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Introduction. Nowadays, in relation to the marked increase in the proportion of citizens of senior working age in the total Russian population, it is necessary to create the conditions for the development of human and educational potential in order to maintain social activity of senior people for as long as possible and successfully continue their professional activities. The aims of the present research are the following: to understand and promote foreign and Russian practices of education of people of pre-retirement and retirement age; to study readiness of senior citizens for training and further employment. Methodology and research methods. At the theoretical stage of the survey, an analytical review of scientific and regulatory sources was carried out. A questionnaire survey was organised in order to collect empirical data. 418 people (males and females) aged 50 to 72, who have different social statuses, education levels and incomes, took part in the survey. Results and scientific novelty. Comparative theoretical analysis of Russian and foreign solutions to the problems under discussion has shown that in Russia there is a legislative framework for managing the development of educational potential of senior citizens. However, unlike most developed countries, Russia does not have practical experience in the implementation of training of senior citizens. The factors, which have a positive impact on the employment of older generations, are identified: in addition to material interest, they include a high level of qualification, rare skills, and a desire to maintain good health, independence and self-respect. The surveys have demonstrated that many senior people, especially university diploma holders, entrepreneurs and self-employed, quite highly appreciate their professional qualities, abilities, merits and reputation. Senior people would like their experience, wealth of knowledge and skills to be in demand; they believe that they could perform social roles and functions such as a mentor or consultant in the professional sphere, an adviser in the authorities, an independent expert, etc. However, negative stereotypes regarding senior workers in the society - as they tend to have poor health, they are passive, helpless, ineffective, conservative, poorly trained, etc. - become a source of discrimination in the labour market. The interviewees disagreed with the characteristics attributed to them. The greatest objections were judgments that senior people were the brake of innovation (71.6%) and incapable of learning (77.1%). The respondents approved the planned measures to provide them with opportunities for additional education and more than half of respondents demonstrated readiness to receive education in various forms: at universities for people of the third aged, in retraining institutions, in courses of advanced training, etc. At the same time, in Russia, adequate organisational, socio-psychological, pedagogical and other conditions for the education of citizens of this age category have not been created yet. Practical significance. The research findings, the results of surveys and the conclusions drawn could contribute to the justification of new directions of state education policy in order to improve its effectiveness for people of senior generations. © 2020 Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University. All rights reserved. ; Korea Institute of Public Administration, KIPA ; Ural Federal University, UrFU ; Acknowledgements. The authors express their gratitude to the management of the Institute of Public Administration and Entrepreneurship of the Ural Federal University for supporting the grant "Mechanisms of Public Management of Human Capital Development of Senior Citizens", which was performed within the framework of this research. Also, the authors thank the reviewers, whose valuable comments significantly improved the quality of the present article.

Millionen von Jugendlichen machten in den bildungshistorischen Epochen vom Wilhelminischen Kaiserreich bis zur Gegenwart prägende Erfahrungen in Jugendorganisationen. Es handelt sich somit um dauerhaft bedeutende Sozialisationsinstanzen. In ihren verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen kamen von etwa 20 Prozent (im Kaiserreich) bis zu gut 80 Prozent (zu Zeiten der NS- und SED-Diktatur) der zeitgenössisch Heranwachsenden zusammen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Jugendorganisationen im Sinne intermediärer Systeme als Bindeglieder verstanden. Dies gilt auch für Jugendbewegungen, die zumeist Organisationsformen integrieren bzw. sich ab einem bestimmten Grad der Ausdifferenzierung aus solchen zusammensetzen. Von dieser Warte aus erfolgt eine systematisierende Einordnung des jeweils vorherrschenden Verhältnisses zwischen gesellschaftlichen Kontrollansprüchen einerseits und dem jugendlichen Bestreben nach partieller oder - deutlich seltener - vollständiger Selbstbestimmung andererseits.

