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The low level of representative power and political parties in Lithuanian public opinion inspired this analysisof political parties, as organizations using basic knowledge of management science. Understanding that voters areconsumers of political party's activities result, programs for election campaigns are considered as a main product ofpolitical parties' activity basing on the most popular contemporary understanding of political party. Basing on thefundamentals of management science a strategy of state development and persons prepared to implement thatstrategy in representative and governmental institutions are considered as a more valuable product of party activitiesin the article. Acquiring the power to govern a state for long enough period, when more than half of citizensparticipating in elections are oriented towards short term goals is considered as a paradox of democracy. Creationand popularizing a philosophy of political party, forming a field of main values in the state's life, serving as a basisfor strategy and short time election programs is considered as a mission of political parties in contemporaryLithuania enabling to overcome the paradox of democracy.

Report written by Byrnes and delivered at the 1989 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Kept up to date by the office's L.C. classification--additions and changes, and by two publications issued by Gale Research Company entitled: Library of Congress classification schedules--a cumulation of additions and changes, and Library of Congress classification schedules combined with additions and changes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In social sciences, a law can be defined as a finding of certain regularities in the interrelationships between social facts. These regularities observed, and then validated by the experiment cited, make it possible to propose laws, even if they are not necessarily universal and permanent in nature, as in some cases in physical science. In line with this approach and applying the principles of Claude Bernard's experimental method, we propose two of the demography laws of politics, the number law and the differential law. By means of the experiment referred to, their veracity can be established. The geography of the population can therefore provide useful lessons for political science. ; International audience In social sciences, laws result from interrelationships between social facts that can be frequently observed. These laws are not universal as they can be in physical sciences. However, once observed and experimented, regular events can lead to the recognition of laws. This is what we propose to do, following the principles of Claude Bernard's experimental method, in order to deal with two demogeographic laws of politics : the law of number and the law of differential. Hence we will see how useful for political science population geography can be. ; In social sciences, a law can be defined as a finding of certain regularities in the interrelationships between social facts. These regularities observed, and then validated by the experiment cited, make it possible to propose laws, even if they are not necessarily universal and permanent in nature, as in some cases in physical science. In line with this approach and applying the principles of Claude Bernard's experimental method, we propose two of the demography laws of politics, the number law and the differential law. By means of the experiment referred to, their veracity can be established. The geography of the population can therefore provide useful lessons for political science. ; Dans les sciences sociales, une loi peut se définir comme le constat de ...

Includes index. ; Rev. ed. of: Classification. Class J. Political science / Office for Subject Cataloging Policy, Collections Services, Library of Congress. 2nd ed., 1991 revision. 1991. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article reports the results from a national survey directed to the department chairs of political science to assess the current and future state of distance learning in that discipline. The insights of this research are relevant to all social science fields and offer important insights to other academic disciplines as well. Key findings of the study include the low utilization of distance learning courses, a low degree of importance currently attributed to distance learning and modest expectations of future growth, ambivalent acceptance of a future role for distance learning, the common use of Internet-related technologies, low levels of faculty knowledge and interest about distance learning, limited institutional support, and serious doubts about the appropriateness and quality of instruction at a distance. We propose a model of the size and scope of distance learning as a function of three factors: the capacity of distance learning technologies, market demand, and faculty and university interest in distance learning. The article concludes with suggestions of critical areas for future research in this dynamic, fluid post-secondary environment.

The thesis is a study of political communications in a general election campaign in Iceland in 1987. The theoretical background is the so-called agenda-setting approach to communication. A multimethodological approach was used: first, a content analysis was applied to printed pamphlets published by the political parties, election broadcasts on TV, daily newspapers, television news and current affairs programmes over a period of eight weeks; second, a three wave panel survey of a sample of 1500 voters, twice before the election and once immediately after it; third, a survey of news-reporters' attitudes towards media and their job, organized and run by students at the University of Iceland; and fourth, a qualitative study of practices and atmosphere inside the State's TV newsroom some days before the election. The thesis is divided into four main parts, which are further divided into sub-sections. The first part deals with theoretical considerations, offers an outline of Icelandic history and social reality and discusses the methodologies employed. Part two is based on the panel survey, a survey of newsreporters and a qualitative study inside the state's TV newsroom. Part two considers the uses of media in the campaign and attitudes towards them. It reports on news values and practices as found in the survey of news-reporters and the qualitative survey inside the TV newsroom. Part three is based on content analysis and the survey. It discusses the "three agendas": the party agenda, the media agenda and the voter agenda. Part four is an assessment of the research. An effort is made to relate the three agendas, in order to measure statistically their impact on one another. A final chapter discusses the conclusions that can be drawn from the various parts of the thesis about the agenda setting process.

