Suchergebnisse

Gaining the Independence of Ukraine in 1991, the «orange revolution» of 2004, the «revolution of dignity» 2013– 2014 – are the links of a inextricable process. All these events were real because the social forces interested in Westernization and liberalization of the Ukrainian state. They cannot be considered as a spontaneous outburst of popular discontent but a process of natural transformation of Ukrainian society.This process began in the 1960s with performances of dissidents against the government. So the formation of civil society in Ukraine has begun. Tectonic shifts that occurred in 1989–1991, 2004, 2013–2014 showed that there is a strong civil cosiety which has enough power to have influence at government.On our opinion, in the process of development of civil society in Ukraine, we have identified three stages: 1) cultural (1961–1991), when Ukrainians saw itself as a separate nation, recognized the right of its people to self-determination and began to demand its implementation; 2)socio-economic (1991–2004), when the middle class advanced on the stage of history, which was formed in the period of independence, and became an independent and self-sufficient actor; 3) political (2004–2013) – Euromaydan showed that the civil society had been formed in Ukraine, the Ukrainian society has reached a stage of development and self-organization, when Ukrainian citizens not only understand their rights, interests and needs, but also ready to fight for them. ; Достижение независимости Украины в 1991 г., «оранжевая революция» 2004 г., «революция достоинства» 2013–2014 гг. – звенья одной цепи. За всеми этими событиями стоят общественные силы, заинтересованные в вестернизации и либерализации украинского государства. Их нельзя считать спонтанным всплеском народного недовольства – это закономерные этапы трансформации украинского общества.На наш взгляд, процесс начался еще в 60-е гг. прошлого столетия. Именно с выступления диссидентов против власти начинается формирование гражданского общества в Украине. Тектонические сдвиги, прозо-шедшие в 1989–1991, 2004, 2013–2014 гг., продемонстрировали наличие в Украине гражданского общества, способного влиять на власть.В процессе развития гражданского общества в Украине мы выделили три этапа: 1) культурный (1961– 1991 гг.), когда украинцы ощутили себя отдельной нацией, осознали право своей нации на самоопределение и начали требовать его реализации; 2) социально-экономический (1991–2004 гг.), когда на историческую сцену вышел средний класс, сформированный в период независимости, став самостоятельным и самодостаточным игроком; 3) политический (2004–2013 гг.) – Евромайдан показал, что в Украине полностью сформировалось гражданское общество, украинское общество достигло такой степени развития и самоорганизации, когда украинские граждане не только понимают свои права, интересы и потребности, но и готовы за них бороться ; Здобуття незалежності України в 1991 р., «помаранчева революція» 2004 р., «революція гід-ності» 2013–2014 рр. – ланки одного процесу. За всіма цими подіями стоять суспільні сили, зацікавлені у вестернізації та лібералізації української держави. Їх не можна вважати спонтанним сплеском народного незадоволення – це закономірні етапи трансформації українського суспільства.На наш погляд, процес почався ще в 60-ті рр. минулого століття. Саме з виступу дисидентів проти влади розпочинається формування громадянського суспільства в Україні. Тектонічні зсуви, що відбулися впродовж 1989–1991, 2004, 2013–2014 рр., засвідчили наявність в Україні грома-дянського суспільства, здатного впливати на владу.У процесі розвитку громадянського суспільства в Україні ми виокремили три етапи: 1) куль-турницький (1961–1991 рр.), коли українці відчули себе окремою нацією, усвідомили право своєї нації на самовизначення й почали вимагати його реалізації; 2) соціально-економічний (1991–2004 рр.), коли на історичну сцену вийшов середній клас, сформований у період незалежності, ставши самостійним і самодостатнім актором; 3) політичний (2004–2013 рр.) – Євромайдан засвідчив, що в Україні повністю сформувалось громадянське суспільство – українське суспіль-ство досягло такого ступеня розвитку й самоорганізації, коли українські громадяни не лише розуміють свої права, інтереси та потреби, але й готові за них боротися.