Die VR China hat die internationale Krise des kommunistischen Systemtyps Ende der achtziger Jahre äußerlich relativ unbeschadet überstanden. Die Institutionen des leninistischen Parteistaates scheinen dort auf den ersten Blick noch intakt. Als Resultat der marktwirtschaftlichen Transformation lassen sich in China jedoch vielfältige soziale Entwicklungen beobachten, die teils aus ostasiatischen Nachbarstaaten, teils aus postkommunistischen Systemen Osteuropas bekannt sind: eine dichte personelle und institutionelle Verflechtung zwischen alten Macht- und neuen Wirtschaftseliten sowie eine chinesische Variante des "Nomenklatura-Kapitalismus". (Zeitschrift für Politik / FUB)

accès direct et gratuit à http://regulation.revues.org/10195 ; International audience ; Most of the studies on the Chinese presence in Africa tend inescapably to favour an approach through public enterprises. In this research we focus on a specific category of public enterprises, that of the companies under the direct supervision of the central government since they hold on average 80% of the stock of Chinese foreign direct investment. Their economic importance --both in China and abroad-- coupled with their proximity to the central government substantiate that we distinguish these "central enterprises" from other public enterprises, that we specifically examine their role as an effective vector of China's policy in Africa. We will therefore discuss the resurgence of the strategic concept of "central enterprise", then will study the degree of autonomy of these central enterprises as expressed by their direct investment strategy abroad and more specifically in Africa. Finally, it appears that the Chinese government has an African strategy that it intends to implement through its "central enterprises", which have much greater autonomy than we might suppose at first sight. La mayoría de los estudios sobre la presencia china en África tienden por la fuerza de las cosas a privilegiar un enfoque por el lado de las empresas públicas. En esta investigacion nos vamos a centrar sobre una categoría especifica de las empresas públicas, las empresas que estan bajo la tutela del gobierno central (las "empresas centrales") porque ellas concentran en promedio del 80% del Stock de la inversión directa china en el extranjero. Es su importancia económica -tanto en China a como en el exterior- conjugada a su proximidad con el poder central lo que justifica que esas empresas se distinguen de otras empresas públicas y sean específicamente interrogadas sobre su rol como vector efectivo de la política china en África. Sucesivamente, vamos a evocar el resurgimiento del concepto estratégico de " empresa central " y luego nos interrogaremos sobre el grado de autonomía de esas empresas centrales tal como se expresa por su estrategia de inversiones directas en el extranjero y más específicamente en África. Finalmente, el gobierno chino tiene un estrategia africana que trata de poner en práctica gracias a sus empresas centrales, las cuales disponen siempre de una gran autonomía que es mayor de la que se pensaba inicialmente ; La majorité des études sur la présence chinoise en Afrique tendent par la force des choses à privilégier une approche par les entreprises publiques. Dans cette recherche nous nous focaliserons sur une catégorie spécifique d'entreprises publiques, celle des entreprises sous la tutelle directe du gouvernement central (les " entreprises centrales ") puisque celles-ci détiennent en moyenne 80 % du stock d'investissement direct chinois à l'étranger. C'est leur importance économique -- tant en Chine qu'à l'étranger -- conjuguée à leur proximité avec le pouvoir central qui justifient que ces entreprises soient distinguées des autres entreprises publiques et soient spécifiquement interrogées sur leur rôle comme vecteur effectif de la politique chinoise en Afrique. Successivement donc, nous évoquerons la résurgence du concept stratégique d'" entreprise centrale ", puis nous nous interrogerons sur le degré d'autonomie de ces entreprises centrales tel que l'exprime leur stratégie d'investissement direct à l'étranger et plus spécifiquement en Afrique. En définitive, le gouvernement chinois a une stratégie africaine qu'il entend mettre en œuvre grâce à ses entreprises centrales lesquelles disposent toutefois d'une plus grande autonomie qu'il n'apparaît d'emblée.

