Suchergebnisse

Today's environmental policy is a complex phenomenon which not only operates on the level of environmental protection, but also has to take into account economic and societal factors. Such interdisciplinarity requires developed theoretical and methodological instruments. There is a variety of scientific papers in Ukraine and abroad which focus on the problems of environmental policy, though most of the researchers tend to use general methodology of social sciences, economics or law, while Ukrainian political science still stands aside.The purpose of the article is to define a certain set of methods to be used for political analysis of environmental policy. Any public policy can be explored on different stages of its realisation: starting from agenda setting and strategy formulation and ending with monitoring and evaluation. This article investigates the methodology for assessing policy efficiency on the stage of implementation and evaluation (results assessment). Comparative (cross-national) analysis is taken as a general scientific approach, since it gives an opportunity to narrow down the subject of a research and investigate similarities and differences of certain political phenomena. While exploring environmental policy as a process, it could be expedient to combine comparative approach with certain empirical methods, such as event analysis, case study and document analysis. Thus, event analysis could be of help if the aim of the research is to define the stages of policy development and institutionalisation, see the connections between certain events in the past and the present and assess policy efficiency in historical context. In turn, case study is a perfect method when it comes to investigation of particular subjects or layers of environmental policy. For example, both the Kyoto protocol and the Aarhus convention are remarkable international agreements (being the basis of current environmental policy), and could be used as indicators for policy efficiency. The investigation of those documents implementation can show what the problems of policy implementation are; what the system of relations between economy and ecology is in a given country; how well the environmental democracy is developed in the society; what the roles of civil society, the government and judicial system are in the environmental decision-making, etc.Environmental policy has its own goals, and to define whether those are reached or not, the researcher might want to analyse policy results. If the welfare of people and the environment is the main purpose of environmental policy, then the parameters which define the condition of those should be explored. There are many different indicators which can be of use, several are considered in this article. Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is a complex indicator which includes economic, societal and health parameters. HDI is a mediated indicator, yet it shows what the population condition is in the country, and so whether the policy is effective or not. Environmental Performance Index is another relevant indicator which represents the general state of ecosystems and environment in a given country. Apart from the indexes mentioned, there is a set of indicators listed in the Strategy of National Environmental Policy of Ukraine (until the year 2030) which also might be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. ; Стаття являє собою спробу виділити певний комплекс методів, які можуть бути корисними для дослідження особливостей реалізації екологічної політики. Як рекомендації запропоновані такі підходи й методи: порівняльний підхід, івент-аналіз, кейс-стаді, аналіз документів та статистичних даних.

Today's environmental policy is a complex phenomenon which not only operates on the level of environmental protection, but also has to take into account economic and societal factors. Such interdisciplinarity requires developed theoretical and methodological instruments. There is a variety of scientific papers in Ukraine and abroad which focus on the problems of environmental policy, though most of the researchers tend to use general methodology of social sciences, economics or law, while Ukrainian political science still stands aside.The purpose of the article is to define a certain set of methods to be used for political analysis of environmental policy. Any public policy can be explored on different stages of its realisation: starting from agenda setting and strategy formulation and ending with monitoring and evaluation. This article investigates the methodology for assessing policy efficiency on the stage of implementation and evaluation (results assessment). Comparative (cross-national) analysis is taken as a general scientific approach, since it gives an opportunity to narrow down the subject of a research and investigate similarities and differences of certain political phenomena. While exploring environmental policy as a process, it could be expedient to combine comparative approach with certain empirical methods, such as event analysis, case study and document analysis. Thus, event analysis could be of help if the aim of the research is to define the stages of policy development and institutionalisation, see the connections between certain events in the past and the present and assess policy efficiency in historical context. In turn, case study is a perfect method when it comes to investigation of particular subjects or layers of environmental policy. For example, both the Kyoto protocol and the Aarhus convention are remarkable international agreements (being the basis of current environmental policy), and could be used as indicators for policy efficiency. The investigation of those documents implementation can show what the problems of policy implementation are; what the system of relations between economy and ecology is in a given country; how well the environmental democracy is developed in the society; what the roles of civil society, the government and judicial system are in the environmental decision-making, etc.Environmental policy has its own goals, and to define whether those are reached or not, the researcher might want to analyse policy results. If the welfare of people and the environment is the main purpose of environmental policy, then the parameters which define the condition of those should be explored. There are many different indicators which can be of use, several are considered in this article. Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is a complex indicator which includes economic, societal and health parameters. HDI is a mediated indicator, yet it shows what the population condition is in the country, and so whether the policy is effective or not. Environmental Performance Index is another relevant indicator which represents the general state of ecosystems and environment in a given country. Apart from the indexes mentioned, there is a set of indicators listed in the Strategy of National Environmental Policy of Ukraine (until the year 2030) which also might be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. ; Стаття являє собою спробу виділити певний комплекс методів, які можуть бути корисними для дослідження особливостей реалізації екологічної політики. Як рекомендації запропоновані такі підходи й методи: порівняльний підхід, івент-аналіз, кейс-стаді, аналіз документів та статистичних даних.