Archived documents are certainly an integral part of the cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people. Necessity research dynasty Kharytonenkos role in the economic and social of the Russian Empire's development of the second half. XIX–early twentieth century le adsto the need to analyze a widerange of archival documents. However, in modern Ukrainian historiography virtually no work specifically de voted to the problem out lined. In the Soviet period as a result of deliberate interference with the work of historians was depersonalization history have been artificially narrowed the maticframes studies, e specially thos econcerning biographical history. Dis regard the principles of objectivity and historicism led to the leveling and humiliating role of the individual in history.The largest and most important group of documents on the history of economic and social activities a res to redin the State Archives of Sumy region. Funds of factories and e states family Kharytonenkos containing account books, information on progress, reports, reports, statements audits, lists of workers, descriptions of property, technical details of the production. The yare of great importance for the study of economic and social activities Kharytonenko's dynasty, the study of historical experience. Representatives of this dynasty over come hard way from villages uburb of Lower Sirovatka Sumycounty Kharkov province, the weal theist and famous not only in Russia sugar manufacturers. Thanks to the ir hard work amounts provincial town has become a leading center for the sugar-refining industry Kharkov province. Funds of of the State Archives of Sumy region en able the study of complex materials, aggregate documents public, political, scientific, national economic and cultural significance, formed by various activities Kharytonenkos family and their businesses. It is well known that the documents are a means of fixing different way son special materials information about facts, events, phenomena, objective reality and human mental activity, but that the documents of personal origin is an in exhaustible our ceofall forms of intellectual history and public opinion ; Архівні документи, безперечно є складовою частиною культурної спадщини українсь-кого народу. Необхідність наукового дослідження ролі династії Харитоненків у госпо-дарському та громадському розвиту Російської імперії другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століття зумовлює потребу аналізу широкого кола архівних документів. Однак, у сучасній українській історіографії практично відсутні праці, спеціально присвячені окре-сленій проблемі. У радянський період в результаті цілеспрямованого втручання в ро-боту істориків відбувалося знеособлення історії, були штучно звужені тематичні межі досліджень, особливо тих, що стосувались біографічної історії. Зневага принципами іс-торизму і об'єктивності привела до нівеляції і приниження ролі особи в історії.Найбільша та найвагоміша група документів з історії господарської та громадської діяльності зберігаються у Державному архіві Сумської області. Фонди заводів і маєтків родини Харитоненків містять бухгалтерські книги, відомості про хід робіт, баланси, звіти, акти ревізій, списки робітників, описи майна, технічні відомості про виробницт-во.Вони мають велике значення для дослідження господарської та громадської діяльно-сті династії Харитоненків, вивчення їх історичного досвіду. Представники цієї династії подолали нелегкий шлях від селян слободиНижньоїСироватки Сумського повіту Харків-ської губернії, до найзаможніших та відомих не лише у Росії цукрозаводчиків. Завдяки їх наполегливій праці провінційне місто Суми перетворилося на провідний центр цукрово-рафінадної галузі Харківської губернії. Фонди Державного архіву Сумської області нада-ють можливість вивчення комплексу матеріалів, сукупності документів державного, політичного, наукового, народногосподарського та культурного призначення, що утворив-ся внаслідок різноманітної діяльності родини Харитоненків та їх підприємств. Загаль-новідомо, що документи є засобом закріплення різними способами на спеціальнихмате-ріалах інформації про факти, події, явища, об'єктивну дійсність і розумову діяльність людини, але саме документи особового походження є невичерпним джерелом з історії всіх проявів інтелектуальної і громадської думки

The article presents results of comparative analysis of book publishing statistics in Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages in the 19th century. This study was conducted referring to the most representative sources at that moment – the national retrospective bibliographies of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books. After the analysis of all the publications that had been published yearly from 1801 to 1855, the overall number of publications was then calculated in every country. Furthermore, the publishing rates were evaluated for every decade in the three countries and additionally rates of publications per 1,000,000 inhabitants over every decade were calculated and evaluated. The data presented in this article should be viewed as an initial stage for the comparative analysis of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nineteenth century book publishing. Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nations grew by preserving the old national traditions and developing new targets for political existence. At the same time, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books were becoming more modern. Even various restrictions on the rights of nations living in the lands occupied by the Russian Empire and the annihilation of cultural differences did not prevent their publishing evolution. However, in view of general growth trend, publishing development varied in different countries and was determined by economic, social and cultural features of each region. Compared to Lithuania, the environment for the development of national books was more friendly in Estonia and Latvia. After the analysis of all above-mentioned sources it was determined that over the period from 1801 to 1855, most publications were published in the Latvian language – 1846, almost eight hundred less in Estonian language, accounting for 1027, and almost twice less (three times less than Latvian), accounting for 644, in the Lithuanian language. Evidently, book publishing in national language in Lithuania fell significantly behind compared to Latvia and Estonia. It is also important to note that book development in all three countries was uneven and was undergoing periodic rises and falls. The analysis of publishing rates per 1,000,000 inhabitants over every decade showed that Estonia had the highest rate of the three Baltic countries researched. Estonian book publishing increased from 18 to 102 print units per year or rose five-times, whilst in Latvia it increased from 28 to 67 units or 2.3 times. In Lithuania, book publishing rates per 1,000,000 inhabitants over the 55-year period increased not that highly – from 6 to 16 print units per year. By contrast, this rise in publishing rates was 0.3 times higher than in Latvia. The results of this initial study could be used for continuing research of such nature. Bibliographic method, descriptive statistics (data collection, organisation and presentation) and comparative methods were employed to analyse quantitative volumes of publishing, whereas analytical and statistical methods could be used to verify the quantitative trends of the development of publishing and their breaking points. Analytical statistics methods, rarely used in the works of bibliographers, could provide new knowledge on the changes of publishing in percentage terms. At least some of the methods could be employed. For example, the join point method, which could help clarifying the qualitative development trends of publishing by a number of particular linear segments (periods) and points, setting essential changes of the phenomenon in order to identify a statistically relevant or irrelevant growth or decline in publishing in percentage terms, and to distinguish its breaking points. Another method is that of simple linear regression, which helps to calculate the average annual change in the number of publications in percentage terms and depict this in a graph. This trend of developing comparative studies of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books may lead to qualitatively better results.