accès direct et gratuit à http://regulation.revues.org/10195 ; International audience ; Most of the studies on the Chinese presence in Africa tend inescapably to favour an approach through public enterprises. In this research we focus on a specific category of public enterprises, that of the companies under the direct supervision of the central government since they hold on average 80% of the stock of Chinese foreign direct investment. Their economic importance --both in China and abroad-- coupled with their proximity to the central government substantiate that we distinguish these "central enterprises" from other public enterprises, that we specifically examine their role as an effective vector of China's policy in Africa. We will therefore discuss the resurgence of the strategic concept of "central enterprise", then will study the degree of autonomy of these central enterprises as expressed by their direct investment strategy abroad and more specifically in Africa. Finally, it appears that the Chinese government has an African strategy that it intends to implement through its "central enterprises", which have much greater autonomy than we might suppose at first sight. La mayoría de los estudios sobre la presencia china en África tienden por la fuerza de las cosas a privilegiar un enfoque por el lado de las empresas públicas. En esta investigacion nos vamos a centrar sobre una categoría especifica de las empresas públicas, las empresas que estan bajo la tutela del gobierno central (las "empresas centrales") porque ellas concentran en promedio del 80% del Stock de la inversión directa china en el extranjero. Es su importancia económica -tanto en China a como en el exterior- conjugada a su proximidad con el poder central lo que justifica que esas empresas se distinguen de otras empresas públicas y sean específicamente interrogadas sobre su rol como vector efectivo de la política china en África. Sucesivamente, vamos a evocar el resurgimiento del concepto estratégico de " empresa central " y luego nos ...

Introduction. The publication is a review of a monograph by Anna-Valerie Pont, Professor of the Sorbonne, devoted to an attempt to determine the time of the disappearance of an ancient city (polis) on the material of Asia Minor. Analysis and results. There is an extensive and complex source base of research in terms of composition and quality, which includes both scanty reports of late Antique and early medieval written heritage, as well as archaeological data, among which the author legitimately highlights epigraphic material. As criteria for the extinction in the city, it is the ancient indicators of public life that have priority: the decline in the functioning of self-government institutions by urban communities, a decrease in the activity of wealthy citizens in organizing spectacles, subsidizing essential products, an increase in the specific weight of imperial bureaucratic control and local management, an increase in the influence of Christians on public processes in policies. The review indicates that the French researcher actually ignored the evolution of municipal property (the degradation of which in the chronological framework under consideration was very modest). In fact, the evolution of such estates as curiales and plebs (whose position at the time under consideration was by no means catastrophic) was also left aside. The social historical realities in the monograph are touched upon only insofar as they are related to institutional elements (the work of city councils, the implementation of magistracies, etc.). The author of the review points out that such a method of analyzing late-antique processes is outdated and goes back to the Enlightenment views on the fall of the Roman Empire. The review focuses on the legitimacy of the priority of epigraphic monuments for the disclosure of the stated topic (due to the insufficiency of narrative sources). However, consideration of the reduction in the number of such monuments at the turn of the 3rd – 4th century (compared with the times of the classical Empire) as an indicator of the extinction of the antique parameters of the policy is doubtful.

AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing interest in public valuation for forest ecosystem services in policymaking. This paper investigates the public's perception of the Czech forest ecosystem services, i.e., provisioning, regulating and cultural services, with associated factors (changes in forest cover, production, and respondents' characteristics). The performance perception of forest ecosystem services was gathered from a nationwide survey in 2020. The Coordination of Information on the Environment Land Cover information in 2000 and 2018 was used for observation of forest cover changes. Coniferous and non-coniferous (broadleaved) roundwood, mushroom, and bilberry production data from the observed years were acquired from the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Agriculture's annual nationwide surveys. The Bohemia vs. Moravia study areas were also statistically compared. Predictor analysis of the high score of performance perception from individual and cluster forest ecosystems was also performed to answer the research objectives. The group of forest provisioning services received high scores in public evaluation (from 3.9 to 4.2), followed by regulating services (mean range: 3.7–4.1). The highest score was found in forest as a natural habitat for wild animals and plants (mean: 4.6). However, the lowest value was the esthetic value (mean: 2.3). Both are categorized as forest cultural services. The broadleaved and mixed forest areas in 2018 were significantly higher than in 2000, especially in Bohemia. Meanwhile, the total coniferous forested region in 2018 declined substantially compared to 2000 (p = 0.030), especially in Moravian areas. A significantly higher total production of the coniferous and broadleaved roundwood removals in 2018 than in 2000 was reported, in contrast to a marked decrease in collected mushrooms and bilberries. The high score of performance perception of forests as the wood provisioning service was positively and significantly associated with the changes in broadleaved roundwood removals. Older-age and female respondents were the primary predictors of the studied cluster and individual forest ecosystem services. The findings indicate that the social value of the individual forest provisioning services supports the implementation of multi-species and multi-purpose forests; hence, it encourages the implementation of the current Czech forest policy.

