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This work focuses on the trajectory of the archaeologist Osvaldo Heredia, particularly in the theoretical approaches, research projects, the task of teaching and political concerns. Usually located within the theoretical line of Alberto Rex González and his innovative perspectives on the Argentine northwest, discusses the history of who was himself a notable figure in the context of the tumultuous Cordoba '60s and '70s. From materials of the Documentary Fund "Osvaldo Heredia" and interviews with his contemporaries - both colleagues and students - explores the plurality of aspects that Heredia made part of a lineage within which came to differentiate. Although the period in question runs from the '60s until his return to Argentina in the democratic era, this article focuses primarily on Heredia archaeological investigations conducted in the period 1973-1976 which were a turning point in his thought, with all its scope and also its limitations. ; Este trabajo se centra en la trayectoria del arqueólogo Osvaldo Heredia, particularmente en los enfoques teóricos, los proyectos de investigación, la tarea docente y las preocupaciones políticas. Ubicado habitualmente dentro de la línea teórica de Alberto Rex González y sus innovadoras perspectivas sobre el noroeste argentino, se analiza la trayectoria de quien fue a su vez una figura notable en el contexto cordobés de los tumultuosos años '60 y '70. A partir de los materiales del Fondo Documental "Osvaldo Heredia" y de entrevistas con sus contemporáneos - tanto colegas como alumnos – se explora la pluralidad de aspectos que hicieron de Heredia parte de un linaje dentro del cual llegó a diferenciarse. Aunque el período en cuestión va desde los ´60 hasta su regreso a la Argentina en la etapa democrática, este artículo se concentra mayormente en las investigaciones arqueológicas que Heredia llevó a cabo en el período 1973-1976 y que fueron un punto de inflexión en su pensamiento, con todos sus alcances y, también, sus limitaciones.

The socio-economic project of an emerging elite in Beni, since the mid-nineteenth century, had a negative impact on several of the indigenous peoples that lived in the old missions. In order to secure their survival, these groups developed various strategies. Focusing on the Moxeño Trinitario, located mainly in the capital, Trinidad, we will observe the group's strategy, developed by its corregidor José Santos Noco Guaji, before the advancement of the internal frontier and the progressive formation of the Bolivian nation-state. Santos Noco reformulated the elements of mission culture inherited from the Jesuits –social, economic and political practice and the Catholic world view- with the civil rights granted by Bolivian legislation -citizenship and property- in order to create a space on the banks of the Sécure and Mamore Rivers, where Trinitarios lived in relative autonomy between the 1880's and 1930. ; El proyecto socioeconómico de una emergente élite dirigente en el Beni, a partir de mediados del siglo XIX, tuvo un impacto negativo en varios de los pueblos indígenas radicados en los antiguos núcleos reduccionales que, en aras a la supervivencia grupal, elaboraron diversas estrategias. En un análisis de caso del grupo moxeño trinitario, ubicado mayoritariamente en Trinidad (Beni–Bolivia) observaremos la estrategia del grupo, liderado por su corregidor José Santos Noco Guaji, ante el avance de la frontera interna y la progresiva conformación del estado-nación boliviano. Este líder indígena, conjugó los elementos de la cultura reduccional heredada de los jesuitas –praxis social, económica y política y cosmovisión católica- con los derechos civiles otorgados a la población por la legislación boliviana –ciudadanía y propiedad- para construir un espacio, a orillas de los ríos Sécure y Mamoré, donde la población trinitaria vivió con una relativa autonomía entre las décadas de 1880 y 1930.

The commercial strategies of the Spanish booksellers and publishing houses in the American markets are analyzed in a context distinguished by Americanist trends in the political sphere and "regenerationist" initiatives in the economic field, during the period beginning with the Centennial of the Wars of Independence and ending with the Spanish Civil War. This paper studies the managerial strategies implemented by the publishing houses of Catalonia, the leadership of this region as epicentre of the Hispanic project, and finally the conditions that allowed the creation of the "Sudamericana" publishing house of Buenos Aires, before the imminence of Franco´s victory. The foci of study are the publishing and commercial strategies; the importance of the book associations and management corporations; and the bonds formed with the Argentine intellectual sector in the first decades of the 20th century by means of the consular delegations, cultural institutions and Spanish chambers of commerce ; Las estrategias comerciales de los libreros y editores españoles para desembarcar en los mercados americanos son analizadas en un contexto signado por las tendencias americanistas en el plano político y las iniciativas regeneracionistas en el económico durante el periodo que va del Centenario de las Independencias hasta la Guerra Civil española. Se abordan algunas de las políticas empresariales editoriales implementadas en Cataluña, el liderazgo ejercido por esta región como epicentro del proyecto hispano, y finalmente las condiciones que permitieron la creación de la editorial Sudamericana en Buenos Aires ante la inminencia del triunfo franquista. Los ejes de estudio son las estrategias editoriales y comerciales; el peso de las asociaciones y corporaciones patronales del libro; y los vínculos tejidos con el sector intelectual argentino en las primeras décadas del siglo XX a través de delegaciones consulares, instituciones culturales y cámaras españolas de comercio.