The author specifies the tendencies of the modern society development, which are globalization, integration, internationalization and demographic instability. The tendencies require from a man, who lives in a fast changing world, an ability to find and make independent decisions, to take responsibility for the actions, to apply the necessary competences in the professional area for increasing own competitiveness. The paper pays attention to the necessity of developing lifelong learning, which is formulated and fixed in the National educational doctrine of the Russian Federation up to 2025, Concepts of long-term socioeconomic development of the Russian Federation up to 2020, and Concepts of the Federal law "On education in the Russian Federation", where necessity of conditions for "participation in lifelong learning" is specified and emphasized. Education is one of the social substructures and, therefore, it is considered as a social institution. The content of lifelong learning is a factor of society and its transfer from one stage to another one. Development and functioning of lifelong learning is determined by economic, political, social, cultural and other factors and conditions of the society. Generally, education is defined as formation of man in the image and likeness. The sources of the concept "education" go back to the early Middle Ages, they are connected with the concept "image". Beginning with the Renaissance, when a man became a value, education has been considered as a way of a man's self-development. Education combines teaching and up-bringing (self-education) as internalization of social values (standards, rules, traditions and commandments), shared by all its members. The connection of teaching and up-bringing is inseparable. "Both teaching and up-bringing are unbreakable, - L. N. Tolstoy pointed out, - it is impossible to bring up without imparting knowledge, and all the knowledge has upbringing influence" [1, p. 109]. Education (being, managed from outside by self-education, otherwise, by building the image of "I") can be considered in three interrelated aspects, which assume educational system, educational process, and individual or collective result of the process (if we speak about the education of a concrete person, his/her accomplishments). ; Тенденции развития современного общества - глобализация, интеграция, интернационализация, демографическая нестабильность - требуют от человека, живущего в быстро меняющемся мире, умения самостоятельно находить и принимать решения, брать ответственность за свои поступки, обладать необходимыми компетенциями в профессиональной сфере деятельности для повышения своей конкурентоспособности. Потребность в развитии непрерывного образования зафиксирована в Национальной доктрине образования Российской Федерации до 2025 года, Концепции долгосрочного социально-экономического развития Российской Федерации на период до 2020 года, в Концепции проекта федерального закона «Об образовании в Российской Федерации». В этих документах отмечается необходимость создания условий «для обеспечения участия в непрерывном образовании».Образование является одной из социальных подструктур общества, и поэтому рассматривается как социальный институт. Содержание непрерывного образования - индикатор состояния общества, перехода от одной его стадии к другой. Развитие и функционирование непрерывного образования обусловлено экономическими, политическими, социальными, культурными и другими факторами и условиями существования общества. Образование традиционно определяется как создание человека по образцу и подобию. Истоки понятия «образование» находятся в раннем Средневековье, они связаны с понятием «образ». Начиная с эпохи Возрождения, когда человек становится ценностью, образование рассматривается как способ его саморазвития. Образование объединяет обучение и воспитание (самовоспитание) как интернализацию ценностей общества (нормы, правила, традиции, заповеди), разделяемых всеми его членами. Связь обучения и воспитания нерасторжима. «И воспитание, и образование неразделимы, - подчеркивал Л. Н. Толстой, - нельзя воспитывать, не передавая знаний, всякое же знание действует воспитательно» [1, с. 109]. Образование (будучи, в сущности, управляемым самообразованием, иначе говоря, построением образа «Я») может рассматриваться в следующих взаимосвязанных планах: как образовательная система, как образовательный процесс, как индивидуальный или коллективный (совокупный) результат такого процесса (если речь идет об образовании конкретного человека - его образованности).

The exchange rate differential on the border North of Santander Colombia and Venezuela is analyzed from the point of view of both Nations argued in a theoretical reflection. So-called 'border more lively Latin America' presents high-intensity of cross-border trade with a high historical roots making interdependent both regions. Their study is important, the vision of the Venezuelan economy has produced maladjustments which have moved to a region where there is a market economy that has affected by the differential Exchange to smuggling and other new modalities such as 'bachaqueo', where trade with two or three products and the porters carrying across the river. There consensus about the causes of exchange rate differential, for a few is there is no consequence of the market and of the imbalances caused by the policies of the Venezuelan Government, for others is the result of speculation and the mafia of the border. Before this reality with antagonistic visions, agrees the proposition of the additional asymmetry of adjoining States, is considered that it deprives the Venezuelan political nuance on the economy and there is a chaos organized in the management of the differential exchange benefiting stakeholders but be expressed otherwise. ; Se analiza el diferencial cambiario en la frontera Norte de Santander Colombia y Venezuela desde el punto de vista de ambas naciones argumentado en una reflexión teórica. La llamada "frontera más viva de Latinoamérica" presenta alta intensidad de comercio transfronterizo con un alto arraigo histórico que hace interdependientes ambas regiones. Su estudio es importante, la visión de la economía venezolana ha producido desajustes que se han trasladado a una región donde existe una economía de mercado que se ha afectado por el diferencial cambiario propiciando el contrabando y otras modalidades nuevas como el "bachaqueo", donde comercian con dos o tres productos y los maleteros que transportan a través del río. Allí no existe consenso en cuanto a las causas del diferencial cambiario, para unos es consecuencia del mercado y de los desequilibrios originados por las políticas del gobierno venezolano, para otros es consecuencia de la especulación y de las mafias de la frontera. Ante esta realidad con visiones antagónicas, concuerda la proposición de la asimetría complementaria de los estados colindantes, se considera que priva el matiz político venezolano sobre la economía y existe un caos organizado en el manejo del diferencial cambiario beneficiándose los diferentes actores aunque se exprese lo contrario. ; O diferencial de taxa de câmbio na fronteira norte de Santander Colômbia e Venezuela é analisado do ponto de vista de ambas as Nações argumentado em uma reflexão teórica. So-called 'fronteiriços mais animada da América Latina' apresenta alta intensidade do comércio transfronteiriço com uma alta raízes históricas tornando interdependentes de ambas as regiões. Seu estudo é importante, a visão da economia venezuelana produziu antipoluição que mudou-se para uma região onde há uma economia de mercado que tenha afetado pela troca diferencial de contrabando e outras novas modalidades tais como 'bachaqueo', onde o comércio com dois ou três produtos e cruza o rio com os porteiros. Há consenso sobre as causas da taxa de câmbio, diferencial, para alguns é que não há nenhuma consequência do mercado e dos desequilíbrios causados pelas políticas do governo venezuelano, para outros é o resultado de especulação e a máfia da fronteira. Antes desta realidade com visões antagônicas, concorda com a proposta de assimetria adicional do adjacente Estados, é considerada que priva a nuance política venezuelana sobre a economia e há um caos organizado na gestão do diferencial trocar beneficiando os interessados mas ser expressa de outra forma.

