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The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.

The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.

The aim of this article is to show transformations of social services (social security, health care, education, social care and social work) in the perspective of welfare pluralism. The analysis shows that the development of social services in Western capitalist countries went through three different stages. In the first stage the major provider of social services was voluntary sector (NGO) and only at the end of eighteenth century public social services were established. The rapid growth and extension of publically provided social services in Western societies started after World War II. This period of social services development is characterized by the tendency to transfer the responsibility for social risks from private to public realm and is called the golden age of the welfare state. Since the end of 1970s the conception of welfare state undergoes sharp critique in Western democratic countries. The article claims that the new type of social services system, radically different from the postwar welfare state, is emerging.

Contemporary political science has long been focused less on the policy content than on "polity" & "politics," in particular. In the middle of the last century, many political scientists decided that such a self-restraint poses certain difficulties, deciding to launch discussions on how the social scientists can & should examine policy. Harold Lasswell's 1951 essay "The Policy Orientation" has launched the discussions. Here, Lasswell claimed that policy research should be separated from a traditional research, ie., focusing on theory, the subject & descriptive in terms of the style it pursues. An essay may, beyond doubt, be described as one of the political science's classics. Not because Lasswell in the space he had, managed to think with subtlety & in depth from a theoretical point of view, but for the reason that he clarified the parameters that later became decisive in analyzing the content of what politics is: analysis must focus on problems; it must be multi-subject & clearly normative. Thus, these three parameters become the part of the fundamental criteria the European Association of Public Administration Accreditation, founded in 1999, uses in accrediting European public education systems. In spite of the fact that many had agreed on the requirements Lasswell posed with regard to public policy as the focus of the social sciences, there was still a lack of common understanding on how these requirements should be implement. To the contrary, they have become the object of unresolved vigorous discussions. Some might interpret this as a weakness of policy analysis, yet some would see this as a proof of healthiness, ie., that the public policy analysts develop the subject of their expertise. Adapted from the source document.

Siame ivadiniame straipsnyje pristatomi specialiojo 'Politologijos' numerio tiriamieji klausimai ir turinys, taip pat pateikiamas bendras analizes pagrindas, kuri taikant nagrinejama, kokie veiksniai gali paaiskinti vadovu kaita ir politizacija skirtingose Lietuvos viesojo sektoriaus organizaciju (agenturu, valstybes valdomu imoniu, asmens sveikatos prieziuros ir svietimo istaigu) grupese. Palyginus visu straipsniu rezultatus nustatyta, kad viesojo sektoriaus organizaciju vadovu kaita geriausiai paaiskina valdanciosios daugumos ir vyriausybiu pokyciai, o politizacija - politiniu partiju dalyvavimas valdzioje, ju tinklai ir politiku isitikinimai. Taciau asmens sveikatos prieziuros ir svietimo istaigu grupese, kurioms budinga didesne politizacija, yra statistinis rysys tarp vadovu stabilumo ir politizacijos. Valstybes tarnybos reglamentavimo bei teisiniu nuostatu igyvendinimo uztikrinimo veiksnys nera labai reiksmingas - tai daro itaka tik ribotam istaigu prie ministeriju vadovu skaiciui. Pagaliau aiskinant politizacijos skirtumus gana svarbus yra tokie viesojo administravimo veiksniai kaip politinis valdymo sriciu jautrumas ir finansiniai organizaciju istekliai This introductory article presents the common research questions of this special issue and offers a joint framework for analysing the change and politicisation of the senior levels of management of different groups of Lithuanian public sector organisations (agencies, state-owned enterprises, personal health care organisations and educational organisations). A comparison of all contributions to this special issue revealed that repeating alterations of governing majorities and governments best explain the frequent turnover of heads of different Lithuanian public sector organisations (except those of personal health care and educational organisations). However, their politicisation is associated with party entrenchment in power, density of the party networks and politicians' beliefs. Furthermore, variations in the scope of politicisation are related to such administrative factors as the political salience of policy areas and organisational functions, as well as the budget size. Therefore, it is the interplay of political and administrative factors that determines the change and politicisation of management in various public sector organisations. Adapted from the source document.