Process of definition of the category 'public policy' is debatable in political science and is interfaced to a number of methodological and semantic difficulties. Two main tendencies in interpretation of the designated category are allocated: the first tendency is connected with philosophical and axiological representations about 'public', the second reflects subject and practical understanding of public policy. Philosophical basis of considered concept is the spatial concept (public space, a public field, the public sphere). The second tendency in understanding of public policy as activity (subject and practical) category is connected with Anglo­Saxon tradition within policy sciences paradigm. Scientists on the former Soviet Union adapt conceptual sense of public policy on the basis of that experience of the state and cultural and valuable changes which is available in their national contexts. The main problem, in this case, is that the above categories donot correspond to the contents in the conditions of transitional systems. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философско­аксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметно­практическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметно­практической) категории связана с англо­саксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурно­ценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философско­аксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметно­практическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметно­практической) категории связана с англо­саксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурно­ценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем.

Systematized theoretical and methodological approaches to the scientific conceptualization of the problem of the moral dimension of politics. Proposed a three-component model of relationship between politics and morality, conducted verification of truth conditions of each element of the model on the basis of methodological consistency assertions and verification procedures with the use of techniques of concrete historical approach (case studies). The boundaries and the extent of the universality of the moral dimension of politics. Keywords: politics, morality, and the imperative, human rights, freedom. ; Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні підходи до наукової концептуалізації проблеми морального виміру політики. Запропоновано трикомпонентну модель співвідношення політики та моралі, здійснено перевірку умов істинності кожного елементу моделі на основі методологічної несуперечливості тверджень та процедури верифікації з використанням технік конкретно-історичного підходу (case studies). Установлено межі та ступінь універсальності морального виміру політики. Ключові слова: політика, мораль, імперативність, права людини, свобода.

Systematized theoretical and methodological approaches to the scientific conceptualization of the problem of the moral dimension of politics. Proposed a three-component model of relationship between politics and morality, conducted verification of truth conditions of each element of the model on the basis of methodological consistency assertions and verification procedures with the use of techniques of concrete historical approach (case studies). The boundaries and the extent of the universality of the moral dimension of politics. Keywords: politics, morality, and the imperative, human rights, freedom. ; Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні підходи до наукової концептуалізації проблеми морального виміру політики. Запропоновано трикомпонентну модель співвідношення політики та моралі, здійснено перевірку умов істинності кожного елементу моделі на основі методологічної несуперечливості тверджень та процедури верифікації з використанням технік конкретно-історичного підходу (case studies). Установлено межі та ступінь універсальності морального виміру політики. Ключові слова: політика, мораль, імперативність, права людини, свобода.

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused dramatic impact on social life and medical care. Anti-COVID-19 highly ideological public policy measures, such as lockdowns, switching off economies, closing borders, casting off dissentaneous medical experts from media sphere, chastising public disobedience to newly introduced undemocratic rules etc., were told to be introduced to curb the virus spread. Their role in curbing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still dubious. Instead, they provoked public panic and partially caused healthcare crises in many countries, including Russia. Healthcare systems of most countries of the world were unprepared to such enormous stress. However, considerable threat to medical care was represented not by the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen itself, but by the consequences of the situation when the public policy struggle with the virus was transferred to the ideological field. Public policy initially proposed by the majority of countries was defective and abusive towards the majority of population, including medical workers. Governments and media created the universal ideological narration of the virus deadliness without statistical evidence. This deadliness must have been overcome only by the collective obedience to governmental power structures with forswearing many constitutional civil rights. Those people who accepted the ideology uncritically and declared themselves "needy" and incapable of working due to the pandemic, were favoured by public policy steps, e.g. they might have been given government subsidies, alms and assistance. Those who questioned consistency of governmental steps or even opposed them, were punished and sometimes deprived their constitutional and democratic rights farther, including medical care specialists. Not professional qualities of clinicians and medical personnel were key factors of this "carrot and whip" policy, but unquestioning adherence to the dominant ideology, even in the states whose governments call themselves democratic. This was also true for Russia, especially Moscow. The ...

