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Craig Johnson is an Associate Professor in Political Science. His research lies in the field of international development, focusing primarily on the ways in which global demand for land, resources and energy is affecting patterns of poverty, climate vulnerability and environmental sustainability in the Global South. Between 2009 and 2013, he led an international team of researchers looking at the socio-economic and environmental implications of urban land acquisition in India, Bangladesh and Viet Nam. He is now taking forward new work on the global race for alternative energy sources, particularly in the oil and gas sector. Finally, he is editing a book that will be published with Routledge in 2015 about the ways in which cities around the world are now responding to the global climate challenge. For more information about Craig Johnson's research, please go to his website at https://www.uoguelph.ca/polisci/craig-johnson David MacDonald is a Professor in Political Science. His research connects Canada and New Zealand. Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand are located on opposite sides of the world, yet both countries are grappling with how to forge better relationships between settlers, indigenous peoples, and ethnic communities. How a country is imagined and represented can make a difference. Canada's bilingualism and multiculturalism both symbolically alienate First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples, whose unique historical and legal status is often ignored. In New Zealand, the dominant narrative is biculturalism – a partnership between indigenous Maori and Paheka (European settlers). Ethnic communities do not easily fit into this image of the nation. His research examines the ways in which imagining community affect how these three groups form alliances or compete with one another for recognition and resources. For more information about David MacDonald's research, please go to his website at https://www.uoguelph.ca/polisci/david-macdonald ; Craig Johnson is examining how the global race for land and energy is affecting poverty, sustainability and climatic vulnerability in the Global South. David MacDonald is improving relations between Aboriginal peoples and ethnically diverse Canadians by drawing lessons from biculturalism in New Zealand.

Science is an essential component of policy-making in most areas of government, but the scientific community does not always understand its role in this process. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

s. Identification with security studies in European countries is pretty low (around 10%). Security studies have strong connections with international relations – 2/3 of those who teach security studies also teach international relations. Lecturers of security studies focus mostly on "hard" security issues (56% of security lecturers give policy advice on international affairs, development aid and EU-matters and 41% of security lecturers are solicited on matters pertaining to "defence"). The share of security lecturers who advise on "soft" security issues is 16%. The geopolitical situation is a strong predictor of the size of security experts'community in European countries. In less democratic countries more researchers identify with security studies.

s. Identification with security studies in European countries is pretty low (around 10%). Security studies have strong connections with international relations – 2/3 of those who teach security studies also teach international relations. Lecturers of security studies focus mostly on "hard" security issues (56% of security lecturers give policy advice on international affairs, development aid and EU-matters and 41% of security lecturers are solicited on matters pertaining to "defence"). The share of security lecturers who advise on "soft" security issues is 16%. The geopolitical situation is a strong predictor of the size of security experts'community in European countries. In less democratic countries more researchers identify with security studies.

s. Identification with security studies in European countries is pretty low (around 10%). Security studies have strong connections with international relations – 2/3 of those who teach security studies also teach international relations. Lecturers of security studies focus mostly on "hard" security issues (56% of security lecturers give policy advice on international affairs, development aid and EU-matters and 41% of security lecturers are solicited on matters pertaining to "defence"). The share of security lecturers who advise on "soft" security issues is 16%. The geopolitical situation is a strong predictor of the size of security experts'community in European countries. In less democratic countries more researchers identify with security studies.

s. Identification with security studies in European countries is pretty low (around 10%). Security studies have strong connections with international relations – 2/3 of those who teach security studies also teach international relations. Lecturers of security studies focus mostly on "hard" security issues (56% of security lecturers give policy advice on international affairs, development aid and EU-matters and 41% of security lecturers are solicited on matters pertaining to "defence"). The share of security lecturers who advise on "soft" security issues is 16%. The geopolitical situation is a strong predictor of the size of security experts'community in European countries. In less democratic countries more researchers identify with security studies.

The development of political science in Switzerland in terms of an academic recognition has its origins in the French part of Switzerland in the 1960s to 1980s, followed by the German part. Today, ten institutions in Switzerland offer political science at Bachelors and at Masters level. While in 2'000, only about 2'300 students studied political science in Switzerland this number almost doubled within ten years. One of the main changes in political science education in Switzerland consists in the replacement of the existing degrees of Lizentiat and Diplom by Bachelor- and Master-programmes according to the 'Bologna reform' in the early 2000s, by which Switzerland has pioneered the transformation processes. The first chair in political science was installed in 1959. Currently, there are about 50 full professorships at Swiss Universities. The main research fields of political science consist of international studies, democracy and Swiss politics, although Swiss politics still is considered particularly important in Switzerland due to of its unique political system within Europe such as direct democracy.

