Using the Foucaultian framework, we examine here the basic assumption of the modern and contemporary political order, namely the decisive conception that men are governable. In the genealogical path opened by Michel Foucault we examined the political reworking of what was originally the Judeo-Christian spiritual power of governing souls. For Foucault, the modern political government of men is situated at the intersection of two sets of powers foreshadowed in early Christianity: a) the pastoral art of conducting conduct displaced from the eschatological destination of souls to the calculated management of (biopolitical) biological life and b) the dual production of the knowledge necessary for good governance; the utilitarian production of the truth that serves the pastoral art of government itself and the pure or aleturgical manifestation of the truth with regard to the governable.
L'article se penche sur la "participation" des populations à la régulation des techno-sciences et des techno-produits qui arrivent sur les marchés et affectent les modes de vie, l'environnement ou la santé. Une double thèse y est développée. La première conduit à la nécessité de réfléchir aux moyens de défendre et protéger celles et ceux qui interrogent les pratiques techno-industrielles (quant à la sécurité des systèmes mis en oeuvre par exemple) ou qui questionnent les certitudes académiques (lorsque celles-ci légifèrent trop vite sur des questions en jeu dans l'espace public). La deuxième thèse propose de placer la question de la participation dans des perspectives politiques et économiques plus vastes, en lien aux univers des marchés et de la politique professionnelle. Une conclusion majeure est que la participation est toujours invoquée formellement mais qu'on tend en pratique à réduire son usage aux cas exceptionnels où la bataille publique fait rage et ne peut être évitée ; dans les autres cas, on la contourne en la remplaçant par exemple par l'éthique instituée en comités – comités fermés mais censés "représenter la Société Civile", capables d'agir vite et, s'ils sont bien choisis, dans la bonne direction. On passe ainsi d'une régulation par la loi et le droit d'une part, des procédures participatives ouvertes de l'autre, à des formes de régulation fermées et ad hoc permettant la mise rapide sur le marché de nouvelles technologies. ; The article focuses on the "participation" of the populations in the regulation of techno-sciences and techno-products that get to the market and affect the way of life, the environment or health. In this case, a double thesis is developed. The first leads to the need to reflect on the means of defending and protecting those who challenge techno-industrial practices (for example, regarding the safety of the implemented systems) or those who question academic certainty (when these legislate very fast on issues at play in the public sphere). The second thesis proposes to place the issue of participation in wider political and economic perspectives, in relation to the market and professional politics. In the end, it is realized that participation is always formally invoked, but, in actual fact, the trend is to reduce participation to exceptional cases where the public struggle is violent and cannot be avoided; and in other cases it is sidestepped or forgotten, being substituted by ethics instituted in committees – closed committees, but supposedly "representing Civil Society", able to move rapidly and, if well chosen, in the right direction. Thus, going from one regulation by the law and by rights, onone side, and participative processes, on the other, to closed and ad hoc forms of regulation allowing for the fast introduction of new technologies in the markets.
Context: With the growing denunciations of violence and injustices in the social relationship, inside and outside schools, education based on human rights is insurgent in the current system of teaching and learning. Using the concept of school as a process of scientific, social and political construction, we planned the teaching and learning process of chemical interactions using the art of graffiti as a playful activity. Objectives: Reflection on chemistry teaching beyond the concepts of natural sciences, but also towards social issues to promote an education that transfigures the traditional model established by the hegemonic power during Brazilian history. Design: We use an ethnographic case study as a method. Scenario and Participants: In this way, we chose to bring graffiti art to chemistry workshops, since the paints are fixed on urban walls through chemical interactions between substances, building images and/or protest phrases that make us rethink the injustices and inequalities existing in Brazilian society and to dialogue the emergence of this art in the black movement with the political aspects of Human Rights. Thirteen students enrolled in a state basic education high school in the city of Goiânia-GO, Brazil, joined the workshops on Human Rights, Graffiti and Chemistry. Eight graffiti artists also participated in the workshop for free. Data collection and analysis: We used transcripts of semi-structured interviews and video-recorded workshops to categorise the data, analysing them with the Descending Hierarchical Classification technique and the use of dendrograms performed by the Iramuteq Software. Results: We obtained categories that evidence the chemical understanding of the content of chemical interactions and the socio-political understanding of human rights, and seven drawings on graffiti murals that show this correlation. Conclusions: The transgression of morals and the empowerment of the subordinate promote playfulness in the individual or collective social visibility of individuals, enabling better assimilation of scientific and social content.