The article is devoted to the designation of the phenomenon of «politics» in the Russian language at present and in various historical periods. The article notes that the two problems of «political science» remain unchanged - the lack of a unified theory of politics and the problem of its (political science) naming. The use of three English terms to refer to politics («polity», «policy», «politics») is called the «political science triangle». The indicated «political science triangle» is the first «D» of the «3D*3» concept of politics. In the modern science of politics, three paradigms or schools of political theory have become established: normative-ontological, critical-dialectical. empirical and analytical. Their analysis constitutes the second «D» of the «3D*3» concept of politics. The concept of «two cycles» of the three main elements of the political system (between «politics», «governance» and «public»), introduced by Nicholas Luman, is the third «D» of the «3D*3» concept of politics. The authors come to the conclusion that in this complex picture of a real science of politics, natural scientific discourse, for several reasons, reaches the level of «religious» or «scientific war». The thesis about the crisis of political science is quite old. He was seen in the absence of universal theories of politics, and in the excessive diversity of political theories, and in the insufficient explanatory and prognostic ability of this science. That is why it should be borne in mind that any description of society or politics is possible only within the framework of society and politics themselves, that is, it is possible only as a self-description or a different description based on «autology». With regard to allegations of a political crisis, a large number of symptoms of this crisis are called. The most common of them are: the thesis of depoliticization of politics; a crisis of politics is seen in its «economization»; a crisis of politics is seen as a crisis of the global role of the USA in the world; a political ...

The subject of the research is the scientific, technical and innovation policy of the EU countries in the field of defense. The purpose of writing the article is to determine the possibilities of scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine with the EU countries in the field of defense based on the study of ways and directions of development of the European defense industry. Methodology of work – methods of analysis and synthesis (in the systematization of innovation in the European defense industry); method of systematic generalization – to determine the features and problems of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Defense Agency. Results of work – The growing role of innovative development in the system of international military–technical cooperation is determined. It is noted that the difference between defense and civil science and technology is actually disappearing, and the speed of the civil technological process is projected to increase steadily. It is proved that the formation of a common European arms market requires new, more liberal rules of the game, which would significantly increase the level of competition in it and strengthen the position of European countries in the global weapons market. It has been shown that joint defense programs within the EU make it possible to unite and redistribute efforts to increase the EU's military capabilities and authority. It is determined that for the development of national defense industry on the basis of investment and innovation strategies it is objectively necessary to use the experience of European countries, which will allow integrated and rational use of existing potentials of basic and applied science, industrial production, training and investment resources. Field of application of results. Economic sector: international economic relations. Conclusions – research of ways and directions of development of the European defense industry will allow to define the most effective branch forms and methods for more effective scientific and technical ...

The article is devoted to the study of the legal basis for the implementation of the ecosystem approach, which is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way, in the state environmental policy of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the main political and legal acts of environmental direction, both general, first of all – the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic principles (strategy) of state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030», and focused on the protection and use of certain natural resources, objects and complexes, as well as policy documents from other spheres of public life, it was concluded that all of them directly or indirectly touch on the issues of conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems and implementation of the ecosystem approach, which gives reason to speak of a certain tendency towards «ecosystemization» of the state environmental policy of Ukraine, which, according to the author, should be continued and strengthened. In addition, it is obvious that despite the successes in the legislative consolidation of these issues, it is extremely important to create the conditions for their implementation, and therefore, it is hoped that these documents would not remain declarative, but would be quickly realized in practice.