Rooibos is a herbal tea produced from a plant endemic to South Africa (Aspalathus linearis) that is typical of fynbos vegetation. Rooibos is a local product or « produit de terroir » because it is historically rooted and the production know-how as well as the resource is linked to a specific region: the south-western part of South Africa. Rooibos production combines the different elements that constitute heritage: it is produced collectively, rooted in time and in space, transmitted or conserved. Rooibos is then situated in the field of the "local products heritagization". It is currently the subject of a Geographical Indication project (GI) and is for this reason emblematic of this field in the Southern countries. In order to clarify the value enhancement process, this research consisted of studying the dynamics behind this heritage dimension. We show that this production is indissociable from the contexts and stakes - political, social and regarding people's identities - which have existed in South African society at different times. The rooibos chain turned out to be an accurate representation of the national tensions in post-apartheid South Africa. We observe the willingness to promote multicultural nation that contrasts sharply with the desire to keep the hierarchical frame that is at the root of the socio-economical inequalities. The imagined rooibos links the Afrikaner farmers' engineering with the Coloured workers' know-how and the use of heritage images like the Khoisan; on the other hand the current organisation of the chain reproduces the disparities amongst the local stakeholders, both between farmers and workers and between Afrikaner farmers and Coloured farmers. Our results suggest that the construction of new South-African heritages is not necessarily a factor of integration and reconciliation. ; Le rooibos est une tisane produite à partir d'une plante sud-africaine endémique (Aspalathus linaris), typique de la formation végétale fynbos. Il s'agit d'une production localisée ou « produit de terroir ...

Sustainable forest management quest generates many international mechanisms among which forest certification, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Avoided Deforestation (REDD). These innovative emerging mechanisms are preached more and more within the framework of the Kyoto protocol, not only to avoid or reduce deforestation, but especially to attenuate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However there is very little knowledge and study on their scientific foundations and on how effective are their implements. Scientific research is thus necessary to produce an analytical assessment of their implementation and feasibility, as well as their theoretical and conceptual bases. This research should also analyze both positive and negative aspects, social and political factors of acceptance or failure of these mechanisms, their environmental and socio-economic effects, and associated carbon markets. Theoretical and conceptual approach must be completed by empirical approach through case studies. By integrating a prospective dimension, such a research, necessarily multidisciplinary, will provide knowledge and arguments about the efficiency of these mechanisms in the next international agreement which will succeed to the Kyoto protocol after 2012. ; La quête de la gestion durable des forêts génère de nombreux mécanismes internationaux parmi lesquels la certification forestière, le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP) du secteur forestier, la Déforestation Evitée (REDD). Ces mécanismes émergents et innovants sont de plus en plus prônés dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto, non seulement pour éviter ou pour réduire la déforestation, mais surtout pour atténuer le changement climatique par la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Or il existe très peu d'études et de connaissances sur les fondements scientifiques et techniques et sur l'efficacité de ces mécanismes. Des recherches scientifiques sont donc nécessaires pour produire un bilan analytique de leurs fondements théoriques et ...

