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This article attempts to reveal the contents of a relatively young concept of "scientiic diplomacy", which includes three dimensions (science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, science for diplomacy), as well as to identify key practices of all three dimensions of science diplomacy. The author identiies key practices that illustrate the three dimensions of science diplomacy: development of recommendations to the international policy objectives (science in diplomacy); simpliication of the process of international scientiic cooperation (diplomacy for science); the use of scientiic alliances in order to improve international relations between countries (science for diplomacy). The author carries out a systematic analysis and gives a generalized description of their efectiveness and eiciency. The article analyzes the experience of the international cooperation of scientists through personal initiative and under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and other associations, such as the AAAS, GIS or LIGO. They have become a platform for studying the practices of the irst and second dimensions of science diplomacy – "science in diplomacy" and "diplomacy for science." Particular attention is paid to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which initiated the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Afairs, and, accordingly, the development of such a dimension as a "science for diplomacy". Date of scientists who are in the movement, make a signiicant contribution to the development of international scientiic cooperation and create conditions to improve the political climate. The author proposes as a landmark example of the third dimension of science diplomacy consider the Union of Concerned Scientists – Union of Concerned Scientists, which was founded in 1969 by faculty and students at MIT. Also, special attention is paid to the periodization of the development of science diplomacy, as the author concludes that it was after World War II, when scientists themselves have become actively involved in the resolution of ...

Introduction. Science diplomacy is one of the tools that allows a nation to engage in full-scale dialogue with its international partners. The global discussion of how science and diplomacy interact and affect one another came to prominence only fairly recently. Nonetheless, this subject is seeing more and more interest from both governmental structures and the general public. In countries where science diplomacy is well-developed, the mechanisms of such diplomacy are seeing active use in the pursuit of optimal decision-making regarding the emerging challenges in the field of international politics. On the world stage, achieving the desired results in science, politics or various other fields depends on how well developed the model of scientific diplomacy implemented by a given country is. The purpose of this study is to highlight the potential of science diplomacy in Russia by studying its mechanisms, tools, methods and key forms of execution. Furthermore, we attempt to formalise Russian science diplomacy, compare it to the most productive foreign models and offer suggestions on how to develop science diplomacy in Russia by leveraging successful domestic and international case studies. Methods. We use the descriptive method to provide the international experience of science diplomacy (as exemplified by the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany), as well as the potential for deploying the most successful projects in Russia. The Russian experience of science diplomacy is analysed through the method of modelling. Furthermore, we use the methods of analysis and synthesis to single out the most important features of international cooperation. In turn, the comparative approach allows us to assess the predictions for how ready Russia and other countries are to face global challenges. The specifics of applying the mechanism of science diplomacy in Russia are considered through the lens of science diplomacy's classical iterations: science within diplomacy, diplomacy for science and science for diplomacy. Results and ...

Le phénomène de globalisation ainsi que les mutations économiques et politiques des dernières décennies ont vu émerger un nouveau type de diplomatie, porté par les entreprises sur un marché concurrentiel. La diplomatie d'entreprise est aujourd'hui incontournable et s'impose comme une nouvelle voie de relations entre les dirigeants économiques et les pouvoirs publics. Le poids des facteurs économiques et politiques dans l'évolution d'une entreprise est le résultat des négociations internationales. Néanmoins, dans ce cadre, les entreprises ont des responsabilités en ce qui concerne des questions relatives aux droits de l'homme et la situation des pays d'accueil. Dans quelle mesure les grandes entreprises contribuent-elles à l'élaboration de cette nouvelle diplomatie ? ; The phenomenon of globalization, in conjunction with the economic and political transformations of recent decades, has involved the emergence of a new form of diplomacy that is driven by businesses in competitive markets. Business diplomacy has become indispensable, and is now established as a new means for economic leaders and public authorities to interact and develop relations. The importance of political and economic factors in the growth of a corporation is the product of international negotiations. However, in this context, the private sector has responsibilities in relation to issues of human rights and the conditions in host countries. To what extent can big business contribute to the development of this new diplomacy?

International Relations in American Political Science.
Pascal Vennesson [176-194].
Even if the end of the Cold War raised numerous questions on the appropriate theories, or the selection of research topics, international relations remains one of the most dynamic field of study in the U.S. political science. The article presents the study of international relations in the U.S. First, it evokes the historical creation of the field since World War I, and its main characteristics today. In the second part, it traces the evolution of the three major research programs : realism, liberalism and constructivism. Finally, it mentions some methodological explorations and the limits of an internationally successful intellectual endeavor.

The article is devoted to the changing role of culture in international relations, which is analysed through the concept of "soft power". The investigated transformations of the concept of culture were examined on the basis of an analysis of documents and activities of the European Union. The main priorities of the EU in the development of international cultural relations are highlighted. Further, proceeding from world political trends and the general geopolitical situation, the author analyzes the relatively new structural elements of the concept of culture, namely: cultural security, cultural conflict, cultural war. It is concluded that culture becomes a hybrid construct; and "soft power" becomes not only an instrument of external influence and "advancement" of the state in the international arena, but also acquires "defensive" functions.Key words: cultural security, cultural conflict, "soft power", public diplomacy, EU. ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению изменения роли культуры на современном этапе развития международных отношений сквозь призму понятия «мягкая сила». Исследуемые трансформации концепта культуры были рассмотрены на основе анализа документов и деятельности Европейского союза. Выделяются основные приоритеты ЕС в развитии международных культурных отношений. Далее, исходя из мировых политических тенденций и общей геополитической ситуации, автор анализирует относительно новые структурные элементы концепта культуры, а именно: культурная безопасность, культурный конфликт, культурная война. Делается вывод о том, что культура становится гибридным конструктом, а «мягкая сила» становится не только инструментом внешнего воздействия и «продвижения» государства на международной арене, но и приобретает «оборонительные» функции.Ключевые слова: культурная безопасность, культурный конфликт, «мягкая сила», публичная дипломатия, ЕС.