Suchergebnisse

Il sistema basato sulla dottrina politica nazionalsocialista non nacque accompagnato né da una base culturale giuridica propria, né con il presupposto di "appoggiarsi" allo Stato per poter riorganizzare la vita sociale ed economica tedesca. In effetti, furono i numerosi giuristi nazionalsocialisti ad elaborare una sorta di "struttura delle fonti giuridiche" che costituisse una riserva di strumenti giuridici da utilizzare per raggiungere un punto di "fusione" tra impianto istituzionale e dottrina politica di indirizzo.Gli effetti distorsivi che il nuovo "Diritto Nazionalsocialista" ebbe nella gestione dei territori, specie in quelli occupati durante la guerra, si manifestarono con maggiore intensità sul territorio polacco, o meglio su quella porzione di territorio rinominato Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete; sia negli alti livelli della Zivilverwaltung, sia nell'amministrazione dei distretti locali (Kreise), i personalismi dei funzionari si manifestarono con forza, anche grazie all'uso di forme di decretazione personale dotate di differente efficacia.L'obiettivo di questo scritto è porre in relazione gli strumenti giuridici di decretazione personale con l'operato dei molti "piccoli Führer" che operarono in una entità amministrativa atipica come il Governatorato generale di Polonia mostrando, talvolta prima conl'inadeguatezza che con la brutalità, il volto peggiore della Zivilverwaltung. ; The system based on National Socialist political doctrine was born neither accompanied by a legal cultural basis of its own, nor with the premise of "relying on" the State in order to reorganize German social and economic life. In fact, it was the numerous National Socialist jurists who elaborated a sort of "structure of legal sources" which constituted a reserve of legal instruments to be used to reach a point of "fusion" between institutional structure and political doctrine.The distorting effects that the new "National Socialist Law" had in the management of territories, especially in those occupied during the war, manifested themselves with greater intensity on Polish territory or, more precisely, on that portion of territory renamed Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete, more simply the General Government of Poland; both in the high levels of the Zivilverwaltung and in the administration of the local districts (Kreise), the personalisms of the officials manifested themselves strongly, also thanks to the use of forms of personal decree with different effectiveness. The objective of the "codification" of the regime thus became the object of exploitation, both by the upper echelons of the party (including Hitler), and by those who worked in the administration of the GG, especially some local officials. They, in different forms and with different intensity, fulfilled their functions as petty dictators, using juridically different and territorially limited versions of the personal decree.Frank found himself in the position of having to justify to his Führer the leadership of the «Gau of the Vandals» and his being at the same time a man of law. Hitler expressed his contempt for the category of jurists whom he considered "traitors to the people", calling them «mentally handicapped from birth or destined to become so with the passage of time» and declared in a speech to the Reichstag on April 26, 1942 that he would have no «peace until every German was convinced that being a jurist was a shameful disgrace». Curiously, the actual exercise of power by the dictator, based on his undisputed personal and political authority, was justified on the juridical level by the doctrinal interpretation of some singular normative instruments, the Führererlasse, the maximum expression of "compromise", between justification of existing power and an attempt to codify its strength and contents in a peculiar Nazi "constitutional" structure.They were never formally part of the German legal order, but were de facto an element approved and amply justified by the National Socialist juridical doctrine, which influenced the life of the Reich and the territories it controlled, feeding and amplifying that system of double institutional levels. which had its most chaotic realization in the GG. The attitude of absolute sovereign on the part of the Kreishauptmänner was typical in the local districts; even from these childish behaviors and from the ostentation of a pomp which was often the result of robbery and looting, it was possible to recognize both the amateurism of a large slice of the administrative staff, and the almost unlimited possibilities caused by the use of personal instruments in the hands of district chiefs.The command practice was based on recommended and unpunished violence: the existence of some very rare "oases of normal administration" depended exclusively on the will of the individual local leaders and on the resonance that their actions could have at the top of the state nomenclature. The way the population was treated was aimed at leaving a mark on German occupation policy and showing the efficiency of the administrators, through construction work (Aufbauarbeit) of a testimony of the historische Mission in Ostgebiet.The objective of this paper is to relate the instrument of personal decree with the powers of which they were at the same time cause and consequence, and the behavior of the individual officials who operated in the various institutional levels taken into account, mentioning some cases of an atypical administrative entity like GG.

In quello che Paolo Grossi chiama il medioevo sapienziale i giuristi si impegnano a definire una serie di regole tese alla composizione delle controversie di confine: non ci sono infatti testi normativi precostituiti che le definiscano. Il Corpus Iuris si occupa, quasi esclusivamente, della conflittualità confinaria tra privati. Quando il richiamo ai testi del diritto romano viene effettuato serve solo per conferire 'autorevolezza' a soluzioni che assai spesso si fondano su pratiche di composizione legate alla prassi. Le regole elaborate dai giuristi medievali trovano così la loro formalizzazione sul piano del diritto, ma rinviano a un modo di vivere i confini tra comunità legato agli spostamenti, alle abitudini, alle comuni necessità esistenziali. D'altra parte l'esistenza di demarcazioni nette (che pure esistono) rinvia non tanto a una pretesa politica esclusiva e totalizzante, quanto piuttosto all'esercizio di diritti e prerogative determinati. ; In what Paolo Grossi calls «the sapiential Middle Ages» jurists engaged themselves in defining a set of rules aiming at the settlement of boundary disputes, which previously were not established by any normative text. The Corpus Iuris concerns nearly exclusively boundary disputes between private individuals. References to texts of the Roman law were meant to give 'authority' to resolutions often based upon customary praxis. The norms elaborated by Middle Ages jurists are thus given a formal legal shape; yet, they are linked to a perception of the boundaries between communities that was affected by the displacements, the customs, the common needs of everyday life. On the other side the existence of actual neat demarcations was linked to the exertion of certain rights and privileges rather than to an exclusive and absolute political claim.

In quello che Paolo Grossi chiama il medioevo sapienziale i giuristi si impegnano a definire una serie di regole tese alla composizione delle controversie di confine: non ci sono infatti testi normativi precostituiti che le definiscano. Il Corpus Iuris si occupa, quasi esclusivamente, della conflittualità confinaria tra privati. Quando il richiamo ai testi del diritto romano viene effettuato serve solo per conferire 'autorevolezza' a soluzioni che assai spesso si fondano su pratiche di composizione legate alla prassi. Le regole elaborate dai giuristi medievali trovano così la loro formalizzazione sul piano del diritto, ma rinviano a un modo di vivere i confini tra comunità legato agli spostamenti, alle abitudini, alle comuni necessità esistenziali. D'altra parte l'esistenza di demarcazioni nette (che pure esistono) rinvia non tanto a una pretesa politica esclusiva e totalizzante, quanto piuttosto all'esercizio di diritti e prerogative determinati. ; In what Paolo Grossi calls «the sapiential Middle Ages» jurists engaged themselves in defining a set of rules aiming at the settlement of boundary disputes, which previously were not established by any normative text. The Corpus Iuris concerns nearly exclusively boundary disputes between private individuals. References to texts of the Roman law were meant to give 'authority' to resolutions often based upon customary praxis. The norms elaborated by Middle Ages jurists are thus given a formal legal shape; yet, they are linked to a perception of the boundaries between communities that was affected by the displacements, the customs, the common needs of everyday life. On the other side the existence of actual neat demarcations was linked to the exertion of certain rights and privileges rather than to an exclusive and absolute political claim.