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of the restoration of the public catering system of Stalingrad at the end of the battle on the Volga. Methods. In this study, historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, historical-comparative methods, as well as quantitative methods in the study of statistical sources were used. Analysis and results. Providing the population of the destroyed city with food became one of the most important directions of the social policy of the period. The problem was addressed on several fronts. At the first stage, in the spring and summer of 1943, most of the enterprises of the city canteen trust were reopened on the basis of the destroyed pre-war canteens. They were made from improvised materials. The work to equip them was done mainly by the employees who had returned from the evacuation. As industrial enterprises were restored, the workers' supply departments opened canteens at their own expense. A number of canteens opened by the city trust were transferred to the balance of the factories. After the start of large-scale restoration work, several large construction departments of central subordination were deployed in the city. They independently provided their workers with food in their own canteens. In the second stage from 1944, due to the allocation of budgetary funds along with the restoration began construction of new catering enterprises. The city's enterprises produced inventory and equipment for canteens. Great attention was also paid to the organization of children's and school meals. As a result, by mid-1945 the public catering system in Stalingrad was generally restored. Most workers and residents were attached to canteens and received rationed one or two meals a day. However, the range of dishes and the quality of food remained unsatisfactory. Centralized supply of products was not carried out in full. Low-power subsidiary farms could not cope with their plans. Most canteens were located in dilapidated premises in unsanitary conditions due to the lack of running water and sewerage.

Bearing in mind that taxation reduces disposable income, taxpayers' resistance to tax compliance is quite understandable. For this reason, the contemporary financial theory and practice pay special attention to the popularization of taxes, with special reference to the purpose of taxation. Taxes are acceptable to taxpayers insofar as they are used for funding public goods which are at the disposal of taxpayers as beneficiaries. Unlike other criminal offenses, where the detrimental effect may be directly visible, the immediate detrimental effect of tax offenses is not transparent. It generates a significant problem: there is a psychological effect that tax offences cause little or negligible social danger, which cannot be accepted as true. In effect, tax offenses entail very harmful and socially dangerous conduct because they threaten the fiscal interests of the state. Timely payment of taxes and other dues ensures continuity in financing public needs and provide for the proper functioning of the state. In case of tax evasion, or tax fraud as its most aggravated form, the state is deprived of the amount of revenue that would have been collected had all taxpayers abided by their tax liability. This paper focuses on the normative framework in the Republic of Serbia and the basic issues arising in practice, which are the result of the long-standing lenient penal policy of Serbian courts and numerous problems encountered in tax evasion proceedings (ranging from difficulties in conducting a financial investigation to the judges' professional competences and relevant knowledge to adjudicate cases in this field). In view of the harmful consequences for the fiscal system of the state, the question arises whether tax evasion and tax fraud have been relevantly criminalized in Serbian legislation. It seems that the latest amendments, which have increased the census (the amount of evaded tax) for the existence of this crime, will entail "moving away" from an adequate condemnation of such socially unacceptable conduct. This can only adversely affect the already low level of tax morale in Serbia.

