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In contemporary world, with the change of economic, social, political and cultural conditions, the expectations to the support or creation of welfare states are also changing. For the preservation or reinforcement of welfare states, elimination of the arising contradictions is necessary as well as positive, effective answers to the challenges raised to welfare states both in theoretic, ideological-value and practical sense. The aim of this article is to reveal and group the essential contradictions and challenges to welfare states and their public governance. This article is of a phenomenological, analytical-overview type. In chapter 1, the authors provide the notions of contradiction, challenge, welfare state, governance and public governance; chapter 2 analyses contradictions and challenges to public governance of welfare states in international, state and local levels; in chapter 3, the authors analyse the challenges to welfare states in the context of the changes of the 21st century.

In contemporary world, with the change of economic, social, political and cultural conditions, the expectations to the support or creation of welfare states are also changing. For the preservation or reinforcement of welfare states, elimination of the arising contradictions is necessary as well as positive, effective answers to the challenges raised to welfare states both in theoretic, ideological-value and practical sense. The aim of this article is to reveal and group the essential contradictions and challenges to welfare states and their public governance. This article is of a phenomenological, analytical-overview type. In chapter 1, the authors provide the notions of contradiction, challenge, welfare state, governance and public governance; chapter 2 analyses contradictions and challenges to public governance of welfare states in international, state and local levels; in chapter 3, the authors analyse the challenges to welfare states in the context of the changes of the 21st century.

Darba tēma ir "Ekonomiskās sankcijas: Krievijas gadījuma analīze". Ekonomiskās sankcijas ir bieži izmantots ārpolitikas instruments, kura ieviešanas skaits ir audzis tieši pēdējo 25 gadu laikā. Teorētiskajā daļā autors apskata ekonomisko sankciju veidus, mērķus, kā arī tos aspektus, kuri ir ietekmējuši ekonomisko sankciju pielietojuma pieaugumu. Tāpat, teorētiskajā daļā tiek apskatīts gudro sankciju koncepts. Balstoties teorētiskajā daļā gūtajās atziņās, darba empīriskajā daļā tiek analizēts ES un ASV ekonomisko sankciju gadījums pret Krievijas Federāciju. Analizējot pret Krieviju vērsto ekonomisko sankciju veidus un to radītos efektus, tiek noskaidrota to ietekme uz Krievijas ekonomiku un politisko lēmumu procesiem. ; The topic of this thesis is "Economic sanctions: Russia case study". Economic sanctions is a commonly used foreign policy tool that has gained increased popularity in the past 25 years. In the theoretical part the author looks at the aspects which have affected the rise of sanction use, as well as the types and goals of economic sanctions. The concept of smart sanctions is also looked upon in the theoretical part of this paper. Based on the acquired knowlage in the theoretical part, the empirical part will is dedicated for the analysis of EU and US imposed sanctions against Russia. Analysing the types and effects of the imposed sanctions against Russia, their influence on Russia's economy and political decision making process is established.