This studyexamines Africa's newest political phenomenon of forced political marriagescalled Governments of National Unity (GNUs) or Inclusive Governments. Itendeavours to situate these governments in the continent's political landscapewith the view of assessing the phenomenon's contribution to the democraticdiscourse in Africa. It analyses the foundations of such governments with theview of examining the extent to which they have been conflict resolvers incountries where they have been established. While this study acknowledges thepositive contribution of GNUs in conflict management and resolution, the studyposits that by and large GNUs have had the effect of subverting the voices ofthe electorate in Africa. The study argues that where they have beenestablished, such governments have made the administrative systems of the countries fail to deliver desired services to the people as the political parties in the 'marriage' haggle for political supremacy. The study furtheravers that the foundation of these governments is lack of democratic traditionsof accepting electoral defeat and failure by African electoral supervisory machineries to operate impartially. Consequently, the implication of thefindings is that GNUs do not eliminate conflict but simply transform it thusonly partially solving the problem.

1. Development of State -- 2. Theory of the Origin of the State -- 3. New Political Science -- 4. Challenges to State Sovereignty -- 5. Forms of Government -- 6. Judiciary -- 7. Indian Government and Politics -- 8. Organisation of State Government - Tamilnadu -- 9. Local Self Government in Tamil Nadu -- 10. India in the 21st Century

This textbook is part of series on political science and focuses on political theory. Chapter titles include: Political Theory: An Introduction, Freedom, Equality, Social Justice, Rights, Citizenship, Nationalism, Secularism, Peace, and Development. Made available by the National Repository of Open Educational Resources of India.

The ParlGov database (www.parlgov.org) that I introduce in this paper is based on joint work with Philip Manow, whom I wish to thank for his support. Our work on this infrastructure started at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG) from 2005 to 2007 and continued at the University of Konstanz from 2007 to 2009. At the European University Institute, my work on the project has been significantly enhanced through support by Mark Franklin, Peter Mair and Alexander Trechsel. In addition, I would like to thank Laurie Anderson, Fabio Franchino, Alexia Katsanidou, Alyson Price, Julia Sievers and Luca Verzichelli. ; Information on political institutions, data on parties, elections, and governments, has yet to be provided in a format which makes it easily accessible for empirical research. Contemporary data on political institutions is scattered, limited to some countries or time periods only and difficult to combine, so that quantitative studies of political institutions have no systematic data infrastructure available which is equivalent to survey research or OECD data. As a consequence, work on political institutions rests on very heterogeneous information sources and the quality of data does not match standards of replication for empirical research. Political scientists are in need of a modern replacement for data handbooks and recent technological innovations have broadened the opportunities to develop such an infrastructure within the political science community. I discuss existing approaches towards collaborative data collection in political science and highlight contemporary shortcomings. In the paper, I propose a novel approach towards data collection in comparative research and present a new data infrastructure on parties, elections and governments, the Parliament and Government Composition Database (ParlGov). The data infrastructure combines a database, data presentation in webpages and software scripts in order to generate more dynamic datasets. So far, it includes information about more than one thousand parties, around five hundred elections and almost one thousand governments. This infrastructure allows us to derive a wide range of datasets for studies in political science and can be easily extended. Hopefully, the paper will encourage rethinking about contemporary ways of collecting data on legislatures and executives.

Concepts are central to the enterprise of political science. If we fail to develop clear and precise concepts, our theoretical insights and empirical discoveries will fail to be clear and precise, too. This paper reviews major pitfalls for conceptual analysis as well as the fundamental challenges to concept formation and conceptual innovation in the study of politics. ; La formación de conceptos es una labor fundamental en las ciencias sociales. Si no logramos desarrollar conceptos claros y precisos, nuestras proposiciones teóricas y nuestros hallazgos empíricos no podrán ser claros y precisos tampoco. Después de una breve introducción sobre la naturaleza (normativa) de conceptos, el presente documento revisa de manera crítica y sintetizada riesgos y retos fundamentales para la formación e innovación de conceptos en los estudios políticos.

The article shows the weakness of mainstream Polish political science. Its main weakness, according to the author, is omitting the industrial and corporate power conflict among the factors determining the contemporary politics. As a result, the relations between political science and political economy have become weak. Its place as a source of inspiration for political scientists has been taken by social philosophy. It seeks the various non-economic sources of politics. The postulated critical political science puts in the spotlight the main processes of the global capitalist economy located in a phase of stagnation and closing in on the natural limits of its duration. In particular, closer attention should be focused on tracking a new, already the fifth configuration of the market society. It will be the several partial processes weave; the recovery process of autonomy by the state to corporations and the financial sector (deglobalisation); the process of recovering control of the state by the old and new social movements (democracy participatory), and the process of transformation of the energy economy, coupled with the process of changing lifestyles: from consumerism to paideia as a human community responsive to its activity on the development, openness and creativity in shaping new rules for civilization. ; Artykuł ukazuje słabości mainstreamowej polskiej politologii. Główną jej słabością według autora jest pomijanie wśród czynników determinujących współczesną politykę konfliktu przemysłowego i władzy korporacji. W efekcie osłabły związki nauki o polityce z ekonomią polityczną. Jej miejsce jako źródło inspiracji dla politologów zajęła filozofia społeczna. Poszukuje ona różnych pozaekonomicznych źródeł polityczności. Postulowana politologia krytyczna umieszcza w centrum uwagi główne procesy globalnej gospodarki kapitalistycznej, znajdującej się w fazie stagnacji i zbliżającj się do przyrodniczych granic swego trwania. W szczególności bliższej uwagi wymaga śledzenie nowej, już piątej konfiguracji społeczeństwa rynkowego. Będzie to spolot kilku procesów cząstkowych; procesu odzyskiwania autonomii przez państwa wobec korporacji i sektora finansowego (deglobalizacja); proces odzyskiwania kontroli nad państwem przez stare i nowe ruchy społeczne (demokracja partycypacyjna), a także proces transformacji energetycznej gospodarki, sprzężony z procesem zmiany stylu życia: od konsumpcjonizmu do paidei jako wspólnoty ludzkiej ukierunkowującej swoją aktywność na potrzeby rozwojowe, na otwartość i kreatywność w kształtowaniu nowych zasad funkcjonowania cywilizacji ogólnoludzkiej.