The article is devoted to the study of political and legal bases of models of conducting the U.S. internal environmental policy that influence the rulemaking processes in the field of environmental protection. The significance of the study is determined by the fact that environmental policy and environmental law are among the most important modern issues of the United States. This situation can be logically explained by the fact that environmental issues have long since gone beyond the sphere, environmental policy is primarily the matter of competence of the federal government and the limits of its interference in the internal affairs of States. Secondly, the environmental aspect plays a significant role in shaping the electoral mood of the U.S. population, the population, especially the middle and upper classes, is concerned about the escalation of environmental problems and anomalies caused by climate change, as evidenced by the results of the 2020 United States presidential election. In addition, environmental policy is an important element of economic and tax policy as well as one of the factors exacerbating the struggle between business and government regulators. As a result of these processes, there is a need to develop effective management models that would help address them. Examining the political and legal basis of the U.S. internal environmental policy, the article defines processes which complicate the implementation of effective environmental protection. Besides, it has been identified that the federal government and States are no longer the only actors in the process of environmental policy-making. The development of industry and corporations, the implementation and development of the concept of human rights has led to the fact that private sector and public began to have a significant influence on the formation and conduct of the U.S. environmental policy and legislation. As a result of such trends, alternative models of environmental policy emerged in order to meet the needs and interests of all stakeholders. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню політико-правових основ моделей ведення внутрішньої екологічної політики США, які впливають на процеси нормотворчості у сфері захисту навколишнього середовища. Актуальність дослідження визначається тим, що ведення політики захисту навколишнього середовища та екологічне право є одними із найважливіших проблем сучасних Сполучених Штатів. Дану ситуацію можна логічно пояснити тим, що питання екології давно вийшли за межі суто даної сфери, екологічна політика – це, в першу чергу, питання компетенції федерального управління та меж його втручання у справи окремих штатів. По-друге, екологічний аспект відіграє суттєву роль у формуванні електоральних настроїв населення США, а саме населення, особливо середній та елітарний класи, стурбоване загостренням екологічних проблем та аномаліями, які викликані кліматичними змінами, про що свідчать результати виборів президента США 2020 року. Крім того, екологічна політика є важливим елементом економічної та податкової політики, а також одним із факторів загострення боротьби між бізнесом та державними органами регулювання. Як результат даних процесів виникає потреба в розробці ефективних моделей управління, які б допомогли врегулювати їх. Досліджуючи політико-правові основи ведення екологічної політики США, у статті було визначено процеси, які ускладнюють здійснення ефективного захисту навколишнього середовища. Крім того, було встановлено, що федеральна влада та окремі штати більше не єдині суб'єкти процесу формування екологічної політика. Розвиток промисловості та корпорацій, впровадження та розвиток концепції прав людини призвело до того, що приватний сектор та громадськість стали здійснювати значний вплив на формування та ведення екологічної політика і законодавства США. Як результат таких тенденцій відбулася поява альтернативних моделей ведення екологічної політики з метою задоволення інтересів усіх зацікавлених осіб.

NEP 100 years ago and today: how should we understand it? Here the editors publish the materials of a discussion on the significance of the New Economic Policy for the development of Russia in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, and also for the work of devising a strategy for the development of modern capitalism as a whole. The discussion took place in a round-table format, and was organised by the editorial board of the journal Questions of Political Economy together with the Department of Political Economy and the Laboratory of Comparative Research on Socio-Economic Systems of the Faculty of Economics at the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. The round table session was held on 3 May 2021 in online format. The following questions were put forward for consideration: Who came up with the concept of NEP – Lenin, Bukharin, Trotsky or Martov? What was the essence of NEP – the mixed economy, taxation, or the chervonets? What was NEP - a retreat, a model of the "integral society", or a highway to socialism? Could NEP have continued for longer, and why was it overturned? Does Russia need a NEP today? Over the past three decades, research into the dynamics of the commercialisation of the Russian economy has made it possible to reveal four periods in the development of this process: a period of accelerated commercialisation, a period of hypercommercialisation, an incipient period of de-commercialisation, and an anticipated period of post-commercialisation. The article analyses the peculiar features and most characteristic phenomena of each of these periods, formulating the main trends of economic policy, trends aimed at overcoming a lack of balance in the relationship between the commercial and non-commercial sectors of the economy. The contours are noted of tendencies in economic theory that break out of the confines of the modern mainstream, and that are oriented toward making quantitative measurements in the field of non-commercial goods. Underlying these tendencies is an effective synthesis of culturology and ...