La discipline dans laquelle la thèse a été soutenue est: santé et sciences sociales ; The clinical category of "difficult" adolescents has become ubiquitous in public action in France since the early 2000s. In this thesis, we explore this success as a case-study for contemporary changes in the social treatment of youth deviancy.We use two sets of empirical data: genealogical analysis drawn from a documentary corpus and ethnographic fieldwork conducted in an inter-professional network designed to treat difficult adolescents. We produce a clinical anthropology of mental health, relying on a framework based upon social constructivism tempered with interactionism and pragmatism.The category of difficult adolescents is organised by clinical expertise on subjectivity, inspired by psychoanalysis while distancing itself from psychiatry. It allows professionals in charge of youth to define, publicise and solve an emerging problem: new uncertainties in the public management of violent and deviant youth. It depicts a residual, interstitial population, located between the various institutions treating youth deviancy. Such a margin is fostered by the specialisation of these institutions and by the poor coordination capacities of local authorities and policy makers. This category operates by an extreme biographical personalisation. It reassigns adolescents to a profile of institutional treatment and makes professional interventions meaningful. It coordinates various institutions, while preserving their specialisation. It solves the anomic dilemma of vulnerability versus dangerousness, protection versus autonomy, and care versus control. This clinical expertise has a unique ability in building consensus, insuring a pervasive and coercive moral authority. However, the ethical and social stakes in the care-givers' trouble and the cultural and political relativity of violence fall beyond this clinical scope. Thus clinical expertise performs care, which is both an affective experience and an attitude, embodying contemporary forms of public action. ; Partant du cas des adolescents « difficiles », catégorie clinique devenue ubiquitaire dans l'action publique depuis le début des années 2000, cette thèse étudie les évolutions contemporaines du traitement social des déviances juvéniles en France.Deux matériaux sont utilisés : l'étude généalogique d'un corpus documentaire et une ethnographie monographique dans un réseau interprofessionnel œuvrant à résoudre les problèmes posés par les adolescents difficiles. En combinant une analyse constructiviste tempérée par le pragmatisme et l'interactionnisme, nous produisons une anthropologie clinique de la santé mentale.La catégorie des adolescents difficiles est structurée par l'expertise sur la subjectivité, inspirée par la psychanalyse et distanciée du savoir professionnel psychiatrique. Définie par un trouble ambigu, cette catégorie permet aux acteurs de repérer, rendre public et résoudre un problème émergent : les incertitudes nouvelles traversant l'action publique contemporaine sur les déviances juvéniles. Elle désigne une population résiduelle, produite par la spécialisation des institutions et par la faible capacité de coordination des bureaucraties politiques locales. Procédant par une personnalisation biographique extrême des interventions, cette catégorie réassigne les adolescents dans un sens de l'activité et dans un profil de traitement institutionnel. Elle permet de coordonner sans les indifférencier les lieux de l'action publique. Elle résout le dilemme anomique entre vulnérabilité et dangerosité, entre autonomie et protection, entre soin et contrôle. Détenant une force extraordinaire de consensus, l'expertise clinique exerce ainsi un magistère extensif. Mais ce recours aux savoirs cliniques ne rend pas compte de la relativité culturelle et politique de la violence. Il ne permet pas de repérer les épreuves éthiques et sociales de la professionnalité sous-tendant le malaise des acteurs.La clinique performe ainsi un souci, à la fois affect éprouvé et attitude tournée vers le care, qui constitue une modalité contemporaine de l'action publique.

The article presents results of comparative analysis of book publishing statistics in Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages in the 19th century. This study was conducted referring to the most representative sources at that moment – the national retrospective bibliographies of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books. After the analysis of all the publications that had been published yearly from 1801 to 1855, the overall number of publications was then calculated in every country. Furthermore, the publishing rates were evaluated for every decade in the three countries and additionally rates of publications per 1,000,000 inhabitants over every decade were calculated and evaluated. The data presented in this article should be viewed as an initial stage for the comparative analysis of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nineteenth century book publishing. Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nations grew by preserving the old national traditions and developing new targets for political existence. At the same time, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books were becoming more modern. Even various restrictions on the rights of nations living in the lands occupied by the Russian Empire and the annihilation of cultural differences did not prevent their publishing evolution. However, in view of general growth trend, publishing development varied in different countries and was determined by economic, social and cultural features of each region. Compared to Lithuania, the environment for the development of national books was more friendly in Estonia and Latvia. After the analysis of all above-mentioned sources it was determined that over the period from 1801 to 1855, most publications were published in the Latvian language – 1846, almost eight hundred less in Estonian language, accounting for 1027, and almost twice less (three times less than Latvian), accounting for 644, in the Lithuanian language. Evidently, book publishing in national language in Lithuania fell significantly behind compared to Latvia and Estonia. It is also important to note that book development in all three countries was uneven and was undergoing periodic rises and falls. The analysis of publishing rates per 1,000,000 inhabitants over every decade showed that Estonia had the highest rate of the three Baltic countries researched. Estonian book publishing increased from 18 to 102 print units per year or rose five-times, whilst in Latvia it increased from 28 to 67 units or 2.3 times. In Lithuania, book publishing rates per 1,000,000 inhabitants over the 55-year period increased not that highly – from 6 to 16 print units per year. By contrast, this rise in publishing rates was 0.3 times higher than in Latvia. The results of this initial study could be used for continuing research of such nature. Bibliographic method, descriptive statistics (data collection, organisation and presentation) and comparative methods were employed to analyse quantitative volumes of publishing, whereas analytical and statistical methods could be used to verify the quantitative trends of the development of publishing and their breaking points. Analytical statistics methods, rarely used in the works of bibliographers, could provide new knowledge on the changes of publishing in percentage terms. At least some of the methods could be employed. For example, the join point method, which could help clarifying the qualitative development trends of publishing by a number of particular linear segments (periods) and points, setting essential changes of the phenomenon in order to identify a statistically relevant or irrelevant growth or decline in publishing in percentage terms, and to distinguish its breaking points. Another method is that of simple linear regression, which helps to calculate the average annual change in the number of publications in percentage terms and depict this in a graph. This trend of developing comparative studies of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian books may lead to qualitatively better results.