In the present study, the objective was to analyze the production and the publications profile of the theme: e-services tools referring to eGovernment in the Scopus database, for the period as from 2001 through 2015. The electronic government includes tools for the government's relationship with society, citizens, other governments and businesses. The focus of these articles includes e-services and e-Government activities for the businesses. It was used descriptive research, conducted through literature review, with bibliometric approach and quantitative analysis, with sample collected in the Scopus database. It was found that the number of works in this period was 299, of which 45 papers published in events in 2010 and 16 articles published in journals in 2013. The core point of the articles with the highest citation is related to the deployment and the users' awareness on tools established by countries. ; Neste estudo, o objetivo foi analisar a produção e o perfil das publicações do tema ferramentas de e-Serviços referente a governo eletrônico na base de dados Scopus, no período de 2001 a 2015. O governo eletrônico compreende ferramentas para relação do governo com a sociedade, cidadãos, outros governos e negócio. O foco desses artigos compreende e-serviços e atividades de governo eletrônico para os negócios. Foi utilizada pesquisa descritiva, conduzida por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, com abordagem bibliométrica e análise quantitativa, com amostra coletada na base de dados Scopus. Concluiu-se que o número de trabalhos nesse período foi de 299, sendo 45 trabalhos publicados em eventos em 2010 e 16 artigos publicados em revistas em 2013. O ponto central dos artigos com maior citação está relacionado à implantação e à percepção de usuários de ferramentas implantadas por países.
Através da Ciência periodística de Otto Groth (2011), da Teoria da Agenda e da Teoria do Gatekeeper, o trabalho traz reflexões conceituais do Jornalismo, dialogando com a proposta do Projeto Eleições Limpas e reforma política, apresentada pelo Movimento de Combate à Corrupção Eleitoral (MCCE). O estudo faz o diálogo através da perspectiva de formação da opinião pública do Eleições Limpas, que prevê coleta de assinaturas ao projeto de iniciativa popular, com algumas Teorias do Jornalismo, destacando as características da "Ciência dos Jornais", do agendamento temático (público, político e midiático) e dos processos de seleção através da metáfora das forças. A proposta é analisar a tematização jornalística do projeto com interface a algumas Teorias do Jornalismo.
The participation of municipal governments in investment in sport and leisure is still a less investigated topic and little is known regarding it. As a consequence, there are no information whether having an exclusive sport office would increase investments. For that matter, the present descriptive study aimed to analyze if the political-administrative structure of municipal governments in the state of Piauí had any interference in the per capita investment capacity in the Sports and Leisure Function (SLF) in 2013. It was concluded that the political-administrative structure has not interfered in the expense per capita capacity in SLF. ; A participação dos governos municipais no investimento do esporte e do lazer é uma temática ainda pouco estudada e pouco se sabe sobre o assunto. Consequentemente, não temos informações se ter uma secretaria exclusiva de esporte aumentaria os investimentos. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo, de natureza descritiva buscou analisar se a estrutura político administrativa das prefeituras municipais do estado do Piauí interfere na capacidade de investimentos na Função Desporto e Lazer (FDL) per capita no ano de 2013. Concluiu-se que a estrutura político administrativa não interferiu na capacidade de gasto per capita na FDL.