Artists build places and from there, offer an aesthetic approach of a transforming world. Their creation expresses a crossing and hybrid process resulting of their subjectivity, their individual aesthetic experience and their spatial practises of places and mobility between them. Their relationship to the imagination and narratives of movement (whether gestural, technical, poetic or expressed by a journey) participate in jostling the traditional geographical conceptions of temporalities, limits, places and gender. The quest for an elsewhere and escaping strategies seem essential in nourishing their creativity in materially expressing intertwining. To reach this "elsewhere", artists seem to be in permanent mobility, granting movement an aesthetical value. This leads them to develop a cognitive world propitious to escaping and self-surpassing dynamics and to open their work to these themes: territorial domination, borders, identities are issues more and more present in contemporary creation. Traces, meetings, allures, masculine and feminine bodies "desenvelopment", contact places testify of the capacities that movement allows them to develop. The paper will present the results of a study of European artists' mobility (research undertook by CNRS unit "PACTE" within a LifeLong Learning programme / DG Education and Culture) by analysing 17 life stories of French artists and a sample of other trajectories from the 10 countries concerned by the survey, as well as their works. Our main objective is to offer a reading of the multiple crossings undertook by the artists (whether social, political, aesthetical or sexual) in terms of complex intersectionnalities, thus enriching a mobile definition of place / a definition of mobile place. ; Les artistes construisent et proposent dans des lieux situés une approche esthétique d'un monde en transformation. Leur création exprime un croisement, une hybridité, entre leur subjectivité, leur expérience esthétique individuelle, leurs pratiques des lieux et leurs expériences de ...

BACKGROUND: Some patients awaken from coma (that is, open the eyes) but remain unresponsive (that is, only showing reflex movements without response to command). This syndrome has been coined vegetative state. We here present a new name for this challenging neurological condition: unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (abbreviated UWS). DISCUSSION: Many clinicians feel uncomfortable when referring to patients as vegetative. Indeed, to most of the lay public and media vegetative state has a pejorative connotation and seems inappropriately to refer to these patients as being vegetable-like. Some political and religious groups have hence felt the need to emphasize these vulnerable patients' rights as human beings. Moreover, since its first description over 35 years ago, an increasing number of functional neuroimaging and cognitive evoked potential studies have shown that physicians should be cautious to make strong claims about awareness in some patients without behavioral responses to command. Given these concerns regarding the negative associations intrinsic to the term vegetative state as well as the diagnostic errors and their potential effect on the treatment and care for these patients (who sometimes never recover behavioral signs of consciousness but often recover to what was recently coined a minimally conscious state) we here propose to replace the name. CONCLUSION: Since after 35 years the medical community has been unsuccessful in changing the pejorative image associated with the words vegetative state, we think it would be better to change the term itself. We here offer physicians the possibility to refer to this condition as unresponsive wakefulness syndrome or UWS. As this neutral descriptive term indicates, it refers to patients showing a number of clinical signs (hence syndrome) of unresponsiveness (that is, without response to commands) in the presence of wakefulness (that is, eye opening). ; Peer reviewed

This thesis addresses the question: Why has health research not improved Aboriginal health? Exploring this question from an Indigenous perspective required the development of a methodological approach that I personally undertook as a journey, as both a participant and researcher. This methodology was informed by a decolonisation framework, used Indigenous critical theory and required the balancing of two ways of knowing, to grow a new approach to Indigenous health research. It was initiated and guided by Aboriginal Elders. The thesis critiques the historical, political, social and current context of Indigenous health and well-being in relation to the Western dominance of knowledge production and ongoing colonisation in Aboriginal health research. Positivistic methods used in health research are interrogated in relation to their lack of contextualisation of the objects (Aboriginal persons) studied. A major focus of this study is the problematic constructions of Aboriginal people as a colonial strategy linked to the Invasion doctrine of terra nullius. The replication of this colonial strategy within the Aboriginal health research discourse since the 1870s through to the present and the impact these representations have had and continue to have on Indigenous Australians is examined. The building and maintenance of the institution of the Western Aboriginal health ‗expert' is deconstructed in the light of Edward Said's Orientalism and Michel Foucault's discourses on the power of Western knowledge production. Fieldwork was undertaken in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, where I interviewed participants involved in Indigenous health research. Their stories and my own story in relation to research practices exemplify the maintenance of Western knowledge production problematising Indigenous peoples and treating them as the ‗Other'. The consequences of such practice are injury; unethical practice; silencing of Indigenous voices and views; subjugating of Indigenous knowledges and solutions; and production of invalid data ...