Peru and its neighbors Chile and Colombia, have in common that have been and are exporters of commodities, besides economic strategies have pursued the same trend but at different times and for different reasons, since the three depended on different commodities and internal circumstances were too. However their economies have channeled, since 1990, to the same path and the consequences were different, due to the difficulties of leaving behind the past. Economic Policy, Political Leaning of Governments (Liberal or Socialist) and Labor Legislative Laws, together with the eventualities of the World Economy influenced the three countries analyzed in this paper. The results indicate that in Socialist-leaning Governments, unemployment levels are low but are not durable, because it is not economically sustainable in the medium and long term, even worse if the economy is closed to foreign markets. However, employment levels in Liberal-leaning Governments with an open economy tend to improve but are more vulnerable to economic shocks in the external sector, reflecting an improvement in the medium and long term. ; Perú y sus países vecinos Chile y Colombia, tienen en común que han sido y son países exportadores de materias primas, además las estrategias económicas han perseguido la misma tendencia pero en distintos tiempos y por diversas motivaciones, puesto que los tres dependían de distintas materias primas y las circunstancias internas lo fueron también. Sin embargo todos ellos han coincidido que a partir de 1990 eligieron el mismo camino y las consecuencias fueron diversas, debido a un pasado que aún cuesta prescindir. Las Políticas Económicas, la Tendencia Política de los Gobiernos (Liberal o Socialista) y las Normas Legislativas Laborales, en conjunto con las eventualidades de la Economía Mundial han influido de diversa manera a los tres países analizados en este trabajo. Los resultados nos indican que en gobiernos de Tendencia Socialista, los niveles de desempleo son bajos pero no son duraderos, puesto que económicamente no es sostenible en el mediano y largo plazo, peor aún si la economía se cierra al mercado externo. Sin embargo, los niveles de empleo en gobiernos de Tendencia Liberal con una economía abierta tienden a mejorar pero son más vulnerables a los shocks económicos del sector externo, reflejándose una mejoría a mediano y largo plazo. Objetivo General: Determinar si las normas jurídicas peruanas dictadas por los distintos gobiernos han promovido el empleo en el período 1940-2007, y para el caso en Chile y Colombia en el mismo periodo, se busca dar explicación mediante las normas laborales y la evolución de la economía. Resultados: La tasa de crecimiento de la PEA ocupada para el Perú fue 25.15% en el período 1940-1961, 51.03% en el período 1940-1972, 37.61% en el período 1972-1981 y 53.20% en el período 1993-2007. Materiales y Métodos: El tipo de investigación fue pura y el nivel de investigación descriptivo. El diseño de investigación fue no experimental. La población objeto de estudio fue el empleo promovido en los gobiernos peruanos del período 1940-2007. Estos datos estadísticos corresponden a información de los censos nacionales realizados en el Perú durante los años 1940, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1993 y 2007, donde aparece registrada la PEA ocupada. Para el caso de Colombia y Chile, hemos recopilado datos y hemos armado series entre los años 1940-2007, como principal fuente de información los censos nacionales registrados en dichos países, otras fuentes propias de instituciones nacionales e internacionales ligadas al empleo y a la economía (FMI, CEPAL, OIT, Banco Mundial, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, etc.). ; Postprint (published version)

Estudiamos las políticas socioeducativas de integración que se están realizando en Alemania, España y Francia poniendo de relieve similitudes y diferencias existentes entre ellas. A continuación comprobamos si sus modelos de integración guardan coherencia con la política común de inmigración gestada en la UE, y si ésta les permite diseñar medidas de gestión de la inmigración acordes con su propia idiosincrasia. Utilizamos la metodología propia de la Educación Comparada, siendo las unidades de comparación Alemania, España y Francia, cuya población extranjera residente representa más del 50% del total de la UE. Estudiamos los antecedentes, el contexto, el la integración a nivel federal/nacional, los requisitos de carácter socioeducativo que se exigen para la adquisición de la nacionalidad y la enseñanza de la lengua materna del alumnado inmigrante en las instituciones educativas. Hemos constatado cómo, a pesar de pertenecer los tres países a la UE y tener principios y normas comunes en materia de inmigración, el diseño, la gestión y la forma de concebir la integración de la población inmigrante varía considerablemente entre ellos. La diversidad de sociedades que integran la UE, sus variopintas necesidades e intereses económicos y comerciales, así como sus distintas idiosincrasias, tradiciones y costumbres, están dificultando en gran medida la construcción de una política global de migración. ; We studied the socio-political integration policies being applied inGermany, Spain and France, highlighting their similarities and differences.We then checked whether their integration models were consistent with the common immigration policy of the UE and whether the latter allows themto planmeasures for handling immigration to suit their own particular needs. We employed the Comparative Education methodology; the units of comparison were Germany, Spain and France, whose resident foreign populations represent more than 50% of the EU total.We studied the following: history and context; integration at federal and national level; the social-educational requirements for acquiring nationality; and the teaching of the mother tongue of immigrant students in educational institutions. We discovered that, even though the three countries belong to the EU and have common principles and rules about immigration, the design, management and ways of conceiving the integration of immigrant populations vary considerably. ; Estudámos as políticas socioeducativas de integração que se estão a realizar na Alemanha, Espanha e França pondo em relevo as semelhanças e diferenças existentes entre elas. Em seguida, comprovámos se os seusmodelos de integração estão emcoerência coma política comúmde imigração gerada na UE, e se esta lhes permite desenhar medidas de gestão da imigração coerentes com a sua própria idiosincrasia. Utilizámos a metodologia própria para a Educação Comparada, sendo as unidades de comparação Alemanha, Espanha e França, cuja população estrangeira residente representa mais de 50% do total da UE. Estudámos os antecedentes, o contexto, a integração a nível federal/nacional, os requisitos de carácter socioeducativo que se exigem para a aquisição da nacionalidade e o ensino da língua materna dos estudantes imigrantes nas instituições educativas. Constatámos como, apesar de pertencerem os três países à UE e terem princípios e normas comuns emmatéria de imigração, o desenho e a forma de conceber a integração da população imigrante varia considerávelmente entre eles. A diversidade de sociedades que integram a UE, suas variadas necessidades e interesses económicas e comerciais, assim como as suas idiosincrasias, tradições e costumes, estão a dificultar em grande medida a construção de uma política global de migração.