The author notes that the positive global changes at the same time pose serious problems for peace and justice. From the point of view of criminogenic factors, globalization, despite all the positive aspects, at the same time leads to a large number of negative consequences, has a significant impact on crime. In this regard, studies of the impact of globalization processes on the formulation and development of criminal policy and, as a consequence, the effective functioning of the political system in this field, are relevant. Unprecedented openness in trade, finance, transportation and communications has created economic growth and prosperity in many countries. At the same time, globalization is also creating opportunities for the increasing prosperity of illicit trade. Just as there are direct links between technological progress and economic liberalization, the removal of barriers to international trade in goods and the free movement of funds also facilitate illicit trade. Organized crime is diversified, globalized at the same time as all other processes, and reaches a macroeconomic scale: illicit goods are made on one continent, transported across another, and sold on another. Such crime stimulates corruption, infiltration of illegal business into politics, and thus significantly impedes the development of society. In modern conditions, one of the main tasks of mankind is that globalization in various spheres of society does not become a source of additional conflict situations, does not increase tensions in the world, because the modern world and so full of risks, dangers, threats and mistrust. And if globalization itself becomes as much of a global threat as the environmental global problem or the problem of relations between prosperous industrialized countries and the rest of the world, the situation in the world will become even more acute. The political system of criminal policy must adapt to the global demands of modern times by finding new forms and mechanisms for the exercise of its functions. First ...

The problem of functioning of institutes of public policy in Ukraine is investigated in the work. The newest approaches of formation of institutes of public policy, features of realization of public policy in Ukraine are analyzed and understanding of its role and place in the sphere of political space of the Ukrainian society is established. The content and main factors influencing the formation of modern institutions of public policy in Ukraine are highlighted. ; У роботі досліджено проблема функціонування інститутів публічної політики в Україні. Проаналізовані новітні підходи формування інститутів публічної політики, особливості реалізації публічної політики в Україні, а також встановлено розуміння її ролі і місця в сфері політичного простору українського суспільства. Висвітлюється зміст та основні фактори, що впливають на формування сучасних інститутів публічної політики в Україні.

The article analyses fear as an effective political tool. It is noted that fear can regulate domestic and foreign public policy. The use of fear in political governance through the use of certain technologies allows one to achieve the following: to identify vectors of political development, to change the regulatory framework, to reformat work with influence groups and public opinion leaders and to focus on certain values. Fear in political processes may be used to achieve either positive or negative goals. The author emphasizes the interconnection between fear and the weakening of democratic moods of the society. Fear reduces the "value" of a political regime that becomes undemocratic. It insists that fear pushes the state to violate its own moral principles, which are based on the law. This affects certain features and sets the level of development of political culture and the sense of its citizens. It is determined that the current fears which are used as the political tools are: migration; terrorism and use of weapons of mass destruction; economical crisis; natural disasters; threats to national security, war; uncertain future and others. Overstatement of the dangers and fueling fears for both: individuals and the state can slow down reforms, – as an obstacle to further development and reformation.For the state, this leads to the increase in costs which are necessary for the needless control and reinsurance, which, hence, leads to the significant use of human, material, financial and other resources. It shows how citizens' fear of terrorist attacks is used to achieve a certain political goal. Emphasis is placed on various losses from terrorist acts, their comparison with other threats. It is emphasized that the use of fear in the management process can not only harm the development of society, but also can develop problems for the government itself. Fear is a tool that requires both special attention and careful planning of possible consequences. ; У статті аналізується страх як ефективний інструмент ...