Implementation of government commitments is one of the most relevant issues of public policy studies. A gap between electoral pledges, government priorities and their practical execution brought disappointment in many democratic countries and attracted significant attention from public policy researchers. This article elaborates a theoretical framework and sets several hypotheses for analysing the process of implementing performance priorities of the Lithuanian government and achieving their results. It argues that public policy decisions can be best explained by the interaction of advocacy coalitions in different policy subsystems. A public policy research agenda focused on the analysis of government commitments can be also applied to assessing how specific political priorities or other policy decisions are carried out in Lithuania and other democratic states, as well as to explaining successes and failures of their implementation process. Causal process tracing can be employed for the within-case and between-case analysis of policy studies. Theoretically developed and empirically rich policy studies following this research agenda would provide interesting insights on policy implementation to researchers, politicians, civil servants, various policy stakeholders, and even citizens. Adapted from the source document.

Local governmental and non-governmental organisations (NVO) collaboration basis is the aim to build effective collaboration device for local governmental institutions (municipality administrations, municipality councils and members of political parties) and for NVO representatives. Both NVO activity and its role are very important and relevant in government's existance. This sector's organisations help to reveal society's interests, aims, needs and intentions. In order to provide fluent social services' distribution the communication between public and third sector is crucial. Society's problem solution for only governmental organisations is quite complicated, therefore there is a need for NVO social services' approach, only working together an effective result can be obtained. The topic analysed in this thesis is relevant because citizens' attendance in the administration of a state is one of the most important features for democratic, free and honest society, hence at the same time causing problems and discussions on the ideological and scientific levels, as well as practical application of participation as a whole.

Local governmental and non-governmental organisations (NVO) collaboration basis is the aim to build effective collaboration device for local governmental institutions (municipality administrations, municipality councils and members of political parties) and for NVO representatives. Both NVO activity and its role are very important and relevant in government's existance. This sector's organisations help to reveal society's interests, aims, needs and intentions. In order to provide fluent social services' distribution the communication between public and third sector is crucial. Society's problem solution for only governmental organisations is quite complicated, therefore there is a need for NVO social services' approach, only working together an effective result can be obtained. The topic analysed in this thesis is relevant because citizens' attendance in the administration of a state is one of the most important features for democratic, free and honest society, hence at the same time causing problems and discussions on the ideological and scientific levels, as well as practical application of participation as a whole.

The master 's thesis analyses the management of volunteers' involvement in the provision of social services in the municipality. The aim of the present master 's thesis is to develop guidelines for municipalities on how to increase the involvement of volunteers in solving social problems in the municipality by studying the theoretical and practical aspects of volunteering as a public management innovation and the theoretical basis of the involvement of volunteers as additional human resources in providing social services in the municipality. The results of the research are presented in three parts: theoretical, research methodology and empirical. In the theoretical part, based on the latest scientific literature and strategic EU documents, the aim was to substantiate the management of volunteers' involvement in the provision of social services in municipalities as social innovation management, because in the absence of proven models for managing volunteer involvement, internal measures had to be sought in organisations. Treating volunteers in the master 's thesis as human resources that have not yet been sufficiently evaluated in municipalities, the concepts of volunteering, its benefits and involvement of individuals in the provision of services are deepened. The analysis of good practices from other countries summarises the measures to help national and local authorities increase the involvement of volunteers in solving social problems. The research methodology is based on a qualitative research strategy. Written survey and document analysis methods were used for data collection. In the written survey, by informing Tauragė District and Šilalė District municipal employees, a standardised questionnaire was used, which was prepared on the basis of the insights of the theoretical part, the best experiences of other European countries and the volunteering activation measures planned by the government of the Republic of Lithuania. The analysis of the documents of the Republic of Lithuania and the analysed municipalities presented in the empirical part showed that the legal regulation of volunteering is not extensive. Volunteers are involved in the provision of social services through projects funded by the EU Structural Funds. In municipalities, volunteering is regulated by orders approved by the council and the director of the administration. Volunteering in municipalities is implemented through youth employment, NGO and community programs. The analysis of the material received from the informants in municipalities showed that the position of politicians and administration supporting volunteering was observed in the analysed municipalities, it was formalised in strategic and operational documents approved by the municipal council and administrative director, created in positions, financial support to NGO. Volunteers in municipalities are involved by publicising, informing about, consulting about and supporting opportunities for volunteering. Increasing the involvement of volunteers by creating clearer activity administration mechanisms in municipalities confirms that volunteers are not yet perceived as a potential in the provision of social services, that municipalities lack the experience to involve volunteers.