International audience ; Le projet « Science locale, nationale, mondiale en transformation. Pour une socio-géographie des activités et des institutions scientifiques académiques » avait pour objectif d'étudier les logiques concrètes de déploiement des activités scientifiques dans l'espace géographique, à différentes échelles, sans tenir pour acquises les considérations énumérées plus haut. Cette recherche collective comprenait à la fois des études historiques sur l'espace scientifique français et d'autres systèmes nationaux, des observations sociologiques sur les mobilités des étudiants et des chercheurs et des analyses bibliométriques portant sur l'ensemble des villes du monde. Cette combinaison d'approches est nécessaire. Les analyses bibliométriques permettent de se faire une idée du déploiement des activités scientifiques dans l'espace géographique. Les études historiques sont indispensables parce que ce déploiement est marqué de fortes inerties relativement à des décisions anciennes de création d'établissements d'enseignement ou de recherche. Les enquêtes sociologiques éclairent les logiques sociales qui sous-tendent les mobilités et les collaborations, qui forment la trame des échanges entre les villes et les pays. Les résultats de ces travaux ont bousculé plusieurs certitudes bien ancrées, notamment celles concernant la supposée domination croissante des « villes mondiales » (c'est l'inverse qi se produit) ou le phénomène de mondialisation (qui n'efface pas les contextes nationaux). L'un des aspects les plus intéressants de la recherche consistait à remobiliser les études de grande qualité conduites depuis des années au sein de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement autour de problématiques transversales. Il s'agissait en particulier d'éclairer les évolutions de l'espace scientifique mondial à partir d'études sur des pays « non hégémoniques », complétées et mises en perspective par des apports historiques et bibliométriques sur d'autres parties de cet espace. La vision qui émerge de cet examen minutieux est bien loin de se réduire aux quelques thèses trop générales exposées plus haut. D'une forte hégémonie de l'Europe, de l'Amérique du Nord, puis du Japon, on passe progressivement à un espace scientifique plus complexe, où des rééquilibrages importants se produisent, entre les pays aussi bien qu'entre les villes au sein de ces pays. La recherche est devenue une activité de plus en plus importante par le nombre de personnes qui s'y impliquent et elle s'est en quelque sorte banalisée sur le plan de sa diffusion dans l'espace. Naturellement, cela ne va pas sans difficultés, tensions, compétitions et rapports de force dans un contexte où ceux qui se dédient à la recherche doivent composer avec des situations économiques, politiques et sociales plus ou moins favorables ou contraignantes, voire parfois dramatiques. C'est cette réalité complexe et mal connue que cet ouvrage permet d'appréhender, grâce aux efforts coordonnés d'historiens, géographes et sociologues qui auscultent depuis longtemps ses différentes facettes. Espérons qu'il contribuera à ouvrir des réflexions plus nuancées et conduire à des politiques plus pertinentes que celles qui portent actuellement sur les évolutions de la science mondiale.

Political science is In same time old and young science. Old, if we have in mind politics as subject of research, and young if we think about institutions in which politics is only subject of research or education. Having in mind religion as subject of political science,s research, we can easily conclude that all books in early history of mankind, which were dedicated to political topics, had for the first subject religion. That is clear if we remember that firsts form of politicals organisations in old Babylon, Egypt and Israel. were inseparable connected with gods. Gods gave legitimacy to those states. But so political sciences institutions in generally so Politology of religion, or politologie des religions in French, was born late. The firsts subjects of research in politicals sciences institutions were: state, political regimes, political parties, theory of politics, political systems, etc. Religion was studied very rarely. Modern political science was born under influence of french intellectuals: Dederot, Rousseau, Voltaire etc. They considered that religion will disappear with education and development. Their compatriot Alexis de Tocqueville thought contrary to their prognosis. The time gave right to Tocqueville. In the second part of XX century when the world develompent was highest, religion maintained its position in big part of globe and became stronger in a lot of states. That created big challenge for political science. Many of politicals scientis started with research concerning influence of religion into politics. That create, as the first step, centers for research of relations among religion and politics as is "labaratoire RELIGION ET POLITIQUE at "Institute d'etudes politiques" in Paris or "L'Observatoire du Religieux" at "Institut d'etudes politique" in Aix en provence en France, and finally that created special scientific discipline among political sciencies which name is "Politology of religion" or "Politologie des religions" in french.