The global environmental crisis has identified the need for the emergence and development of environmental policies, both internationally and nationally. At the same time, political science studies on environmental issues in Ukraine are carried out very rarely - to a greater extent, environmental issues are of interest to jurists, economists and specialists in public administration. The purpose of this article is to identify the main categories of environmental policy, to analyze the basics and principles of its operation, to determine its subjects and mechanisms. Environmental policy can be defined as the systematic activity of the state and society in the field of rational use of nature, environmental protection and achievement of sustainable development. The basic principles to be followed in the formulation and implementation of ecopolitics are enshrined, first of all, in such international instruments as the Stockholm Declaration, the Rio Declaration and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The basic principles are: everyone has the right to live in a healthy environment; States are responsible for the state of the environment; sustainable development concepts must be followed when developing policies; an important principle of environmental policy integration; Due to the different nature and intensity of environmental impact, states have a common but differentiated responsibility. The paper deals with the tools of ecopolitics and their classification. It is noted that in the context of modern environmental policy based on the theory of ecological modernization, the economic approach to solving environmental problems is the most popular. The use of economic instruments (payments for the use of natural resources, fees for environmental pollution, compensation for environmental damage, penalties for violations of environmental legislation, green tax) allows you to create incentives for environmentally sound behavior, to form environmental funds to solve problems. Ukraine has a regulatory and regulatory approach, whereas flexible financial and economic instruments remain declarative. ; Глобальный экологический кризис определил необходимость появления и развития экологической политики, как на международном, так и национальном уровне. При этом, политологические исследования по природоохранной проблематике в Украине проводятся крайне редко. В большей степени, экологические вопросы интересуют правоведов, экономистов и специалистов в области государственного управления. Целью данной статьи определено выделение основных категорий экологической политики, анализ основ и принципов ее функционирования, определение ее субъектов и механизмов. Экологическую политику можно определить как системную деятельность государства и общества в сфере рационального природопользования, охраны окружающей среды и достижения устойчивого развития. Основные принципы, которые необходимо соблюдать при формулировании и реализации экополитики, закреплены, прежде всего, в таких международных документах, как Стокгольмская декларация, Рио-де-Жанейрская декларация и Рамочная конвенция ООН об изменении климата. Основными такими принципами являются: каждый человек имеет право на жизнь в здоровой окружающей среде; государства несут ответственность за состояние природной среды; при разработке политик необходимо следовать концепции устойчивого развития; важный принцип интеграции экологической политики; в силу разного характера и интенсивности воздействия на окружающую среду, государства несут общую, но дифференцированную ответственность. В работе рассмотрены инструменты экополитики, предоставлено их классификацию. Отмечено, что в условиях современной политики в области окружающей среды, основанной на теории экологической модернизации, экономический подход к решению экологических проблем является самым популярным. Применение экономических инструментов (платежи за пользование природными ресурсами, сборы за загрязнение окружающей среды, возмещения убытков за нарушенное окружающей среды, штрафы за нарушение экологического законодательства, зеленый налог) позволяет создавать стимулы экологически целесообразного поведения, формировать экологические фонды для решения проблем. Для Украины характерно использование нормативно-регулирующего подхода, тогда как применение гибких финансовых и экономических инструментов остается декларативным. ; Глобальна екологічна криза визначила необхідність появи і розвитку екологічної політики, як на міжнародному, так і національному рівні. При цьому, політологічні дослідження з природоохоронної проблематики в Україні проводяться вкрай рідко – в більшій мірі, екологічні питання цікавлять правознавців, економістів і фахівців в галузі державного управління. Метою даної статті є виділення основних категорій екологічної політики, аналіз основ і принципів її функціонування, визначення її суб'єктів та механізмів. Екологічну політику можна визначити як системну діяльність держави і суспільства в сфері раціонального природокористування, охорони навколишнього середовища та досягнення сталого розвитку. Основні принципи, яких необхідно дотримуватися при формулюванні і реалізації екополітики, закріплені, перш за все, в таких міжнародних документах, як Стокгольмська декларація, Ріо-де-Жанейрська декларація і Рамкова конвенція ООН про зміну клімату. Основними такими принципами є: кожна людина має право на життя в здоровому навколишньому середовищі; держави несуть відповідальність за стан природного середовища; при розробці політик необхідно слідувати концепції сталого розвитку; важливий принцип інтеграції екологічної політики; в силу різного характеру та інтенсивності впливу на навколишнє середовище, держави несуть загальну, але диференційовану відповідальність. В роботі розглянуто інструменти екополітики, надано їх класифікацію. Зазначено, що в умовах сучасної політики в сфері довкілля, яка базується на теорії екологічної модернізації, економічний підхід до вирішення екологічних проблем є найпопулярнішим. Застосування економічних інструментів (платежі за користування природними ресурсами, збори за забруднення довкілля, відшкодування збитків за порушене довкілля, штрафи за порушення екологічного законодавства, зелений податок) дозволяє створювати стимули екологічно доцільної поведінки, формувати екологічні фонди для вирішення проблем. Для України властиве використання нормативно-регулюючого підходу, тоді як застосування гнучких фінансових та економічних інструментів залишається декларативним.