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The broad themes of investigation taken by Norberto Bobbio in his writings on political philosophy are traced. Bobbio was interested in the possible relation between political philosophy & political science. Early on, he distinguished between four types of political philosophy: the description & theoretization of the ideal model of the state; research on the fundamentals of power; politics as an activity autonomous from ethics, econonics, law, & religion; & political philosophy as a critical discourse about the assumptions of objectivity & validity in political science. Bobbio's work Estado, gobierno, sociedad ([State, Government, Society] 1991) was the culmination of ten years of development of a general theory of politics, which differentiates political philosophy & political science. M. Pflum

The differences among political philosophy, political theory, & political science are distinguished to clarify the confusion between them even in academic circles. Philosophy treats principles, properties, & ultimate causes working with the logical-deductive method. Political philosophy is philosophy directed toward politics to study ideal forms of government, the bases & justifications for the state, the nature of politics, & the analysis of political discourse (Bobbio, 1971). Political theory is speculation or hypothesis building on political practice, or a proposal to solve a political problem. Scientific political theory is subject to testing. Political science attempts to explain facts & realities of society & the state & elaborate on theories through empirical testing; it formulates general laws in its own language & methods. M. Pflum

Este ensayo presenta una revisión crítica de la llamada teoría "decisionista" de Carl Schmitt tal como fuera expuesta en sus principales trabajos políticos durante el periodo de Weimar. El autor argumenta que el decisionismo de Schmitt no es, como frecuentemente se ha afirmado, una simple variante del voluntarismo ético asociado a filosofías morales existencialistas y positivistas. Decisionismo es en cambio una particular doctrina política que sostiene que el Estado es la fuente absoluta de toda decisión legal y moral en la vida política. Desde esta perspectiva, el autor demuestra que el decisionismo de Schmitt es una doctrina puramente negativa, fundada en la negación simétrica de todos y cada uno de los valores políticos del liberalismo.

Reflexiones en torno al escepticismo en la filosofía, el conocimiento y la política. Se analiza el escepticismo como concepción filosófica en el antiguo pensamiento griego; el escepticismo en el siglo xvi en su representante más importante: Michel Eyquem de Montaigne; Descartes como conquistador del escepticismo; la función del escepticismo en el pensamiento moderno; su estudio como actitud política y su relación con algunas formas de valoración de la política.

A partir de la obra de Francisco de Seijas y Lobera, Gobierno militar y político del reino de Nueva España (1702) se hace un análisis de los postulados de Maquiavelo y las políticas que la monarquía española implantó en la Nueva España que hicieron que este reino estuviera en condiciones de permanente atraso con respecto a los demás países de Europa.

This article seeks to question the Manichean understanding of the theoretical approach to politics, on the one hand, a kind of political philosophy equated with a specific type of moral philosophy oriented to ground the politics, & on the other one, the political theory as a second-order theorizing of political science or a mixed (empiric-normative) form of inquiry in politics. Arguing against that contrasting & entrenched dualism, the following pages advance a reinterpretation of the nature of political philosophy in the contemporary context through an examination of its distinctive tasks, promoting unexplored missions & bringing to bear an interdisciplinary & action-oriented perspective for the normative theory building about politics. The general hypothesis developed in this paper is that political philosophy & normative political theory are interchangeable, thinking & evaluating the political life not in terms of abstract & ahistorical moral language but getting an insight more sensitive to the real world of politics. In order to do so, the political philosophy concerns to capture properly a political domain & its varied dimensions, evaluates political institutions & tries to identify the possibilities of changes. In any case, although normative political theory cannot make dictate what the citizens have to do, it can help them to choose & to form a reasonable, attentive & therefore prudential political judgment. References. Adapted from the source document.

Using general scientific methods such as cognition and reflection of legal philosophy, the article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of legal protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care in Ukraine. In this connection, the definition of orphanhood is formulated, as well as the socio-legal protection of children, the main stages of the socio-legal protection of children are defined, the general principles of ensuring the family rights of children in the system of their protection are established. It was also emphasized that the social and legal protection of orphans and children left without parental care should take into account the state approach and take place in the conditions of a new adoptive, foster and adoptive family. It is concluded that, the optimization of state activities in this area lies in the formation of an effective system, the basis of which is the mechanism of socially coordinated interaction of regional authorities and society as a whole.

