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THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE CURRENT STATE, AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, OF REFLEXIVE THEORIZING. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY'S "THIRD DEBATE" IS RE-EXAMINED FOR EVIDENCE OF A BREAK WITH POSITIVIST FORMS OF THEORIZING AND IN TERMS OF ITS CONTRIBUTION TO A REFLEXIVE DISPOSITION IN THE DISCIPLINE. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT: (1) CONTRARY TO PREVIOUS ASSESSMENTS, THE THIRD DEBATE OFFERS LITTLE EVIDENCE OF A SHIFT TO POST-POSITIVIST, REFLEXIVE THEORIZING ABOUT INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND (2) TO THE EXTENT THAT EVIDENCE OF REFLEXIVITY IS TO BE FOUND, IT IS LOCATED NOT IN THE MAINSTREAM BUT AT THE MARGINS OF THE DISCIPLINE.

The problem of the application of punishment to realization political goals in international relations is considered. The author characterizes the social institution of punishment, indicates its place and role in the structure of social relations. The political and legal component of punishment is analyzed in the context of unilateral sanctions of some sovereign states against others. The main forms and content of the influence of political goals on the institution of international legal sanctionspunishments are determined. The author's vision of such specific phenomena as "self-punishment" and "political engagement" is substantiated. An algorithm for identifying the political bias of decisions on the imposition of international legal penalties, as well as possible ways to develop an adequate response to them from the "punished" subjects (target states) is formulated. The empirical base of the study includes materials on the application of punishments by individual and collective subjects of international relations against the Russian Federation, including the geopolitical consequences of the relevant sanctions decisions.

In this article, we engage with IR's recently rediscovered interest in peace and connect it with the visual turn in international relations. We move the field's focus on representations of war to representations of peace and develop the concept of peace photography. We suggest both understanding photography as a social agent promoting visions of peace and incorporating analysis of peace photography into IR's emerging agenda on peace. Our illustrative examples show that it is insufficient to think about and analyze visual images only in connection with representations of large scale violence and interstate war. In contrast, we provide an alternative approach which aims to broaden our understanding of (the study of) peace in IR. First, we explore a positive conception of peace at the individual and everyday level of analysis. Second, we advocate methodological pluralism by examining different analytical sites of peace photography. Third, we concentrate on the potentialities of peace photography in Colombia and Brazil—notorious spaces of everyday violence. We argue that the analytical perspectives developed in this paper have also relevance beyond our examples: If peace photography can be found here, than it can also be found elsewhere. Put differently, everyday visions of peace constitute particular instances of the international.

The power, as obtained, exercised, organized and preserved, is the subject of political science. In this premise exists absolute identity between political science and communist sensis, what is understood as the set of shared knowledge within a community tradition. Also, there is a consensus in ancient and modern societies, that power is primarily a relationship of subordination, in which a group of people set the rules and others comply with them, in which decisions are made within a set of rules that are obeyed and the acceptance is made in the consensus or by imposition, in a democratic or authoritarian way but it establishes the recognized and accepted relationship of subordination.