Global climate change is likely to be the most challenging environmental dilemma of the 21st century because its impacts on ecosystems and human society are transnational in scale and long term in scope. Due to its high scientific complexity and uncertainty and high political and economic sensitivity, mitigating the problem will require interdisciplinary cooperation and collective and sustained efforts on the part of all nations. Sufficient domestic support from both government and the lay public will not only be significant to the success of an international climate regime, but also crucial to the effectiveness of potential domestic climate policies. Such circumstances call for exploration of how the level of the public's scientific understanding of climate change influences choices for climate protective actions and support for climate policies. Social scientists have the responsibility to explore how people perceive, understand, and respond to global climate change and to investigate the roles and interrelationships of various actors (e.g., scientists, citizens, and elected and appointed officials) in the policy-making process. Compared with numerous social scientific studies of global climate change in North America and Europe, substantially fewer investigations have focused on other regions of the world. Therefore, this doctoral research presents a case study of domestic climate policy formulation premised on the integration of science and citizens in an industrialized Asian society - Taiwan. This dissertation reports the views of Taiwanese youth with respect to global climate change based on data compiled from three empirical studies (i.e., integrated assessment focus groups, pre- and post-surveys, and a web-based survey). These studies in combination present three primary findings: 1) Most Taiwanese young adults tend to endorse pro-climate protection attitudes and behaviors; 2) These young adults display an extensive but limited scientific understanding pertaining to the problem; 3) A process of ...

Fair trade (FT) organisations have been quite early taken as examples of social enterprises (SE) and have contributed to the shaping of the SE concept. The goal of this article is to examine more deeply, both at a conceptual and at an empirical level, to what extent FT organisations can be considered as social enterprises. First, we introduce different theoretical frameworks of SE and examine FT in the context of each of these frameworks. In a second step, we use an empirical study on fair trade social enterprises (FTSEs) across four European countries to illustrate and deepen the links between FT and SE, focusing on the goals and the governance structures of FTSEs. It appears that all FTSEs combine in some way economic, social and sometimes also political goals. FTSEs are thus in line with the "hybrid-goal" nature of SEs. FTSEs' governance is also quite specific and often innovative in terms of organisational architecture and stakeholders' involvement. Some FTSEs are closer to the European – participatory – approach of social enterprise, while others are closer to US – individual – approaches. Finally, the governance structures of FTSEs seem to reflect quite well their goal mix. This article provides a more solid basis for the often implicit link between FT and SE. Future researches could use our work to explore specific topics of the SE literature (e.g. stakeholders' involvement) in the context of FT. The FT example could also be used to examine further the shifting boundaries of the SE reality. The originality of this article is to apply the SE concept to a specific field and to show how, within this field, there is at the same time (1) a diversity of organisations, reflecting the diversity of SE approaches and (2) a range of specific features (especially in terms of goal mix and governance) distinguishing SEs from other types of organisations operating in the same field.

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

In much that is written about Sergio Leone's "spaghetti westerns" – that genre of Italian cinema characterized by hyper-violence or cartoon-like formal properties or both – most critics invoke an Italian cultural rubric for deciding the films' ultimate meaning. From the earliest critical readings of the "spaghetti western" that focused on Leone's films as derived, cut-out copies of the mythic American westerns of Ford, Hawks, and Anthony Mann to the more recent attempts to locate Leone's cinema within a more encompassing framework of native Italian visual tropes, Italian culture remains the final arbiter of acceptable interpretations. In the following essay, I take issue with that view by arguing for another perspective on Leone's cinema, especially with regard to his first two westerns, Fistful of Dollars and For a Few Dollars More. I do so by associating the conflict and violent acquisition of power depicted in the films with a semantic chain that needs to be thought through a notion of the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean functions as a kind of unconscious in Leone's cinema, one that operates both visually and diegetically. The visual impact is made most clear in the barren mise-en-scene of these films, shot in southern Spain, which offers a dramatic counterpoint to the monumentality of the American Western. Diegetically, the Mediterranean figures in the ultimate dénouement of these films: the destruction of towns and the lives that inhabit them. This destruction is linked to the centrality of technology in Leone's oeuvre, which, when inserted into a depoliticized setting such as the Mediterranean, leads to a radical discounting of life. Thus the Mediterranean appears in my reading of Leone not simply as hybridity or as "common inheritance" of all mankind as some would have it, but rather as fundamentally destabilizing for all political order.

