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This book chapter is under embargo until 04/10/2020 ; In a book called Free Speech for Radicals, Herber Newton, a heretical priest active in New York in the late nineteenth century, claimed that 'Anarchism is in reality the ideal of political and social science, and also the idea of religion' (in Schroeder 1916: 14). Newton's assertion, that anarchism is fundamentally religious, is deeply contested but from a twenty-first century perspective his coupling of anarchism and political science is also striking. Even accepting that the link he makes between these two terms is mediated by the reference to an ideal, hinting at a utopian aspiration that many anarchists would embrace, the conjunction jars. This chapter considers some reasons why, looking within both at conceptions of political science adopted in American and British academia in the course of the twentieth century and at anarchist literatures. The discussion considers how debates about the relationship between the analysis of politics and the legitimation of established power relations contextualize anarchist engagements with political science, how differences about the scope, application and character of scientific method have complicated this engagement and how overlaps between these two currents of argument help explain some very different anarchist approaches to the field. My argument is that Newton's view is a productive one, from which anarchists have much to gain. And the final section of the chapter examines some examples of anarchist political science, drawing on the work of C. Wright Mills and Peter Kropotkin.

AbstractIn this address, I argue that the organizational and ideational evolution of political science is closely interconnected with Canada's history and unequal social relations since Confederation. This is because organized political science in Canada was really at heart a national venture. As a consequence, in order to understand the ideas animating early political scientists we have to consider Canada's foundational status as a settler colony in the North American space, with a privileged place in the British Empire. This perspective may also help to highlight the distinct features of the colonial present which are giving rise to multiple sites of knowledge production-or multiple knowledges.

This Element denaturalises political science, stressing the contestability and contingency of ideas, traditions, subfields, and even the discipline itself. The history of political science is less one of scholars testing and improving theories by reference to data than of their appropriating and transforming ideas, often obscuring or obliterating former meanings, to serve new purposes in shifting political contexts. Political science arose in the late nineteenth century as part of a wider modernism that replaced earlier developmental narratives with more formal explanations. It changed as some scholars yoked together behavioural topics, quantitative techniques, and positivist theory, and as other scholars rejected their doing so. Subfields such as International Relations remained semi-detached and focused on policy as much as theory. Furthermore, the shifting fashions within political science - modernism, behaviouralism, realism, neoliberalism, the new institutionalism - have informed the policies by which governments have tried to tame contingency and govern people.

The history of political science serves as a context within which we make sense of the nature and role of our discipline. Narratives about the past development of British and American political science help to frame debates, choices, and identities within the contemporary discipline in Britain. What do recent studies on the history of political science tell us about the character of political science in Britain and America? What do they suggest about the relation of the British study of politics to British identities more generally? Our review of recent work concentrates on three issues: (1) how historical studies of political science relate to approaches and identities within the contemporary discipline; (2) how they relate to the past, i.e. whether their historical vision is marred by presentism; (3) whether they look beyond the boundaries of the discipline.

Against Anne Norton, it is argued that political science and history are good neighbours. Instances are given to show that the two disciplines need each other, both in political thought and in comparative government. Political scientists need historians to help understand important but improbable events. Historians need political scientists to help understand sampling issues and statistical methodology.

This essay explores how three components of the new political history-research on the motivations behind the rise of conservatisms the discovery of the nineteenth-century state, and arguments about the particularities of public policy-can offer useful analytical tools for political scientists. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION -- LIST OF 'THINKER' BOXES -- INTRODUCTION -- Periodisation -- The focus of the book -- Western political thinking: A brief overview -- Themes -- PART I THE ENDS OF POLITICS -- 1 POLITICS AND VIRTUE -- Cooperative order in ancient political theory: Protagoras, Democritus, Plato and Aristotle -- Negative and positive conceptions of order in medieval political theory: St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas -- Order and sovereignty in early modern political theory: Bodin, Grotius and Hobbes -- Cooperation and order in modern political theory: Rousseau, Kant and Green -- Order, authoritarianism and totalitarianism in modern political theory: Carlyle, Maurras, Mussolini and Hitler -- Order without politics: Anarchism and Marxism -- Conclusion -- 2 POLITICS AND VIRTUE -- Politics and virtue in ancient political theory: Plato and Aristotle -- Virtue, politics and Christianity: Aquinas, Machiavelli, Luther, Calvin and Radical Protestantism -- Virtue, perfection and freedom: Kant and the British idealists -- Conclusion -- 3 POLITICS AND FREEDOM -- Freedom and politics in the classical republican tradition: Marsilius, Bartolus and Machiavelli -- Politics and 'natural' liberty: Locke, Paine, J. S. Mill -- Gender and freedom: Olympe de Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft, William Thompson and Anna Wheeler, and Harriet Taylor -- Black emancipation: Frederick Douglass and W. E. B. Du Bois -- Conclusion -- 4 FREEDOM, POLITICS AND SOCIABILITY -- Freedom, sociability and the state: Rousseau, Hegel and Green -- Social freedom and the critique of state theory: Marx -- Freedom and anarchy: Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, Stirner, Warren and Tucker -- Conclusion -- 5 POLITICS, HAPPINESS AND WELFARE -- Early utilitarianism: Paley, Saint-Pierre, Hume, Helvetius and Beccaria.

