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This book examines in depth science diplomacy, a particular field of international relations, in which the interests of science and those of foreign policy intersect. Building on a wealth of examples drawn from history and contemporary international relations, it analyzes and discusses the links between the world of scientists and that of diplomats. Written by a professor of economics and former Embassy counselor for science and technology, the book sets out to answer the following questions: Can science issues affect diplomatic relations between countries? Is international scientific cooperation a factor for peace? Are researchers good ambassadors for their countries? Is scientific influence a particular form of cultural influence on the world stage? Do diplomats really listen to what experts say when negotiating on the future of the planet? Is the independence of the scientist threatened by science diplomacy? What is a scientific attaché for?

Drawing upon extensive research in the United States, Colombia, and Great Britain, The Diplomacy of Modernization examines the evolution of United States foreign policy in Colombia between the world wars, concentrating on the period of the Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt administrations, years generally associated with the formulation and implementation of the Good Neighbor Policy. Historians of the United States-Latin American policy have concentrated on the giants of the inter-war years - Mexico, Cuba, Brazil, and Argentina. Yet the second-ranking powers such as Colombia are particularly significant for an understanding of the factors which shaped inter-American relations, the objective of U.S. policy, and the impact of a major industrialized nation on a developing society. By the end of the First World War Colombia occupied an important, though clearly secondary, place in United States-Latin American policy. During the 1920s Colombia was the third- or fourth-ranking trading partner of the United States in South America. Her strategic proximity to the Panama Canal also made her adherence to a pro-United States position an important objective of Washington's policy, as did the promise of major petroleum reserves that were yet to be exploited. Conscious of these issues and concerned that the spark of nationalism generated by the Mexican revolution would inflame other developing nations in Latin America, United States officials in the 1920s and 1930s re-examined the methods of American diplomacy and gradually moved away from the cruder forms of military intervention, gunboat and dollar diplomacy. In analysing the commercial, financial, and industrial presence of U.S. interests in Colombia and their diplomatic manifestations, this study suggests the extent to which the United States erected a policy designed to provide primacy for American interests rather than the equality of treatment implied in the terms 'good neighbor' and 'open door.'

Acknowledgement -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- 1: Introduction -- References -- 2: What Is Science Diplomacy? -- 2.1 The Emergence of Science Diplomacy in Contemporary International Relations -- 2.1.1 In Search of a Definition -- 2.1.2 Science Diplomacy Is a Form of Diplomacy of Influence -- 2.2 A Historical Perspective -- 2.2.1 Great Voyages of Exploration and Colonization -- Box 2.1 Bonaparte´s Egypt campaign (1798-1801): An unprecedented combination of hard and soft power -- 2.2.2 The World Wars of the Twentieth Century -- 2.2.3 The Cold War: Science in the Ideological Competition -- 2.2.4 After the Cold War -- References -- 3: Science Diplomacy as a National Issue -- 3.1 Universal Science and the Power of Nations -- 3.1.1 The Scientist and the Diplomat: Contours of Two Types -- 3.1.1.1 Science Without Borders Versus National Political Spaces -- 3.1.1.2 Search for Truth, Fairness and Transparency Versus Strategy, Manipulation and Secret -- 3.1.2 The Scientist and the Diplomat: A Proximity of Convenience? -- 3.2 The Challenges of Science Diplomacy -- 3.2.1 Attraction -- 3.2.2 Cooperation -- 3.2.3 Influence -- 3.2.3.1 Presence in International Organizations -- 3.2.3.2 Scientific Expertise as Means of Influence -- 3.2.3.3 Hosting International Scientific Organizations and Major Research Infrastructures -- Box 3.1 The choice of the headquarters of the General Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiver... -- References -- 4: Science in Diplomatic Apparatus: The Diversity of National Approaches -- 4.1 Scientific and Technological Networks -- 4.1.1 Science Counselors -- 4.1.2 Networks -- 4.2 Science Diplomacy of Major European Countries: France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and the UK -- 4.2.1 France -- 4.2.2 Germany -- 4.2.3 Italy -- 4.2.4 Switzerland -- 4.2.5 United Kingdom

Introduction: Definitions of "race" and racism -- The development of racism as a doctrine -- Racism in international relations -- Racism and the discipline of International Relations (IR) -- White supremacy and the rise of Japan -- The segregation and immigration crisis of 1905-1907 -- The 1919 Paris Peace Conference Racial Equality Proposal -- Conclusion: Racism and international relations in the 21st century.

