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Machine generated contents note:ch. OneBrazilian (Un)Representative System --ch. TwoParticipatory Movements under Authoritarian Government --ch. ThreeMDB Autenticos in Lages --ch. FourCEBs in Boa Esperanca --ch. FivePT in Diadema --ch. SixTempering of Participatory Ideals and Practices --ch. SevenMaking of Participatory Democracy in Brazil.

This article argues that it is rational for the executive to target resources in space and through time if it seeks to maximise its chances of electoral success. In majoritarian democracies such as the United Kingdom, there are particularly strong incentives to target resources to marginal legislative constituencies, although similar opportunies exist in other political systems. The benefits of such a practice could be growing, because the costs of forms of temporal targeting predicted by theories of the political business cycle have increased, owing to the effect of the global economy. In the United Kingdom one channel through which resources can be targeted is central grants to local authorities. This model is tested with pooled cross section data on the central finance of English local government between 1981/1982–1995/1996. The article confirms that central government spatially targeted marginals after 1988/1989 while it continued to allocate greater funds near national elections, conditional on its opinion poll ratings. Hypotheses from the literature on distributional politics are also tested, finding evidence for the temporal allocation of resources to win local elections.

In 1969 PS published the findings of APSA's first survey on the status of women in the discipline. The author concluded: "Tokenism is the prevailing pattern." More than half of the departments had no female faculty members. Among 18 of the "distinguished" departments women comprised only 4.3 percent of the aggregate faculty. Female faculty were concentrated in undergraduate departments, in small departments with 15 or less faculty members and in part-time jobs. Has the status of women in the profession improved since 1969? To the extent that numbers can tell, this report examines the effects of a decade of affirmative action.