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The aim of this paper is to indicate a diverse nature of the issues investigated in public policy sciences, particularly emphasizing the importance of the health policy in explaining social reality. By resolving public problems, numerous needs of society, inter alia, health needs can be met. One of the sciences which explains social problems and public policy has an interest in is the health policy. Both the health policy and public policy have two dimensions, i.e. applicable and theoretical. In terms of 'applicable' one, active participation of all social life entities affecting awareness of developing health resources is vital. And in the theoretical one, as a science, health policy addresses theoretical problems related to satisfying health needs of individual and collective populations. However, in the existing definitions of the health policy, there is no reference to "health needs". One can only assume that this category is used intuitively as it is hard to imagine numerous activities and decisions taken without identifying the needs, so that the health system could meet them. Reverting to health policy in its practical sense it is crucial to teach the public responsibility for their own behavior towards health. Health education deals with the skills needed to care about health in an accountable and independent way. This kind of education plays an important part in the implementation of public policy since its task is not only to transfer knowledge, but also to develop skills to make informed choices and decisions and thus to shape a democratic society with an independent way of thinking. The applicable role of the health policy is to improve the management of the health sector. In this respect, the organization of the treatment process, which is to provide comprehensive medical care for patients and therefore to improve the existing relations of a public nature, is essential.

The article aims to discuss the relationship between social policy and public policy and to identify its most important elements. Social policy is linked historically on the one hand with the economy and on the other - with sociology and political sciences. Theory of public policy exposes the role of public administration in achieving its objectives and allows for wider recognition of the tasks by linking them with other specialties. This makes it possible to achieve in practice synergistic effects of actions taken, and at the theoretical level - a more comprehensive assessment of the analyzed problems. The history of social policy in Poland, especially of the Institute of Social Economy shows that such a broad approach to social policy has been characteristic also in the past.

There are also theoretical issues such as: adequacy of this discipline of knowledge to the analysis of the realities of public action in Poland. This issue arises due to the fact that public policy emerged as a discipline of knowledge in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, on the basis of its specificity. Moreover, the theories evident in public policy science have been developed in the West, mainly in America. The local realities were the basis. Therefore, the question arises whether we should build our theories or adapt those that have been developed elsewhere. Meanwhile, we do not have many or even most elements of the Anglo-Saxon tradition, even in terms of the size of our analytical achievements. We are not even inclined to conduct such an advanced analysis of social and economic phenomena. Hence, it seems important to me to ask about the theoretical potential of this discipline in relation to the analysis of public activities in Poland.

Podstawowym założeniem artykułu jest uznanie, że złożoność wyzwań związanych ze starzeniem się populacji wymusza rozwój powiązań kooperacyjnych między podmiotami polityki publicznej reprezentującymi różne sektory. Innymi słowy: niezbędna jest bardziej intensywna i lepiej skoordynowana współpraca między organizacjami sektora publicznego, komercyjnego, pozarządowego, nieformalnego oraz sektora obejmującego podmioty gospodarki społecznej (np. spółdzielnie). Zasadnicze znaczenie ma w tym kontekście wdrażanie założeń teorii współzarządzania (governance), koprodukcji oraz mieszanej gospodarki dobrobytu (inaczej: wielosektorowej polityki społecznej). W konsekwencji artykuł wskazuje na wybrane wątki dyskursu dotyczącego relacji procesu starzenia się ludności z przedsiębiorczością społeczną i innowacjami społecznymi. Tekst przytacza także przykłady dobrych praktyk i inicjatyw z obszaru gospodarki społecznej. Podsumowanie zawiera rekomendacje dla podmiotów polityki publicznej oraz proponowane kierunki dalszych badań.