Social science is a social activity as well as a method of discovery. The researchers' values and politics colour their work and so do their choices of scientific method. This book is about both - the technical effects of values and the political effects of technique. The author reports what social scientists and historians actually do. He sorts out the scientific from the political content in a wide range of old and new work in history, sociology, political science and economics. The overall work is a detailed political and technical criticism of the 'scientistic' programme which would hav.

This essay explores how three components of the new political history—research on the motivations behind the rise of conservatism, the discovery of the nineteenth-century state, and arguments about the particularities of public policy—can offer useful analytical tools for political scientists.

Frontmatter -- Foreword -- Contributors -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION: Experimenting: a two-person game between man and nature / Laponce, J. A. -- I. EXPERIMENTS AND POLITICAL THEORY -- The contribution of experiments within the framework of political theory / Deutsch, Karl W. -- II. PRE-DAT A AND POST-DAT A EXPERIMENTS -- International tension as a function of reduced communication / Cappello, Hector M. -- The use of visual space to measure ideology / Laponce, J. A. -- Policy-making in American cities: comparisons in a quasi-longitudinal, quasi-experimental design / Eulau, Heinz -- Experiments in self-government: the Polish case / Wiatr, Jerzy J. -- III. SOCIAL AND PAPER GAMES -- The strategies of negotiation: an American-Japanese comparison / Mushakoji, Kinhide -- Rational behaviour in politics: evidence from a three-person game / Riker, William H. / Zavoina, William James -- Social skills and intercultural communication in politics / Argyle, Michael / Collett, Peter -- IV. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS -- From causal modelling to artificial intelligence: the evolution of a UN peace-making simulation / Alker, Hayward R. / Christenen, Cheryl -- Political coalitions and political behaviour: a simulation model / Cornblit, Oscar -- An event-based simulation of the Taiwan Straits crises / Pelowski, Allan L. -- Markov processes in international crises: an analytical addendum to an event-based simulation of the Taiwan Straits crises / Leavitt, Michael R. -- V. MAN AND MAN/ COMPUTER SIMULATIONS -- Image and reality in simulated international systems / Ruge, Mari Holmboe -- International processes simulation: a description / Smoker, Paul -- VI. EXPERIMENTATION, SIMULATION, AND SOCIAL CHANGE -- A planned change in organizational style: underlying theory and some results / Golembiewski, Robert T. -- Methodology for social planning: simulation and experimentation processes for participatory social development / Vertinsky, Ilan -- VII. SUBJECTS AND RESEARCHERS: RIGHTS AND DUTIES -- Ethical considerations and research procedures / Lanphier, C . Michael -- Index

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- CHAPTER ONE The American School -- CHAPTER TWO The British School -- CHAPTER THREE A Really Big Question -- CHAPTER FOUR The Control Gap -- CHAPTER FIVE The Mystery of the State -- CHAPTER SIX What Have We Learned? -- CHAPTER SEVEN New Bridges? -- References -- Index

Oakeshott's memorable lectures on the history of political thought, delivered each year at the London School of Economics, will now be available in print for the first time as Volume II of his Selected Writings. Based on manuscripts in the LSE archive for 1966-67, the last year of Oakeshott's tenure as Professor of Political Science, these thirty lectures deal with Greek, Roman, mediaeval, and modern European political thought in a uniquely accessible manner. Scholars familiar with Oakeshott...