There is a growing body of work on accountability in the accounting literature. However, most of the existing literature focuses on the concepts of accountability rather than its practice. Accounting literature suggests that understanding accountability is important and significant for public sector accounting, which is built around the notion of accountability. There are two major but inter-related influences on accountability thinking in accounting. The first is the new public management (NPM) literature, and the second has been the distinction between individualising and socialising forms of accountability. The NPM theories stress a struggle between multiple concepts of accountability, such as financial, managerial, legal, public, political and constitutional. This theoretical struggle in the literature has made accountability more confusing, complex, contradictory and different. To overcome this, some scholars point towards a need to go beyond the conceptual struggle and to focus more on the practice. Hence, the research problem focuses on the practice of accountability in the public sector and how this informs our academic understanding of accountability. This study is motivated by several factors: (i) the importance and significance of accountability for public sector accounting; (ii) the struggles between multiple concepts of accountability in the literature; (iii) the scarcity of practice research on accountability; (iv) the paucity of empirical research of the role of accounting in those practices, and (v) the inability of existing theoretical frameworks to explain accountability comprehensively. Motivated by these factors, I examined the practices of accountability in the Australian Public Sector (APS) and explored the role of accounting in those practices. Drawing on Bourdieu's practice theory, an analytical framework was developed. This framework allowed me to focus on: (i) the relational and differential character of accountability; (ii) the conceptualisation of the public sector as a network of multiple fields; (iii) the expectation of different practices of accountability in those fields; and (iv) the ways in which accounting came to be implicated in those practices. Based on Bourdieu's sequential field study methods, data was collected from 103 interviews with public servants who were employed at different levels and professional or functional groups from 34 federal government organisations in Canberra, Australia. Overall data was collected from multiple sources, such as interviews, conversations, observations, focus group discussions and review of a wide range of documents. The major conclusions of this study are that: (i) there is little difference in the practices of accountability between different organisations, professional or functional groups, and hierarchical positions; (ii) accountability has become a compliance activity with accounting processes supported by accounting logic; (iii) while accounting became a form of symbolic capital in the public sector field the accountants or accounting profession lost cultural capital; and (iv) management accounting has the potential to improve accountability for performance in the public sector. I argue that accountability in the public sector should be more than just financial, and the current financial accounting and reporting based accountability practices have increased compliance acitivites, but failed to achieve the desired outcomes or impact to enhance public benefit. Therefore, how the public sector engages with the practices of accountability should be the focus of public sector accounting and reform studies, rather than the normative, descriptive and theoretical struggles of what accountability is and how it should be understood. Keywords: Accounting, Accountability, Australian Public Sector, New Public Management, Performance Measurement, Financial and Non-Financial Information, Compliance Processes, Bourdieu, Habitus, Field, Social Spaces, Capital, Strategy, Doxa.