This paper attempts to present a review of higher education reform processes in Poland in 1990-2015 and 2016-2018 (when a draft of the so‑called Act 2.0 was prepared) and an assessment of the domestic "art of reforms". As the author has adopted the perspective of the public policy science, she focuses on issues of public policy making, i.e. the development and strategic programming policy, drafting legislation, and accompanying public consultations. Furthermore, the paper discusses three past and one current attempt to reform higher education in the context of the political economy of reforms that are globally perceived as a benchmark. The long, nearly 30‑year period covered by the paper's analyses allowed the author to draw conclusions with regard to the evolution of higher education policy, highlighting the problem of its quality (standards) as a public policy.

Актуальность теоретического осмысления системы социальной безопасности РФ в контексте повышения значимости миграционной политики обоснована наличием в последние десятилетия лавинообразного нарастания миграционных потоков в подавляющем большинстве регионов России. Научная проблематика обусловлена недостаточной разработанностью проблемы реализации эффективной миграционной политики, которая способствовала бы оптимальной адаптации и социализации мигрантов. Цель разработки оптимальной и комплексной системы миграционной политики заключалась в выявлении ее базовых компонентов и факторов, способствующих социальной адаптации приезжего и местного населения в современном российском социуме. Представлено описание социально ориентированной модели миграционной политики, проведен анализ ее значимости и эффективности на основе синтеза современных макро- и микросоциологических теорий. Анализ системы миграционной политики, результаты которого представлены в статье, опирается на базовые основы структурно-функционального подхода, суть которого, в контексте проблемы миграции, заключается в трансформирующей роли социальной мобильности населения, обеспечении социально значимых функций миграции в современном обществе. Использованы основы постнеклассических социологических теорий, описывающих детерминацию миграций созависимым развитием благополучных и экономически отсталых регионов. Дизайн представленной системы включает качественный анализ синтеза институциональных, групповых и индивидуальных составляющих миграционных процессов в российском обществе. Сделаны выводы о том, что социально ориентированная миграционная политика должна базироваться на сопровождении эффективной этнической самоидентификации, снижении уровня мигрантофобии, формировании толерантности, акцентируя общенациональные ценности. Призвана стимулировать правозащитную деятельность и демократические институты гражданского общества. Научная новизна предложенной системы заключается в исследовании адаптационных стратегий мигрантов в контексте взаимообусловленности субъективных поведенческих диспозиций мигрантов и объективных глобализационных процессов. Практическая значимость заключается в возможности использования компонентов системы безопасности для эффективного социального управления в области миграционной политики. ; The relevance of the theoretical understanding of the social security system of the Russian Federation in the context of increasing the importance of migration policy is justified by the presence in recent decades of avalanche-like growth of migration flows in the vast majority of regions of Russia. Scientific problems are caused by insufficient development of the problem of implementation of effective migration policy, which would contribute to the optimal adaptation and socialization of migrants. The purpose of the development of an optimal and complex system of migration policy was to identify its basic components and factors contributing to the social adaptation of visitors and local population in the modern Russian society. The description of the socially oriented model of migration policy is presented, the analysis of its importance and efficiency on the basis of synthesis of modern macro-micro sociological theories is carried out. The analysis of the system of migration policy, the results of which are presented in the article, is based on the basic foundations of the structural and functional approach, the essence of which, in the context of the problem of migration, is the transforming role of social mobility of the population, providing socially important functions of migration in modern society. The fundamentals of post-non-classical sociological theories describing the determination of migration by co-dependent development of prosperous and economically backward regions are used The design of the presented system includes a qualitative analysis of the synthesis of institutional, group and individual components of migration processes in Russian society. It is concluded that socially oriented migration policy should be based on the support of effective ethnic self-identification, reducing the level of migrant phobia, the formation of tolerance, emphasizing national values. To stimulate human rights activities, democratic institutions of civil society. The scientific novelty of the proposed system lies in the study of migration adaptation strategies of migrants in the context of interdependence of subjective behavioral dispositions of migrants and objective globalization processes. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the components of the security system for effective social management in the field of migration policy.

We present an analysis of the government program under the above title, made by the Expert Committee on Elderly People at the Office of Ombudsman, published on April 13, 2018.