In bureaucracy literature, the authors tried hard to examine several theories of bureaucracy that has been available since a long time ago, to be reflected to the situation and condition of present community aoganization. This, of course, is advantageous for the development of bureaucracy theory itself, for instance, for getting rid of the duplication of the buraucracy research. However, some disadvantages emerge when we do such thing. They would be, firstly, that bureaucracy theory being a reference will be likely unsuitable for the time progress. As we know, these theories emerged and developed at very long time ago, so that they are currently not in agreement with present condition. A condition requiring that organization is always flexible being confronted with every change at whenever can take place easily; secondly, the occurrence of some theories of bureaucracy that emerge in European community is very different from those emerge in the conditions of Asian, even in Indonesian. As a result, generalization of the theories resulted in European territory should be given further question in terms of thecharacteristics differences between the community of one nation to another.

PeneHtian ini dilakukan untuk mengungkapkan dan menganalisis pennasalahan (1) Bagaimana konsep perkawinan menurut cara pandang masyarakat Kalisat ; (2) Bagaimana masyarakat Kalisat membentuk budaya hukumyang mampu mempertahankan kawin kontrak ; (3) Bagaimana hubungan kekuasaan antara laki-laki dan wan ita dalam perkawinan kontrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mendeskripsikan konsep perkawinan menurut cara pandang masyarakat Kalisat ; (2) Mengetahui hukum perkawinan yang benarbenar nyata berlaku (living law) dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kalisat ; (3) Mengungkapkan hubungan kekuasaan antara laki-Iaki dan wanita dalam perkawinan kontrak. Dalam rangka mendapatkan data dan infonnasi yang impirik, maka penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dan pendekatan kualitatif. Ada beberapa tahap yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah : (1) Penentuan lokasi penelitian : lokasi penelitian adalah desa Kalisat. kecamatan Rembang. kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur. Pertimbangan yang diambil dalam menetapkan desa Kalisat sebagai lokasi penelitian adalah : (a) Desa Kalisat memiliki benluk perkawinan yang berbeda dengan bentuk perkawinan dalam masyarakat lain. Hal ini dapat dilihat, hampir sebagian besar perempuannya melakukan kawin kontrak ; (b) Mayoritas penduduknya beragama Islam dan menjadi pengikut yang taat kepada ajaran-ajaran Islam. (2) Pengumpulan data: yang meliputi pengamatan terlibat atau parlisipant observation; dan (b) wawancara mendalam atau indepth interview. (3) Infonnan : adalah orang yang memiliki kemampuan dan kesanggupan untuk mengungkapkan kebudayaan yang dimilikinya secara Iisan. Teknik yang ke (4) adalah analisa data: teknik analisa dilakukan dengan cara mengumpulkan data yang berasal dati pengamatan terlibat, studi dokumentasi dan kepustakaan. Data yang terkumpul kemudian diklasifikasikan dan diidentifikasikan berdasarkan lema (untuk menentukkan judul per bab) dan subsub tema (untuk memasukkan data lapangan ke sub-sub bab). Setelah pengklasifikasian dan pengidentifikasian, akan dibuat interpretasi dengan memberikan makna pada tema dan sub tema serta mencari hubungan antar data. Dasar dari kegiantan interpretasi ini dilengkapi dengan konsep-konsep dan teori-teori diaplikasikan untuk menjelaskan tentang seperangkat data. Hal ini menunjukkan komparasi atau hubungan seperangkat data dengan data yang lain. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kekuasan para kyai mendoktrin masyarakat Kalisat dengan hukum agam~ berpengaruh pada hukum adat dan diadopsi menjadi hukum kebijakan negara yang berdampak pada perkawinan kontrak. Para kyai mempunyai kepentingan (sub budaya) sosial. budaya dan politik. Para kyai menginterpretasikan hukum agama untuk merasionalisasikan dan melegitimasikan perkawinan kontrak daripada melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang oleh agama. Selain kyai, tukang ojek, pemasok, wanita itu sendiri dan orang tua pihak wanita juga mempunyai kepentingan ekonomi. Perkawinan kontrak yang terjadi di desa Kalisat menyebabkan hubungan kekuasaan antara laki-Iaki (suami) tidak setara dengan wanita (istri). Wanita (istri) menempati posisi yang tersubordinasi karena masyarakat kalisat menganut nilai-nilai patriarkhi. Apalagi legal pluralism juga memiliki nilai-nilai patriarkhi dan pandangan bias gender. Pada bagian kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah para kyai mempunyai kekuasaan untuk menginterpretasikan dan melegalkan perkawinan kontrak. berpengaruh pada hukum adat. Apalahi hukum negara juga mengadopsi dari hukum agama. Dampaknya perkawinan kontrak menjadi suatu budaya di masyarakat Kalisat. Legal pluralism memperlihatkan adanya integrasi (saling mendukung) dalam memposisiskan wanita. Wanita menjadi terekploitasi, tersubordinasi dan termarginalisasi. Penelitian ini merupakan sumbangan konkrit untuk aparat negara dan tokoh agama untuk meninjau ke~bali ajaran-ajaran Islam tentang konsep kawin kontrak. Dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan dalam perkawinan kontrak yang terjadi di .desa Kalisat, wanita lebih banyak dirugikan. Oleh sebab itu, perlunya sosialisasi dalam bentuk penyuluhan-penyuluhan mengenai dampak dari kawin kontrak dan bergantiganti pasangan bagi wanita akan berpengaruh pada kesehatan reproduksi dan beresiko tinggi tertular HIV/AIDS. Serta perlunya pemberdayaan bagi wanita sehingga dapat bermanfaat dalam menuju masyarakat yang seimbang bagi laki-Iaki dan wanita (keseimbangan gender).

