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This book, the 20 Political Perspectives, allows readers to know and understanddifferent political views based on western philosophers and theorists, all of which have reflectedthoughts, beliefs, and political evolution that are in some ways similar and different. Theseelements, i.e., thoughts, beliefs, and political evolution, come from those well-known personsfrom very old times to this present period.Keywords : Thought, political perspective

Abstract
A deep approach to learning is essential for student academic achievement and several studies demonstrate a significant association between such an approach to learning and student academic performance. However, findings from some empirical studies in this domain are inconsistent and the main objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of application of the Biggs (2001) Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) for the diagnosis and monitoring of teacherstudent approaches to learning. Also, the aim of this study was to examine the association of the different approaches to learning with student reading habits and literacy skills. The sample included 202 undergraduate teacher education students. The study found that both, male and female students at the year of study have similar deep and surface approaches to learning. This initial evaluation of the R-SPQ-2F indicates that the questionnaire has acceptable internal consistency and is a promising short instrument for the diagnosis of student teachers′ deep and surface approaches to learning. Results are discussed with reference to a procedure that combines qualitative and quantitative data to increase the diagnostic validity of student learning approaches. Based on the findings of this study, it seems that the R-SPQ-2F scale can be used as a reliable instrument that can help educators diagnose and encourage the development of student teacher approaches to learning, that is a significant contributing factor to their academic performance and teaching practice.

It is an exciting time to consider changes in the field of comparative-historical sociology, as the discipline seeks to accommodate both old and new trends as well as the transforming spatial scales in which political power and social theory are increasingly embedded. Volume 20 of Political Power and Social Theory starts the ball rolling by showcasing articles that pursue similar themes

It is an exciting time to consider changes in the field of comparative-historical sociology, as the discipline seeks to accommodate both old and new trends as well as the transforming spatial scales in which political power and social theory are increasingly embedded. Volume 20 of "Political Power and Social Theory" starts the ball rolling by showcasing articles that pursue similar themes. The question of what is old and what is new hovers over most of the contributions, particularly the peer-reviewed chapters in parts I and II, which consider such long-standing socio-historical concerns as power structure theory, class-based collective action, and empire - but examine them through new conceptual, methodological, and historical lenses. This year's volume also offers a critical treatment of the spatial or territorial dynamics of state hegemony, class power, ideologies of governance, and citizenship - with the latter theme most well developed in debate over the new geographies of citizenship in the Scholarly Controversy Section as well as in part-II's guest-edited section on Empire and Colonialism.

Rather than addressing the dated debate of Iraq's 'artificiality', this article analyses the evolution of the term 'Iraq' and by extension the evolution in frames of self-definition in the years 1914-20. I use three key events (the anti-British jihad of 1914, the Najaf rebellion of
1918 and the rebellion of 1920) and examine the discourse that accompanied the events to analyse the changing categories of self-identification on the mid-Euphrates. A clearly discernible ontological evolution of 'Iraq' in the popular imagination is revealed thereby clarifying and explaining
the rapid rise and adoption of Iraqi nationalism in the early twentieth century.

This essay is the first of a planned three-part series dealing with
quantitative indicators of continuity and change in the political science
discipline, focusing on the period since 1960. The series is inspired by
the work of Somit and Tanenhaus (1967) which
presented reputational rankings of both departments and individuals. For
this series of essays, we created a unique database in which we recorded
cumulative citation counts between 1960–2005 for all regular faculty
members of U.S. Ph.D.-granting institutions ca. 2002. In addition to
identifying the department at which the individuals in this data set are
presently employed, we have also collected information on their date of
Ph.D. and the institution from which their Ph.D. was awarded. The authors would like to thank Robert Axelrod,
Nathaniel Beck, Russell Dalton, James Fowler, Ronald Inglehart, Margaret
Levi, Michael Lewis-Beck, Jean Oi, Dorothy Solinger, Don Wittman, and the
anonymous reviewers of PS for their helpful feedback and
corrections. We are also indebted to the bibliographic assistance of
Clover Behrend-Gethard, and to the inspiration of Hans-Dieter
Klingemann's pioneering work. Any errors presented in this paper are
the sole responsibility of the authors. The authors welcome corrections to
the data that is presented in this series. Comments and corrections can be
sent to Bgrofman@uci.edu.