The author addresses the social participation issue in the context of its significance to public policy in Poland. He examines the barriers limiting the expansion of participation. He notices them in the way a democracy functions ("failed democracy" according to Democracy Index), as well as in the way the dialogue has been organised (for example, two separate currents have been established - i.e. the social one and the civic one, which is quite unusual by Western European standards). He regards the politicians' perception of what a democracy is as a next barrier. As a result of that one can see lower standards of public sphere in place, antiquated public governance still in place, the underdevelopment of the legal framework for social dialogue and the low quality of policy-making. The author also describes the most important social phenomena relating to the functioning of the social and civic dialogue mechanisms. He analyses the sources of the current condition of the dialogue in terms of historical, structural as well as political factors.

Introduction. The article presents the results of studying the problem of interaction between science and diplomacy, the analysis of scientific diplomacy in domestic and foreign practice. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific diplomacy as a phenomenon within the framework of he state's foreign policy and as a form of public diplomacy. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis and generalization; empirical level methods: observation, comparison, grouping; special research methods. Results and Discussion. The article sets forth the interpretation of the concept of scientific diplomacy by various authors, reviewed its «classical» areas, conducted a retrospective analysis of scientific diplomacy in Russia. The article highlights and describes the features characteristic of the domestic practice of using scientific diplomacy at the present stage of development. In particular, the author gives the examples of joint projects implementation, carries out an analysis of information on the joint publications of Russian and foreign scientists stimulating international cooperation in science and technology, which is one of the goals of science diplomacy. Conclusion. The author has given recommendations for improving the mechanism for implementing and widely introducing into national practice the basics of scientific diplomacy for the purpose of strengthening international cooperation and the national goals of the state.

Szukając nowych rozwiązań dla starych problemów, zwraca się uwagę na takie znaczące dla dobrego funkcjonowania współczesnego społeczeństwa kwestie jak sieci powiązań międzyludzkich, zaufanie czy normy. Pojęcie kapitału społecznego jest używane już od kilku dekad do opisu i wyjaśniania fenomenu zmian w sferze społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej, zaistniałych w wyniku transformacji społeczno-ekonomicznej. Odnosi się ono również do sfery działań obejmujących m.in. budowanie partnerskich i demokratycznych relacji we wspólnotach lokalnych, w których kapitał społeczny stanowi podstawę trwałych sieci społecznego zaangażowania zaufania i wzajemności. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest próba przedstawienia korzyści wynikających z posiadania przez wspólnotę lokalną zasobów kapitału społecznego, jak również wskazanie jego pozytywnego oddziaływania na bezpieczeństwo publiczne. ; When looking for new solutions to the old social problems, people pay attention to important issues for the good functioning of today's society, including interpersonal relations, trust, or standards. The term "social capital" has been used for several decades to describe and explain social and political as well as economic changes that took place as a result of the social and economic transformation. It also refers to activities including, among others, the creation of partnerships and democratic relations in local communities in which the social capital forms a basis of permanent networks of social involvement, trust, and mutuality. The purpose of this article is to present the benefits of the local community arising from social capital resources and their positive impact on public safety.

When looking for new solutions to the old social problems, people pay attention to important issues for the good functioning of today's society, including interpersonal relations, trust, or standards. The term "social capital" has been used for several decades to describe and explain social and political as well as economic changes that took place as a result of the social and economic transformation. It also refers to activities including, among others, the creation of partnerships and democratic relations in local communities in which the social capital forms a basis of permanent networks of social involvement, trust, and mutuality. The purpose of this article is to present the benefits of the local community arising from social capital resources and their positive impact on public safety. ; Szukając nowych rozwiązań dla starych problemów, zwraca się uwagę na takie znaczące dla dobrego funkcjonowania współczesnego społeczeństwa kwestie jak sieci powiązań międzyludzkich, zaufanie czy normy. Pojęcie kapitału społecznego jest używane już od kilku dekad do opisu i wyjaśniania fenomenu zmian w sferze społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej, zaistniałych w wyniku transformacji społeczno-ekonomicznej. Odnosi się ono również do sfery działań obejmujących m.in. budowanie partnerskich i demokratycznych relacji we wspólnotach lokalnych, w których kapitał społeczny stanowi podstawę trwałych sieci społecznego zaangażowania zaufania i wzajemności. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest próba przedstawienia korzyści wynikających z posiadania przez wspólnotę lokalną zasobów kapitału społecznego, jak również wskazanie jego pozytywnego oddziaływania na bezpieczeństwo publiczne.