The master 's thesis analyses the management of volunteers' involvement in the provision of social services in the municipality. The aim of the present master 's thesis is to develop guidelines for municipalities on how to increase the involvement of volunteers in solving social problems in the municipality by studying the theoretical and practical aspects of volunteering as a public management innovation and the theoretical basis of the involvement of volunteers as additional human resources in providing social services in the municipality. The results of the research are presented in three parts: theoretical, research methodology and empirical. In the theoretical part, based on the latest scientific literature and strategic EU documents, the aim was to substantiate the management of volunteers' involvement in the provision of social services in municipalities as social innovation management, because in the absence of proven models for managing volunteer involvement, internal measures had to be sought in organisations. Treating volunteers in the master 's thesis as human resources that have not yet been sufficiently evaluated in municipalities, the concepts of volunteering, its benefits and involvement of individuals in the provision of services are deepened. The analysis of good practices from other countries summarises the measures to help national and local authorities increase the involvement of volunteers in solving social problems. The research methodology is based on a qualitative research strategy. Written survey and document analysis methods were used for data collection. In the written survey, by informing Tauragė District and Šilalė District municipal employees, a standardised questionnaire was used, which was prepared on the basis of the insights of the theoretical part, the best experiences of other European countries and the volunteering activation measures planned by the government of the Republic of Lithuania. The analysis of the documents of the Republic of Lithuania and the analysed municipalities presented in the empirical part showed that the legal regulation of volunteering is not extensive. Volunteers are involved in the provision of social services through projects funded by the EU Structural Funds. In municipalities, volunteering is regulated by orders approved by the council and the director of the administration. Volunteering in municipalities is implemented through youth employment, NGO and community programs. The analysis of the material received from the informants in municipalities showed that the position of politicians and administration supporting volunteering was observed in the analysed municipalities, it was formalised in strategic and operational documents approved by the municipal council and administrative director, created in positions, financial support to NGO. Volunteers in municipalities are involved by publicising, informing about, consulting about and supporting opportunities for volunteering. Increasing the involvement of volunteers by creating clearer activity administration mechanisms in municipalities confirms that volunteers are not yet perceived as a potential in the provision of social services, that municipalities lack the experience to involve volunteers.

The aim of this work is to indicate reasons that determine the choice of the immigration policy in Lithuania. This is a new approach to this public policy area, because most of the research has analyzed only the nature of migration policy in the country so far. In this Master's thesis the existing nature of immigration policy toward labor immigrants from non-EU countries is chosen as an dependent variable and the reasons that could explain it are sought. The main goal of the work is to indicate the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. To achieve the goal, the following objectives were set: 1) to define how the concept of immigration policy is understood in this work; 2) based on previous research of migration policy, to construct a theoretical model on the basis of which countries like Lithuania should choose a rational immigration policy that corresponds to the country's economic, social and demographic interests; 3) to introduce theoretical approaches to political science that could explain the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the migration policy theories and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania; 4) to formulate the hypotheses based on the theories of political science presented; 5) to confirm or deny the hypotheses based on the information collected during the interviews and the data available in public space. The main question of this study asks why there is a clear discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. As immigration is seen as a part of public policy, public policy analysis approaches were chosen as tools that could help to answer the main question of the study. In addition, considering the fact that many public policy areas in Lithuania are securitized, the interpretation of international relations based on threat analysis was included. Based on the presented theories, three hypotheses were raised: 1) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the unwillingness of politicians to make unpopular decisions that could threaten their further political career (re- election); 2) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the most effective interest group; 3) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by real and fictional security threats. The results of the study confirmed two of the three hypotheses.

The aim of this work is to indicate reasons that determine the choice of the immigration policy in Lithuania. This is a new approach to this public policy area, because most of the research has analyzed only the nature of migration policy in the country so far. In this Master's thesis the existing nature of immigration policy toward labor immigrants from non-EU countries is chosen as an dependent variable and the reasons that could explain it are sought. The main goal of the work is to indicate the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. To achieve the goal, the following objectives were set: 1) to define how the concept of immigration policy is understood in this work; 2) based on previous research of migration policy, to construct a theoretical model on the basis of which countries like Lithuania should choose a rational immigration policy that corresponds to the country's economic, social and demographic interests; 3) to introduce theoretical approaches to political science that could explain the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the migration policy theories and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania; 4) to formulate the hypotheses based on the theories of political science presented; 5) to confirm or deny the hypotheses based on the information collected during the interviews and the data available in public space. The main question of this study asks why there is a clear discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. As immigration is seen as a part of public policy, public policy analysis approaches were chosen as tools that could help to answer the main question of the study. In addition, considering the fact that many public policy areas in Lithuania are securitized, the interpretation of international relations based on threat analysis was included. Based on the presented theories, three hypotheses were raised: 1) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the unwillingness of politicians to make unpopular decisions that could threaten their further political career (re- election); 2) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the most effective interest group; 3) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by real and fictional security threats. The results of the study confirmed two of the three hypotheses.

