gorewada (1). Triclosan and methylparaben were the major compounds in lake samples.

AbstractThe impact of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) on the performance of biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been widely studied using whole-community approaches. These contaminants affect the capacity of microbial communities to transform nutrients; however, most have neither honed their examination on the nitrifying communities directly nor considered the impact on individual populations. In this study, six PPCPs commonly found in WWTPs, including a stimulant (caffeine), an antimicrobial agent (triclosan), an insect repellent ingredient (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)) and antibiotics (ampicillin, colistin and ofloxacin), were selected to assess their short-term toxic effect on enriched nitrifying cultures: Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. The results showed that triclosan exhibited the greatest inhibition on nitrification with EC50 of 89.1 μg L−1. From the selected antibiotics, colistin significantly affected the overall nitrification with the lowest EC50 of 1 mg L−1, and a more pronounced inhibitory effect on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) compared to nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The EC50 of ampicillin and ofloxacin was 23.7 and 12.7 mg L−1, respectively. Additionally, experimental data suggested that nitrifying bacteria were insensitive to the presence of caffeine. In the case of DEET, moderate inhibition of nitrification (<40%) was observed at 10 mg L−1. These findings contribute to the understanding of the response of nitrifying communities in presence of PPCPs, which play an essential role in biological nitrification in WWTPs. Knowing specific community responses helps develop mitigation measures to improve system resilience.