Discusses the prevalence of Hegelian elements in postmodern Mexican culture, arguing that the philosopher's concepts are underestimated & underacknowledged in contemporary postmodern sociopolitical literature despite his universal prominence. Georg Hegel's influence on Marxism is shown as a current running through much of today's liberal ideology on social class, pluralism, industrial society, & social justice. General examples of mimesis between Hegelian thought & postmodernism are offered from recent Mexican political science & from ideas on civil society expressed by Octavio Paz & Carlos Fuentes. It is contended that much of what is mistakenly considered as original postmodern thought is actually a reconstruction of Hegelian philosophy. 11 References. Adapted from the source document.

Based on the point of view of the philosophical anthropology by Martin Heidegger & the illustrated philosophy by Immanuel Kant, the author of this paper analyzes here the position of the French philosopher Etienne Balibar about the category of citizenship, considered as a basis to draw the general principles of a renewed philosophical anthropology. Starting from a kantian conception of citizenship, Balibar outlines the proposal of a philosophical anthropology structured around three pairs of poles: the pair man-subject, the pair subjetus-subjectum, & the pair cosmos-polis. The author shows the way the category "citizenship" organizes each of the previous pairs of terms & concludes with some considerations about the advantages of the balibarian proposal. Adapted from the source document.

The political theory of Thomas Hobbes consider that the social order started with three primaries states: natural state, social contract and civil state. This article tries to demonstrate that in order to better understand the political thinking of Hobbes we must take in consideration the materialist-mechanical principles of his ontology, because these explain the final aspects of human existence. The method used by Hobbes is descriptive-compositive which has as finality the knowledge of the whole reality by the meaning of discovering its origins. The establishment of civil order is based not only on the psychological premises of the people in the natural state, but also requires the support of a reality adapted to this state. In this sense the hobbesian determinism places the individual in a network of complex causal relations which oblige him to institute the social contract, which is needed by the functioning of the subject in the natural order.

The decade of the 1970s marked not only the emergence of neoliberalism, but also the birth of a new disciplinary field: the environment. The intervening decades have seen an explosion of social movements with an environmental orientation, & much academic research has been done in this area. This study discusses several viewpoints on the relationship between the environment & development. The intention is not to present a specific perspective, but to present a general panorama of what has been written on this relationship. To this end, the essay goes beyond economic theory to engage with some of the debates in sociology, political science, & philosophy. Because it is not possible to cover so broad a subject in any great depth, a bibliography is appended to aid the reader. Adapted from the source document.

Regulation is at the core of the policy design system in the European Community/European Union (EC/EU), & is much more important -- compared to other government functions -- there than at the national level. This is why any significant change in the philosophy & methods of EC regulation has great repercussions in the policy design system. Modifications of the institutional framework & of general political conditions in the EU produce immediate effects on the effectiveness of the EC's regulatory policies. Based on the discussion of three specific processes, the article illustrates this mutual dependency: the harmonization of national rules & regulations since the mid 1970s; the growing gap between increasingly complex regulatory tasks & an old fashioned administrative infrastructure; & the political & institutional consequences of the continuous parliamentarization of the European Commission. Adapted from the source document.

En este artículo, el autor explora la evolución del pensamiento y la reflexión política de Norberto Bobbio poniendo énfasis en los nexos entre filosofía y ciencia política que llevaron a este pensador a construir su conocida teoría de la democracia. Asimismo, el artículo aborda el análisis de Bobbio respecto a los cambios en el pensamiento comunista—referencia fundamental en su pensamiento político— al tiempo que matiza las características particulares del 68 italiano, sus determinantes e interconexiones con la política y la vida civil, destacando el papel de este filósofo de la política como promotor de la crítica política y de la duda sistemática y la manera como las puso en práctica en aquel 1968 italiano. Finalmente, el autor rescata algunos de los elementos centrales de la teoría política de Bobbio, como la distinción teórica entre derechas e izquierdas, la crisis del comunismo histórico, las relaciones del individuo con el poder político y la problematización de la democracia.