Abstrak Tahun 2016 masyarakat Indonesia dihadapkan pada era Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean (MEA). Era MEA merupakan penyatuan ekonomi masyarakat Asean yang berdampak pada sosial, budaya, politik, dan bahasa. Masuknya budaya luar ke Indonesia menuntut masyarakat agar kreatif dan mempunyai daya saing dengan perekonomian di Asean. Dengan berkembangnya bahasa Inggris akan menggerus bahasa daerah dikarenakan bahasa daerah dianggap tidak berkontribusi banyak di era MEA. Padahal bahasa daerah sangat penting sebagai identitas daerah dan alat pendukung kebudayaan daerah. Agar bahasa daerah tidak punah maka dibutuhkan eksistensi di masyarakat. Salah satu eksistensinya bisa dilihat dari makanan tradisional yang dipasarkan bebas di Asean. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode deskriptif. Penelitian inipun mendeskripsikan nama-nama makanan tradisional khas daerah tidak akan bisa diganti dengan bahasa Inggris. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis makanan tradisional daerah Sunda, jenis-jenis minuman tradisional daerah Sunda, dan eksistensi makanan tradisional khas Sunda di berbagai daerah di Jawa Barat. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu terdapat banyak jenis makanan tradisional dilihat dari bahan pokok pembuatnya yang meliputi: 1) tipung béas (ali agrem, apem, awug, bubur lemu, cara, cuhcur, nagasari, bibika, papais, sorabi, jrrd), 2) sampeu (comro, misro, putri noong, gegetuk, katimus, peuyeum sampeu, jrrd), 3) ketan (peuyeum ketan, gemblong, wajit,dodol, opak, raginang, sasagon, téngténg, ulén, jrrd), dan 4) béas (buras, kupat, leupeut, lontong, jrrd). Jenis minuman tradisisonal khas Sunda terdiri dari bajigur, bandrek, céndol, cingcau, goyobod, lahang, dan sakoteng. Eksistensi makanan tradisional khas Sunda di berbagai daerah di Jawa Barat masih tetap terjaga. Hal ini dilihat dari makanan khas tardisional Jawa Barat yang masih disajikan pada acara pernikahan, khitanan, kematian, upacara tradisi, dan masih dipasarkan di berbagai toko oleh-oleh maupun toko makanan di Jawa Barat. ABSTRACTStarting from 2016, Indonesia enters the era of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). The era of AEC represents the union of the ASEAN economic community that give social, cultural, political, and language impacts. The entry of foreign cultures to Indonesia requires people to be creative and competitive with ASEAN economies. English language development could potentially undermine regional languages because regional language is considered not having much contribution for the era of MEA. However, regional languages have an important function as a tool of regional identity, as well as supporting regional culture. Regional languages should exist in regional communities to avoid their extinction. A form of regional languages' existence can be seen in traditional foods that are marketed in the ASEAN region. This research used descriptive method. This study describes names of typical traditional food of regions that cannot be translated into English. This study aimed to describe the types of traditional food, traditional beverages, and the existence of traditional Sundanese food in various regions in West Java province. The results show that types kinds of traditional food based on the material: (1) tipung beas rice flour (ali agrem, apem, awug, bubur lemu, cara, cuhcur, nagasari, bibika, papais, sorabi, etc.), (2) sampeu cassava (comro, misro, putri noong, gegetuk, katimus, peuyeum sampeu, etc.), (3) ketan glutinous rice (peuyeum ketan, gemblong, wajit, dodol, opak, raginang, sasagon, téngténg, ulén, etc.), and (4) Beas rice (buras, kupat, leupeut, lontong, etc.). The types of Sundanese traditional beverages consist of bajigur, bandrek, cendol, cingcau, goyobod, lahang, and sakoteng. The Sundanese traditional foods in various areas of West Java still exist. This is evident from the traditional foods that are still served at ceremonies of wedding, circumcision, death, traditional, and they are marketed in a variety of souvenir shops and food stores in West Java.

The acquisition, through the Treaty of Lisbon, of the exclusive competence in the negotiation of trade and investment agreements , binding all European Union member states, represents a significant change in the role of the European Union as a global actor. The relationship between human rights and foreign direct investment is a search for the densification of the cosmopolitan ideal of human dignity in the reality of twentyfirst century. Being regarded as an iconic figure for the defense and promotion of human rights around the world, the EU project has the objective to be a key reference in a field where critics arise between the evidences of the existence of an international model that active and passively contributes to the perpetration of human rights violations and the violation of the national sovereignty of the states involved. It is the main purpose of this thesis to assess the evolution of the legal mechanism of international investment treaties in the European Union. A particular focus will be given on newly acquired tools taking into account the concatenation to human rights, international obligations of the European Union and its Member States and the academic and political debate of the fragmentation of international law. We propose a comparison of the international commitments of the European Union with the respect of human rights in the latter´s foreign policy, and the thesis of the "Normative Power Europe" in all its settings by analyzing the pattern of human rights promoted within and outside the Union European. To accomplish this goal we will analyze the new International Investment Agreement model of the European Union and its impact assessment and accountability tools on human rights through the lens of international premises and European respect for human rights, highlighting possible future steps for the EU´s common commercial policy. ; A aquisição, por meio do Tratado de Lisboa, da competência exclusiva na negociação de tratados de comércio e investimento, comprometendo todos os Estados membros da União Europeia, representa uma mudança relevante no papel da União Europeia enquanto ator global. A relação entre os direitos humanos e o investimento directo estrangeiro representa uma busca para a densificação do ideal cosmopolita da dignidade humana na realidade do século XXI. Sendo considerado como uma referência para a defesa e promoção dos direitos humanos em todo o mundo, o projecto da União Europeia apresenta o objectivo de ser uma referência chave num campo onde as críticas surgem entre as evidências da existência de um modelo internacional que, ativa e passivamente, contribui para a perpetração de violações dos direitos humanos e em violação da soberania nacional dos Estados envolvidos. Constitui intuito principal da presente dissertação a avaliação da evolução do mecanismo jurídico dos tratados internacionais de investimento na União Europeia, atribuindo um foco particular sobre as ferramentas recém-adquiridas, tomando em consideração a sua concatenação com os direitos humanos, as obrigações internacionais da União Europeia e seus Estados Membros neste domínio e o debate académico e político sobre a fragmentação do direito Internacional. Propomos confrontar os compromissos internacionais da União Europeia com o respeito e efectividade dos direitos humanos na sua política externa à luz da tese do "Poder Normativo Europeu" em todas as suas configurações, analisando o padrão de respeito dos Direitos Humanos promovido dentro e fora da União Europeia. Para cumprir tal objetivo iremos analisar o novo modelo de Acordo de Investimento Internacional da União Europeia e respectivas ferramentas de avaliação de impacto e responsabilização sobre os direitos humanos através da lente das obrigações internacionais e Europeias de respeito dos direitos humanos, evidenciando as possíveis etapas futuras da política comercial comum.

