Suchergebnisse

Etter at Tyrkia i 1999 fikk status som sokerland til EU og forhandlinger om medlemskap startet i 2005, har tyrkerne lovet a imotekomme EU-krav om demokratisering av landet og en losning av det 'kurdiske problemei'. En demokratiseringsprosess forutsetter imidlertid kritiske og frie medier. Men bade Tyrkias vestlige allierte og folk flest i landet er bekymret for dagens situasjon, der journalister, forfattere og folkevalgte politikere fengsles for sine ytringer som av myndighetene er oppfattet som formidling av propaganda som kommer den kurdiske frigjoringsbevegelse (PKK) til gode. Basert pa intervjuer med personer med ekspertkunnskap fra Tyrkia og et utvalg av avisartikler og kommentarer fra tyrkiske papiraviser, utforskes det hvordan tyrkiske medier styres i forhold til det kurdiske opproret i Tyrkia, samt hvorvidt det regierende Rettferdighets-og utviklingsparti (AKP) kan bidra til a demokratisere landet. Analysen viser at under Erdogan og hans AKP har medienes handlingsrom med hensyn til kurderkonflikten, og for orvrig ogsa generelt, ikke blitt saerlig bedre enn under hans forgjengere When Turkey was granted candidate status to EU membership in 1999 and negotiations started in 2005, hopes were high that the country would meet EU requirements for democratization and that a solution would be found to the so-called 'Kurdish problem'. However, a democratization process implies a critical and free media. Turkey's citizens and Western allies are now following recent developments with concern. Journalists, writers and elected politicians have been imprisoned for their work, some held on terror-related charges or propaganda and others for allegedly participating in antigovernment plots. With this as a backdrop, to what extent is Erdogan and his ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) democratizing the country? My aim in this article is to answer the question and explore the extent to which media censorship and control is occurring, in particular regarding Kurdish insurgency in Turkey. I make use of primary and secondary data, including interviews with media experts in Turkey and a selection of newspaper articles from six Turkish newspapers. The Turkish government already exercises a tight hand over Turkey's traditional media, yet, as the analysis reveals, under Erdogan the government controls of freedom of expression and press (in particular concerning the Kurdish conflict) are tightening further. Adapted from the source document.

While the United States has led the global rise in military spending over the past decade, this trend has been followed by many emerging (or re-emerging) regional powers such as China, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and Turkey. These countries all have rapidly growing economies and key economic and political roles in their respective regions and, in some cases, globally. All six are also developing as military powers, engaging in significant military modernization programmes. Apart from Turkey, all have been increasing military spending, often very rapidly. The motives for these countries' military modernization and accompanying increases in military spending vary. In all cases, economic growth is a key enabler; in no case has military spending grown faster than gross domestic product (GDP) since 2001. Economic growth can also be a direct driver, as troops' salaries share in general increases in salaries. In some of these six cases, current conflict is a driver of military spending. For India, the perennial conflict with Pakistan and in Kashmir has been joined by the growing Naxalite rebellion. In Turkey, in contrast, the reduction in the intensity of the conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is a factor behind falling military spending. Regional disputes and rivalries also create a desire not to lag behind other countries, even where relations are currently peaceful. For China, the overwhelming US military dominance in the region is a concern, especially in relation to potential conflict over Taiwan. In turn, India is concerned by China's growing military might, given the two countries' border disputes and rivalry for influence in the Indian Ocean. Russia meanwhile views an expanding NATO as a potential, if not a current, threat. Even in the absence of regional rivalries, a perception of military power as a source of status may be a motivating factor, as in the cases of Brazil, South Africa and, increasingly, Turkey. High military spending can be controversial in the face of more pressing social needs. In Brazil, this tension has recently led to changes in budget priorities regarding military spending. In South Africa, the recent major arms procurement package has been severely criticized for diverting funds from poverty and development goals, as well as for corruption. In India, however, civil society criticism of military spending is countered by strong popular concern over Pakistan. Adapted from the source document.

Im Gegensatz zum 20. Jahrhundert, als die Kurden vor allem Objekte regionaler und globaler Politik waren, haben sie erstmals die Kraft entwickelt, ihre Politik selbst bestimmt zu gestalten. Das "antikurdische" Bündnis zwischen der Türkei, Iran, Irak und Syrien ist aufgehoben. Die kurdische Frage gerät damit auf die Tagesordnung der internationalen Politik. Für deren Lösung ist das Verständnis ihrer Entstehungsgeschichte unabdingbar. (WeltTrends / SWP)

Part 1. Kurdish studies. Kurdish studies in the United States / Michael M. Gunter ; Kurdish studies in Europe / Vera Eccarius-Kelly -- Part 2. Early Kurdish history. The Kurdish Emirates ; obstacles or precursors to Kurdish nationalism? / Michael Eppel ; An overview of Kurdistan of the 19th century / Hamit Bozarslan ; The development of the Kurdish national movement in Turkey from Mahmud II to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Serdar Akturk -- Kurdish culture. Ehmede Khani's Mem u zin : the consecration of a Kurdish national epic / Michiel Leezenberg -- Classical and modern Kurdish literature / Hashem Ahmadzadeh ; Calibrating Kurmanji and Sorani : proposal for a methodology / Michael L. Chyet ; Kurdish cinema / Bahar Simsek -- Economic dimensions. The oil imperative inthe KRG / David Romano ; De-development in eastern and southeastern Anatolia / Veli Yadirgi -- Part 5. Religion. Islam and the Kurds / Mehmet Gurses ; The inadequate Islamic grappling with the Kurdish issue / Christopher Houston ; The Jewish communities in Kurdistan within the tribal Kurdish society / Mordechai Zaken ; Yezidi baptism and rebaptism : resilience, reintegration, and religious adaptation / Tyler Fisher and Nahro Zagros -- Part 6. Geography and travel. The geopolitics of the Kurds since the first World War : between Iraq and other hard places / Michael B. Bishku ; Roaming Iraqi Kurdistan / Stafford Clarry -- Part 7. Women. Kurdish women / Anna Grabole-Celiker -- Part 8. The Kurdish situation in Turkey. The rise of the pro-Kurdish democratic movement in Turkey / Cengiz Gunes ; The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and Kurdish political parties in the 1970s / Joost Jongerden and Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya ; Turkey's Kurdish complexes and Its Syrian quagmire / Bill Park -- Part 9. The Kurdish situation in Iraq. The State We're in: Post-Colonial Sequestration and the Kurdish Quest for Independence since the First World War / Francis Owtram ; The disputed territories of Northern Iraq : ISIS and beyond / Liam Anderson ; The continuing problem of KRG corruption / Michael Rubin ; The Russian historical and political approach towards non-conventional independence of Iraqi Kurdistan / Kirill V. Vertyaev -- Part 10. The Kurdish situation in Syria. The Kurdish PYD and the Syrian Civil War / Eva Savelsberg ; The Evolution of the Kurdish struggle in Syria : between pan-Kurdism and Syrianization, 1920-2016 / Jordi Tejel ; The roots of democratic autonomy in Northern Syria / Rojava Michael Knapp -- PART 11. Iran. Iran and the Kurds / Nader Entessar -- Part 12. The Kurdish diaspora. The future of the Kurdish diaspora / Osten Wahlbeck ; Diasporic conceptions of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq / Barzoo Eliassi ; The Kurds in Germany / Vera Eccarius-Kelly ; The Kurdish diaspora in the UK / Desmond Fernandes