Introduction: Definitions of "race" and racism -- The development of racism as a doctrine -- Racism in international relations -- Racism and the discipline of International Relations (IR) -- White supremacy and the rise of Japan -- The segregation and immigration crisis of 1905-1907 -- The 1919 Paris Peace Conference Racial Equality Proposal -- Conclusion: Racism and international relations in the 21st century.

Introduction -- EU-CELAC Relations -- Science Diplomacy -- Cyber and Techplomacy -- Science Diplomacy and COVID-19 -- Science Diplomacy and Climate Change -- Science Diplomacy and the SDGs and Agenda 2030 -- Science Diplomacy Between EU and CELAC -- Cyber Diplomacy and Techplomacy in the EU-CELAC -- Conclusions.

This encyclopedic-style guide to international relations and diplomacy consists of 900 entries, arranged broadly by key concepts, such as diplomatic relations; diplomatic agreements; force and diplomacy; doctrines; policies and tactics, etc. moving from the general and structural issues of the global system to more detailed events, crises and war. The editors draw together a large quantity of background and contextual information on the evolution and functioning of the global international system in one volume. It covers the time period from the Vienna Congress in 1815 to the present

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- Contents -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Why Study the Role of International Higher Education, Research and Innovation in International Relations -- 1.2 The Multiplicity and Misunderstanding of Terms -- 1.3 Key Questions and Objectives -- 1.4 An Interpretivist and Interdisciplinary Approach -- 1.5 Parameters and Meaning of Key Terms -- 1.6 Outline of Book -- 1.6.1 Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.6.2 Chapter 2: Examining Contemporary Diplomacy - Changes and Challenges -- 1.6.3 Chapter 3: Focus on Soft Power -- 1.6.4 Chapter 4: The Changing Landscape of International Higher Education, Research and Innovation -- 1.6.5 Chapter 5: How Diplomacy Scholars Frame the Role of IHERI as Cultural, Public and Education Forms of Diplomacy and Soft Power -- 1.6.6 Chapter 6: Diplomacy Scholars' Perspectives on the Role of IHERI as Science Diplomacy -- 1.6.7 Chapter 7: Higher Education Scholars' Perspectives on the Role of IHERI in International Relations -- 1.6.8 Chapter 8: Knowledge Diplomacy - A Definition and Conceptual Framework -- 1.6.9 Chapter 9: Differentiating Knowledge Diplomacy from Soft Power and Cultural, Science, Education and Public Forms of Diplomacy -- 1.6.10 Chapter 10: Examples of IHERI Initiatives Using a Knowledge Diplomacy Approach -- 1.6.11 Chapter 11: Key Findings and Issues for Further Research on Knowledge Diplomacy -- References -- Chapter 2: Examining Contemporary Diplomacy: Changes and Challenges -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Diplomacy and International Higher Education, Research and Innovation -- 2.3 The Evolution of Scholarly Diplomacy Definitions -- 2.4 Dictionary Definitions of Diplomacy -- 2.5 Challenges and Changes in Understanding Contemporary Diplomacy -- 2.5.1 Diversification of Actors in Diplomacy -- 2.5.2 Changing Role of Diplomats.

Diplomacy is transforming and expanding its role as the method of interstate relations to a general instrument of communication among globalized societies. Adapting to globalization, the practice of diplomacy is shared by non-state participants, thus becoming privatized and popularized. This book offers a comprehensive understanding of the widening scope of public as well as private diplomacy and its normative framework. It features a practitioner's inside view of diplomacy combined with interdisciplinary academic analysis.

This book addresses the understudied phenomenon of why and how contemporary international higher education, research and innovation can contribute to strengthening international relations. The author proposes the concept of knowledge diplomacy and carefully examines its fundamental rationales, actors, principles, instruments, and strategies. This is the first book that compares the similarities and differences between knowledge diplomacy and related terms such as soft power, cultural diplomacy, science diplomacy and public diplomacy to capture the expanding role of international higher education and research in bilateral and multilateral relations. The analysis of initiatives from around the world helps to ground and illustrate the key features of a knowledge diplomacy approach.