Artificial intelligence technologies are used in various spheres of human life. One of the promising areas of AI application is the sphere of public administration. Public authorities are introducing communication and information technologies to create new intelligent systems and develop new strategies to prevent risks in public administration. In December 2020, the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin signed a decree on the Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation. This article presents the directions of the development of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation, the forecast of trends and transformations in the spheres of public life due to the use of artificial intelligence.

The article analyzes the definitions of the public as a subject of social sciences. The purpose of the paper is to operationalize the concept of the public for its practical application in the system of functioning of political institutions. The basis of the methodology is an instrumental approach. The methods used are comparative, legal analysis, description and generalization of data, a questionnaire survey of residents of a metropolitan Russian city to assess the potential of public activity in solving local issues. Various theories of domestic and foreign researchers focus their attention on particular aspects of the public. Representatives of the managerial approach formally divide the public into several groups: public organized structures (NGOs, professional community, etc.), acting on a permanent and legal basis, and active citizens acting situationally within a specific project to discuss it (interested citizens, expert councils, etc.). Within the framework of political theory, the public always focuses on a problem and forms through getting interested in a particular challenge. From the point of view of the law, the public is not designated as a concept but indirectly finds its expression in the legally established forms of realization of the right to local selfgovernment. In PR, the public is labile, dynamic and unstable to manipulation. The key characteristics of the concept under consideration, which is widely used in the Russian and foreign communication space, but not formed into a single definition, are highlighted. The author concludes that the public is heterogenic, dualistic, centred on a particular problem. The empirical study revealed a low level of public participation in projects associated with creating a comfortable urban environment. On the contrary, the level of willingness to get involved in other city problems is high. ; В статье проведен анализ определений общественности как предмета социальных наук. Цель статьи — операционализация понятия «общественность» для его практического применения в системе функционирования политических институтов. Основа методологии — инструментальный подход. В качестве методов применены сравнительный, правовой анализ, описание и обобщение данных, анкетный опрос жителей крупного российского города на предмет оценки потенциала общественной активности в решении вопросов местного значения. Различные теории отечественных и зарубежных исследователей фокусируют свое внимание на тех или иных аспектах общественности. Представители управленческого подхода формально разделяют общественность на несколько групп — организованные структуры общественности (НКО, профессиональное сообщество и др.), действующие на постоянной и юридической основе, и активных граждан, действующих ситуативно в рамках определенного проекта в целях его обсуждения (заинтересованные граждане, экспертные советы и т. д.). В рамках политической теории общественность всегда сосредоточена вокруг проблемы, и формируется она посредством возникновения интереса к определенной проблеме. С точки зрения права общественность как понятие не обозначается, но косвенно находит свое выражение в законодательно установленных формах реализации права на местное самоуправление. В PR общественность является лабильной, динамичной и неустойчивой к манипуляциям. Выделены ключевые характеристики рассматриваемого понятия, широко используемого в российском и зарубежном коммуникационном пространстве, но не оформленном в единое определение. Автор делает вывод о неоднородности, дуалистичности общественности, сосредоточенной вокруг определенной проблемы. В рамках эмпирического исследования выявлен низкий уровень общественного участия в проектах формирования комфортной городской среды при высоком уровне готовности включиться в решение других проблем города.