2 páginas.-- A Commentary on Giovanni Sartori. ; In his reflections on "Where is Political Science Going?," professor Sartori brightly points out some present flaws in the discipline: too much empiricism and too little applied research. At attacking "American-type" political science, however, I think he chooses a mistaken enemy. I will hold, in contrast, that the main source of the mentioned flaws is the weakness of political theory. ; Peer reviewed

I believe that to analyze the key issues of graduate education in political science we have to begin with the basic intellectual issues of our discipline. This mini-essay begins, therefore, with a discussion of fundamental divisions in the discipline, then turns to observations about how these divisions affect graduate programs.

On-line discussion, while promising in theory, often turns out to be disappointing in application. Low levels of student participation are a particularly vexing and common problem. I argue that to overcome these chronic problems, instructors must recognize the collective action problems inherent in on-line discussion and address them, primarily through the use of selective incentives. I test this contention using on-line experiments conducted on undergraduate political science students. The results of the experiments provide evidence of an underlying free-rider problem and support for the contention that selective incentives are an effective means of overcoming this problem. In another level of analysis, the experiment also shows that even basic student-to-student on-line discussion can be an effective teaching tool, rivaling the effectiveness of more costly traditional web sites.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 403-415) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

An inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Malaya on Tuesday, 20 July 1993.

One of the major fallacies of Western civilization, according to Alfred North Whitehead,' was the propensity of Western thinkers to assume that ideas generated within their intellectual landscape were indicative of reality itself. Although some phases of Western science, notably physics and philosophy, have transcended their parochial origins, aspects of the old medieval synthesis still remain in the Western worldview. The gradual fragmentation of the old categories of natural history and theology into the isolated sciences and disciplines of today has produced a myriad of separate bodies of knowledge complete with their professional priesthoods and has allowed considerable slippage in the ability of the Western scientific paradigm to generate adequate explanations for the multitude of problems we face as a society.