A key feature of the demographic transition in prosperous East Asian and other developing Southeast Asian states is fertility decline. Various pro-natalist policy measures, including baby bonuses and universal child care, have been undertaken by governments in the region, often with disappointing results. Like other social institutions in modern societies, housing can play a vital role in shaping fertility decisions, but its effect on fertility has largely remained unexamined. The ambiguous effect of housing affordability found in existing literature constrains the ability of governments to truly tap in to its potential to curtail fertility decline. This paper seeks to address this gap by empirically examining this often-neglected relationship between house prices and fertility rates. It examines the relationship through the mechanism of housing wealth formation in Singapore, a country with one of the lowest replacement levels in the region but also with one of the largest public housing markets in the world. It uses the resale price of public flats to test whether this wealth formation can potentially increase the likelihood of having more children. By doing a cointegration analysis of housing, income, and fertility, the paper confirms the "no flat, no child" belief prevalent among young Singaporeans. It finds a negative long-run effect: a unit increase in the prices of resale flats reduces the total fertility rate (TFR) by 0.0036, statistically significant at 1%. Income is also found to negatively affect fertility. The variables included in the error correction model are also sensitive to disequilibrium. The resale prices also Granger cause the TFR both in the short and long run, and the effect is bidirectional. The paper emphasizes how imperative it is for policymakers to seriously consider this effect in crafting housing and population policies. Pro-natalist measures may prove inadequate if other aspects of family living in Singapore do not significantly change. Governments faced by a steady fertility decline need to consider how housing affordability can be used as an instrument to drive up fertility rates.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented destructive impacts and challenges to global industry and has had a wide impact on people's lives. The threat of the virus has also caused a change in tourist travel consumption behavior. This study preliminarily examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism consumption characteristics of Taiwanese people. The consumption characteristic changes of 393 people regarding their plans for domestic and outbound tourism during the different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as after the pandemic ends were surveyed and collected. This study also examined and attempted to understand the relationship between people's satisfaction with the government's revitalization plan, the pandemic prevention policy, and their domestic tourism frequency during the pandemic period, and the results showed that during the pandemic, people's tourism characteristics have changed and tend to be conservative. Since the pandemic is over, while there were no significant differences between people's planned travel expenditures in Taiwan and those before the outbreak, their intended travel time was shortened. Regarding the choice of travel equipment, people had reduced the use of public transportation. Regarding outbound tourism, after the pandemic, as people's planned travel days will be reduced, it is expected that travel expenditures will be significantly higher than before the pandemic, which shows that the COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on people's outbound tourism consumption characteristics. During the pandemic, compared with the subsidies for tourism, how to make people feel at ease in the process of tourism is of great importance. Therefore, it is suggested that in the short-term, border control and social pandemic prevention policies should be adopted to enhance people's confidence in government pandemic prevention, and the general public should be supplemented with travel subsidies in order to promote people's enthusiasm for tourism. The results of this study provide useful suggestions for government units, tour operators, and related research during the pandemic and offer preliminary insights for the recovery of the tourism industry after the pandemic.

This study is part of the EAVE II project. EAVE II is funded by the MRC (MR/R008345/1) with the support of BREATHE—The Health Data Research Hub for Respiratory Health (MC_PC_19004), which is funded through the UK Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund and delivered through Health Data Research UK. Additional support has been provided through Public Health Scotland and Scottish Government Director General Health and Social Care. The original EAVE project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme (11/46/23). ; Background As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, national-level surveillance platforms with real-time individual person-level data are required to monitor and predict the epidemiological and clinical profile of COVID-19 and inform public health policy. We aimed to create a national dataset of patient-level data in Scotland to identify temporal trends and COVID-19 risk factors, and to develop a novel statistical prediction model to forecast COVID-19-related deaths and hospitalisations during the second wave. Methods We established a surveillance platform to monitor COVID-19 temporal trends using person-level primary care data (including age, sex, socioeconomic status, urban or rural residence, care home residence, and clinical risk factors) linked to data on SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests, hospitalisations, and deaths for all individuals resident in Scotland who were registered with a general practice on Feb 23, 2020. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between clinical risk groups and time to hospitalisation and death. A survival prediction model derived from data from March 1 to June 23, 2020, was created to forecast hospital admissions and deaths from October to December, 2020. We fitted a generalised additive spline model to daily SARS-CoV-2 cases over the previous 10 weeks and used this to create a 28-day forecast of the number of daily cases. The age and risk group pattern of cases in the previous 3 weeks was then used to select a ...