The aim of this work is to indicate reasons that determine the choice of the immigration policy in Lithuania. This is a new approach to this public policy area, because most of the research has analyzed only the nature of migration policy in the country so far. In this Master's thesis the existing nature of immigration policy toward labor immigrants from non-EU countries is chosen as an dependent variable and the reasons that could explain it are sought. The main goal of the work is to indicate the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. To achieve the goal, the following objectives were set: 1) to define how the concept of immigration policy is understood in this work; 2) based on previous research of migration policy, to construct a theoretical model on the basis of which countries like Lithuania should choose a rational immigration policy that corresponds to the country's economic, social and demographic interests; 3) to introduce theoretical approaches to political science that could explain the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the migration policy theories and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania; 4) to formulate the hypotheses based on the theories of political science presented; 5) to confirm or deny the hypotheses based on the information collected during the interviews and the data available in public space. The main question of this study asks why there is a clear discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. As immigration is seen as a part of public policy, public policy analysis approaches were chosen as tools that could help to answer the main question of the study. In addition, considering the fact that many public policy areas in Lithuania are securitized, the interpretation of international relations based on threat analysis was included. Based on the presented theories, three hypotheses were raised: 1) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the unwillingness of politicians to make unpopular decisions that could threaten their further political career (re- election); 2) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the most effective interest group; 3) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by real and fictional security threats. The results of the study confirmed two of the three hypotheses.

The aim of this work is to indicate reasons that determine the choice of the immigration policy in Lithuania. This is a new approach to this public policy area, because most of the research has analyzed only the nature of migration policy in the country so far. In this Master's thesis the existing nature of immigration policy toward labor immigrants from non-EU countries is chosen as an dependent variable and the reasons that could explain it are sought. The main goal of the work is to indicate the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. To achieve the goal, the following objectives were set: 1) to define how the concept of immigration policy is understood in this work; 2) based on previous research of migration policy, to construct a theoretical model on the basis of which countries like Lithuania should choose a rational immigration policy that corresponds to the country's economic, social and demographic interests; 3) to introduce theoretical approaches to political science that could explain the reasons which determine the discrepancy between the migration policy theories and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania; 4) to formulate the hypotheses based on the theories of political science presented; 5) to confirm or deny the hypotheses based on the information collected during the interviews and the data available in public space. The main question of this study asks why there is a clear discrepancy between the policy, proposed by migration analysts and economists, and the actual immigration policy in Lithuania today. As immigration is seen as a part of public policy, public policy analysis approaches were chosen as tools that could help to answer the main question of the study. In addition, considering the fact that many public policy areas in Lithuania are securitized, the interpretation of international relations based on threat analysis was included. Based on the presented theories, three hypotheses were raised: 1) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the unwillingness of politicians to make unpopular decisions that could threaten their further political career (re- election); 2) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by the most effective interest group; 3) The nature of immigration policy in Lithuania is determined by real and fictional security threats. The results of the study confirmed two of the three hypotheses.

Over the last decade, the development of cognitive and behavioural sciences has determined the diffusion of the concept and methodology of behavioural insights into social sciences, including the governance sphere. Behavioural teams worldwide participate in developing and implementing the strategies at various levels of governance organisation. The aim of this study is to investigate the institutionalisation process of behavioural insights into public policy. The study has identified the agentive determinants of the institutionalisation efficiency that include: the competence level of public servants, their motivation level, resistance to change and the nature of feedback. It is argued that the approval level of using behavioural insights by civil servants is a prerequisite for their intrinsic motivation, which has a positive effect on the efficiency of institutionalisation of behavioural insights in public policy. The survey has revealed the most approved directions for using behavioural techniques in public policy in Ukraine.