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Analyzing survey data from the 2007 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, this article examines citizens' preferences for assigning policy responsibility for environmental problems to different levels of government. I find that the public generally prefers the federal government to take the lead in addressing most issues, particularly those that relate to pollution and those that have a national or global scale. The public, however, prefers to give more responsibility to state and local governments to handle local-level issues. These results suggest a desire among many in the public to match governmental policy assignment with the geographic scale of the problem. The best predictor of individuals choice of government level is political orientation, and to a lesser extent ones general confidence in each level of government. Adapted from the source document.

Environmental values and policies : an introduction -- Environmental law : a structural overview -- Preventing harm in the face of uncertainty -- Waste management and pollution prevention -- Air pollution control -- Water pollution control -- Land use regulation and regulatory takings -- Environmental impact assessment -- Preservation of biodiversity -- Environmental enforcement -- Protection of the global environment -- Environmental progress and prospects

Studies of "policy" and l'policymakingll have proliferated recently. One reason is the serious policymaking difficulties of American and other Western governments. Earlier political science did not address these problems well because of its concentration on political input processes rather than outputs. Most policy studies either evaluate programs 0′ explain cases of policymaking, The approach proposed here, called public policy, does both. Analyses of preferred options are played off against the limitations of process, and vice versa. This conception is illustrated and the problems posed by it are discussed.

Introduction -- Part I: Changing contract between science, society, and public policy -- 1. Next generation science policy and grand challenges / Stefan Kuhlmann and Arie Rip -- 2. Responsible innovation and responsible research and innovation / Richard Owen and Mario Pansera -- 3. Normative answers -- epistemic questions : updating the science-society contract / Sabine Maasen and Sascha Dickel -- 4. Re-making the modern constitution: the case for an observatory on public engagement practices / Jan-Peter Voß -- Part II: Changing national/global science and policy landscape -- 5. Global science for global challenges / Caroline S. Wagner -- 6. The current state of the art of science diplomacy / Tim Flink and Nicolas Rüffin -- 7. Bringing the rules back in : peer review, bureaucracy and the reform of science governance in France (1960-2010) / Jérôme Aust and Clémentine Gozlan -- 8. U.S. scientific collaboration on research and policy: the necessity of global engagement / Elizabeth A. Corley -- 9. Australian science policy: funding, focus and failings / Karen Hussey, Christopher McEwan, Julia Playford -- Part III: Changing actors and framings of science and public policy -- 10. Innovation and the marginalisation of research / Benoît Godin -- 11. Changing science policies, authority relationships and innovations in public science systems / Richard Whitley -- 12. Higher education developments and the effects on science / Jeroen Huisman and Marco Seeber -- 13. New forms of policy expertise / Holger Strassheim and Weert Canzler -- 14. Innovation, excellence and reputation : the persistence of the German science system / Andreas Knie and Dagmar Simon -- 15. Gender in European research policy / Liudvika Leišytė -- Part IV: Changing production of knowledge -- 16. Processing issues in science policy: emerging epistemic regimes / Stefan Böschen -- 17. Changing science society relations in the digital age: the citizen science movement and its broader implications / Martina Franzen -- 18. Triple helix: a universal innovation model? / Henry Etzkowitz and Alice Zhou -- 19. Interdisciplinarity put to test: science policy rhetoric vs. scientific practice / Julia Stamm -- Part V: Changing governance of scientific research and related public policies -- 20. Changes in European research and innovation governance: coordination effects & membership effects / Susana Borrás -- 21. How can governance change research content? Linking science policy studies to the sociology of science / Jochen Gläser -- 22. The changing governance of research systems : agencification and organizational differentiation in research funding organizations / Benedetto Lepori and Emanuela Reale -- 23. Globalization and the rise of rankings / Paul Wouters -- 24. Assessing the broader impacts of publicly-funded research / Claire Donovan -- Part VI: Changing studies of science policy, science, and innovation -- 25. Why science and innovation policy needs science and technology studies? / Robin Williams -- 26. The future of science policy and innovation studies: some challenges and the factors underlying them / Ben R. Martin -- Index.

Proposes an approach to policy study in which "analyses of preferred options are played off against the limitations of process, and vice versa."

Public participation is ubiquitous in many contemporary democratic societies – used for many purposes, and in many contexts, with particular and growing relevance for policy-making on science and technology issues. However, there is a dearth of evidence as to its qualities and benefits. We contend that the implementation and interpretation of participation faces a number of dilemmas that – together –undermine its successful adoption. In this paper, we identify and discuss six specific dilemmas that – together – may militate against the practice and development of good quality participation in science and technology policy, notably dilemmas of Timing; of Relevance; of Representation; of Evaluation; of Criticism; and of Impact. We theoretically account for these dilemmas and discuss their likely impacts. Finally, we provide some suggestions as to how the participation community might attempt to pre-empt difficulties due to these dilemmas and demonstrate participation effectiveness.

Introduction : the plight of the environmental scientist / Willem Halffman, Esther Turnhout & Willemijn Tuinstra -- What is science? (and why does this matter?) / Willem Halffman -- Frames : beyond facts versus values / Willem Halffman -- Case A framing climate-change / Mike Hulme -- Science, politics and the public in knowledge controversies / Esther Turnhout & Thomas Gieryn -- Case B what does 'climategate' tell us about public knowledge controversies? / Silke Beck -- Case C whose deficit anyway? : institutional misunderstanding of fracking sceptical publics / Laurence Williams & Phil Macnaghten -- The limits to knowledge / Willemijn Tuinstra, Ad Ragas & Willem Halffman -- Case D angry bulbs / Ad Ragas & Marga Jacobs -- Usable knowledge : science, policy and society / Willemijn Tuinstra, Willem Halffman & Esther Turnhout -- Case E expertise for European fisheries policy / Willem Halffman & Martin Pastoors -- Interdisciplinarity and the challenge of knowledge integration / Esther Turnhout -- Case F knowledge integration in the millennium ecosystem assessment / Clark Miller -- Case G integrated assessment for long-range transboundary air pollution / Willemijn Tuinstra -- Lay expertise / Esther Turnhout & Katja Neves -- Case H lay expertise and botanical science : a case of dynamic interdependencies in biodiversity conservation / Katja Neves -- Case I the Loweswater Care Project / Claire Waterton -- Environmental experts at the science-policy-society interface / Esther Turnhout -- Case J group think and whistle blowers in CO2 capture and storage / Heleen de Coninck -- Environmental knowledge in democracy / Esther Turnhout, Willem Halffman & Willemijn Tuinstra -- Conclusion : science, reason and the environment / Willem Halffman, Willemijn Tuinstra & Esther Turnhout