The information and communication technologies potentiate, from the Internet, a space to the discussion and political deliberation, approaching citizens and governments through interactive resources such as e-mails, forums, on-line ombudsman, chats and others. It is observed this way, the growing effort and investment of the governments and political representatives in organizing, managing, available information of public interest at the web, constituting the electronic government. Thus, the goal of this article intends to investigate the conditions of political participation of the citizens from the interactive tools available in the websites of the members from the state of Bahia. With a descriptive character, this research searched to identify only the sites of the members registered in Legislative Assembly from the state of Bahia (ALBA). In the tabulation of data, it was adapted the fourth level of the form: Level of participation of the citizens: the Evaluation School – proposed by Marques (2007) to a sheet in the software Excel and, to the discussion of them, used the analysis quali-quantitative. The results of this research show the incipient state of the website of the members from the state of Bahia to the opportunities of political participation in the web, lying to the principles which govern the electronic government. This work presents part of the studies which will help the project of research in developed by the present author in the Program of Pos Graduation in Information Science of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA). ; As tecnologias da informação e comunicação potencializam, a partir da Internet, um espaço para a discussão e deliberação política, aproximando cidadãos e governos através de recursos interativos como e-mails, fóruns, ouvidoria on-line, chats e outros. Observa-se, dessa forma, o crescente esforço e investimento dos governos e representantes políticos em organizar, gerenciar e disponibilizar informações de interesse público na Web, constituindo o governo eletrônico. Destarte, o objetivo deste artigo pretende investigar as condições de participação política dos cidadãos a partir das ferramentas interativas disponibilizadas nos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia. Com o caráter descritivo, esta pesquisa procurou identificar apenas os sites dos deputados registrados na Assembléia Legislativa do Estado da Bahia (ALBA). Na tabulação dos dados, adaptou-se o quarto nível do formulário Níveis de Participação dos Cidadãos: a Escola de Avaliação – proposto por Marques (2007), para uma planilha do software Excel e, para a discussão destes, utilizou-se a análise quali-quantitativa. Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram o estado incipiente dos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia quanto às oportunidades de participação política em rede, distando dos princípios que regem o governo eletrônico. Este trabalho apresenta parte dos estudos que auxiliarão o projeto de pesquisa em desenvolvimento pelo presente autor no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA).
As tecnologias da informação e comunicação potencializam, a partir da Internet, um espaço para a discussão e deliberação política, aproximando cidadãos e governos através de recursos interativos como e-mails, fóruns, ouvidoria on-line, chats e outros. Observa-se, dessa forma, o crescente esforço e investimento dos governos e representantes políticos em organizar, gerenciar e disponibilizar informações de interesse público na Web, constituindo o governo eletrônico. Destarte, o objetivo deste artigo pretende investigar as condições de participação política dos cidadãos a partir das ferramentas interativas disponibilizadas nos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia. Com o caráter descritivo, esta pesquisa procurou identificar apenas os sites dos deputados registrados na Assembléia Legislativa do Estado da Bahia (ALBA). Na tabulação dos dados, adaptou-se o quarto nível do formulário Níveis de Participação dos Cidadãos: a Escola de Avaliação – proposto por Marques (2007), para uma planilha do software Excel e, para a discussão destes, utilizou-se a análise quali-quantitativa. Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram o estado incipiente dos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia quanto às oportunidades de participação política em rede, distando dos princípios que regem o governo eletrônico. Este trabalho apresenta parte dos estudos que auxiliarão o projeto de pesquisa em desenvolvimento pelo presente autor no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA). ; The information and communication technologies potentiate, from the Internet, a space to the discussion and political deliberation, approaching citizens and governments through interactive resources such as e-mails, forums, on-line ombudsman, chats and others. It is observed this way, the growing effort and investment of the governments and political representatives in organizing, managing, available information of public interest at the web, constituting the electronic government. Thus, the goal of this article intends to investigate the conditions of political participation of the citizens from the interactive tools available in the websites of the members from the state of Bahia. With a descriptive character, this research searched to identify only the sites of the members registered in Legislative Assembly from the state of Bahia (ALBA). In the tabulation of data, it was adapted the fourth level of the form: Level of participation of the citizens: the Evaluation School – proposed by Marques (2007) to a sheet in the software Excel and, to the discussion of them, used the analysis quali-quantitative. The results of this research show the incipient state of the website of the members from the state of Bahia to the opportunities of political participation in the web, lying to the principles which govern the electronic government. This work presents part of the studies which will help the project of research in developed by the present author in the Program of Pos Graduation in Information Science of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA).