International audience ; With the enlargements of the European Union in the East in 2004 and 2007, the regional economic disparities increased profoundly and an effort of solidarity between states was necessary. This paper proposes to identify between the explanatory factors at the origin of the uneven distribution of wealth between regions in Central and Eastern Europe countries. Both the role of the political and economic transition which took place in these countries and that of the geographical distance from metropolis and the border of Europe's Fifteen member states will be put forward. in the debate between efficiency and equity of european structural Funds, we shall wonder on the eventuality of a cohesion policy rethoughttaking into account the proximity's effects on the regional growth and on the reduction of economic disparities. The results of our calculations of global and local spatial autocorrelation suggest new lines of research. ; Avec les élargissements de l'Union européenne à l'est en 2004 et 2007, les disparités économiques régionales ont profondément augmenté et un effort de solidarité entre les états-membres a été nécessaire. Cet article propose d'identifier les facteurs explicatifs à l'origine de l'inégale distribution de la richesse des régions dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. Ainsi, il est mis en avant le rôle de la transition politique et économique qui s'est opérée dans ces pays mais aussi le rôle de la distance géographique aux métropoles et à la frontière de l'Europe des Quinze. Dans le débat entre efficacité et équité des Fonds structurels européens, nous nous interrogerons sur l'éventualité d'une politique de cohésion repensée prenant en compte les effets de débordements/proximité sur la croissance régionale et la réduction des disparités économiques. à cet effet, les résultats de nos calculs d'autocorrélation spatiale globale et locale permettent d'avancer quelques pistes de recherche.

This article analyzes the difficulties that liberal democracies face in accommodating a diversity of values, interests and identities in contexts of national pluralism (plurinational states). The first section analyzes the fallacy of abstraction and the distortions of the concept of pluralism that occur in enlightenment-based theories. The second section begins with a brief description of three classic institutional solutions for accommodating plurinational societies in liberal democracies: federalism, consociationalism and secession. A comparative analysis of nineteen decentralized federal or regional democracies is then discussed in order to evaluate the adequacy of federalism in regulating political recognition and accommodation in contexts of national pluralism. My conclusion suggests that these two objectives can only be achieved by means of plurinational federalism or partnership, which may also include consociational processes that regulate the possible secession of minority nations. ; Este artículo analiza las dificultades de las democracias liberales en el momento de acomodar la diversidad de valores, intereses e identidades en contextos de pluralismo nacional (estados plurinacionales). en la primera sección, se analizan dos distorsiones presentes en la tradición liberal: la falacia de la abstracción y el modo de tratar el pluralismo en las teorías que arrancan de la Ilustración. en la segunda sección, se mencionan las tres soluciones institucionales clásicas para acomodar sociedades plurinacionales en las democracias liberales: federalismo, consociacionalismo y secesión. A continuación, se examina la adecuación del federalismo para regular el reconocimiento y la acomodación política del pluralismo nacional a partir de un análisis comparado de diecinueve democracias federales o regionales descentralizadas. La conclusión es que el reconocimiento y la acomodación sólo pueden alcanzarse a través de los modelos de federalismo plurinacional o de partenariado (en combinación, o no, con instituciones y procesos consociacionales que regulen la posible secesión de las naciones minoritarias).

The election in the Bundesland North Rhine-Westphalia was the first regional ballot after the change of federal government in Berlin from a Christian Democrat-Social Democrat to a Christian Democrat-Liberal coalition. Thus the judgement of the voters about the Christian Democrat-Liberal government, having been in office in Dusseldorf for five years, was a first test for the conservative-liberal constellation in two ways. Chancellor Angela Merkel and her cabinet decided to wait for North Rhine-Westphalia before necessary austere reforms should be announced, in order not to be punished by the voters for social hardships. Meanwhile -- and possibly because of the standstill -- internal conflicts between the coalition partners dominated the political agenda: disputes on the tax reform and the economisation of the welfare state as well as the unsuccessful delay of decisions on financial help for Greece. Under these conditions the Conservative-Liberal coalition in Dusseldorf, only five years in government, was voted out and punished for mistakes mainly caused in Berlin, some -- but fewer -- home made. Additionally, the image of Prime Minister Jurgen Ruttgers had been severely damaged by a sponsoring affair, to the benefit of the Social Democrat candidate who originally had not been quite so popular. As a result, he and his party lost the leadership in opinion polls. Instead of concentrating on pressing issues such as education, public financing, energy or environment, the campaign engaged in the question who will govern North Rhine-Westphalia for the next five years, a Conservative-Liberal or a Social Democrat-Green-Socialist coalition. Lacking real polarization on social conflicts, mood factors such as the perception of images and competence as well as disappointment and resignation contributed mainly to a high abstention rate of former Conservative-voters which eventually decided the outcome. In consequence, a Social Democrat-Green minority coalition under Hannelore Kraft formed the new government in Dusseldorf. Adapted from the source document.