Originally produced in the late 1820s, Katsushika Hokusai's Grasshopper and Iris reveals the continual aesthetic and artistic relevance of the woodblocking process, and way in which this method captures the earthiness of natural subjects. Used initially as a way to reproduce written texts, woodblocking was first used in Japan in the eighth century to disseminate texts to a wider audience. While making the circulation of texts more efficient, the production process was long, as any colors other than black were painted in by hand. However, in 1765, the technique evolved; new technology allowed for the production of multicolored, single-sheet prints. As this discovery was made during the Edo period (1615-1868), the political situation at the time further emphasized this new technology as important to contemporary Japanese culture. As a result of Japan's official prohibition of foreigners in the late 1630s, much contact with the outside world was cut off, resulting in the revival and reexamination of past traditions. By the beginning of the 18th century, Japanese artists and artisans were largely inspired by the country's previous artistic and literary styles. Katsushika Hokusai was one of the many such artists influenced by Japanese custom of wood-blocking, and in the years 1823-1831 he created a series titled Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, examining Japan's most famous peak. Contemporaneous to the creation of Grasshopper and Iris, Hokusai's work during this time highlights his focus on landscape and natural subjects. Romantic and whimsical, this print in particular offers an example of the artist's approach to smaller natural subjects, representing this microcosm as a vibrant source of life. Illustrating the different stages of an Iris' growth, Grasshopper and Iris opposes static representations of nature both in subject and medium. The inclusion of the grasshopper, as well as the half-eaten leaf he is perched upon, tells an active story of the many different elements of nature which quietly interact on a daily basis. Both the medium and its process continue to echo nature's collaborative efforts as the creation of such prints required a mutual understanding among a designer, engraver, printer, and publisher. While the publisher typically chose the theme of the work, it was not uncommon for artists such as Hokusai to determine the design. Once the design is created, it is transferred onto thin, transparent paper, which serves as a template from which a wooden block will be carved to mimic the design. Ink is then applied to the woodblock's surface, a piece of paper is placed over the top, and a round pad is rubbed over the back of this paper. Typically made of inner bark of mulberry trees, the print paper was strong enough to withstand multiple rubbings. As polychrome prints such as this one required multiple woodblocks for each color, strong, absorbent paper was necessary to adequately reflect the different ink and pigments of the print. These works could be easily reproduced over a thousand times on a single or set of blocks, maintaining the high quality, visual craftsmanship of the original. By rediscovering and streamlining this unique artistic method, Japanese artists were able to connect more deeply with this past cultural practice as well as widely disseminate a colorful, idyllic vision of their natural surroundings for both contemporary and future audiences. —Stephanie Holstein ('18) A 20th century Japanese woodblock print with purple flowers with blue stems and washed background. Seals and one line of Japanese are in the middle right hand side of the work. Labelled on the reverse T. Adackis, Printed in Japan. ; https://digital.kenyon.edu/arthistorystudycollection/1279/thumbnail.jpg

Цель: рассмотрение идеи обратного делегирования, когда государство является принципалом, а частные лица -агентами с точки зрения бихевиористской теории «принципал агент». Методы: статистический, социологического опроса.Результаты: государство принимает за нас решения либо помогает нам прийти к решению, которое считает наиболее правильным, в самых разных областях, начиная от пенсионных накоплений, топливного сектора и продажи лекарств и заканчивая потребительским кредитованием и потреблением продуктов питания, т. е. выполняет функции нашего агента. С точки зрения теории «принципал агент» и бихевиористской теории «принципал агент» большу́ю долю регулирования в современном мире можно расценивать как гипотетическое делегирование. В статье, переходя от благосостояния отдельного человека к проблеме общественного благосостояния, рассматривается идея обратного делегирования, когда государство служит принципалом, а частные лица агентами. Показано, что природа делегирования меняется в зависимости от контекста. В статье описаны условия, при которых тот или иной подход будет иметь смысл. Научная новизна: работа посвящена зарубежному опыту регулирования через делегирование полномочий на примере страны с развитой рыночной экономикой (США), показаны перспективы данного подхода в решении как публичных, так и частных задач. Рассматривается применение теории «принципал агент» и бихевиористской теории «принципал агент» для разграничения таких видов гипотетического делегирования, как информирование, стандартные правила, поощрения, возвраты, мандаты и запреты. Разобраны преимущества и затраты на делегирование, определены обстоятельства, при которых тот или иной подход имеет смысл.Практическая значимость: теория «принципал агент» широко применяется в экономике и политологии и может служить удобным инструментом для рассмотрения оптимального масштаба и сущности той помощи, которую предоставляет нам государство в качестве нашего агента. Работа представляет интерес для отечественной юридической науки, поскольку в России институт делегирования является малоизученным правовым явлением. ; Objective: to consider the conception of reverse delegation, when the government acts a principal and an individual an agent, from the point of view of behavioral Principal-Agent Theory.Methods: statistical, method, sociological polling.Results: In diverse areas from retirement savings, to consumer credit, to prescription drug use, to fuel economy and energy efficiency rules, to tobacco consumption, to food and beverage consumption government makes decisions for us or endeavors to help us make better decisions, thus serving as our agent. From the point of view of Principal-Agent Theory and behavioral Principal-Agent Theory, a great deal of modern regulation can be helpfully evaluated as a hypothetical delegation. Shifting from personal decisions to public goods problems, the authors view the idea of reverse delegation, with the government as principal and the individuals as agents. They show that the essence of delegation changes depending on the context. The article describes conditions under which various approaches will make sense.Scientific novelty: the paper is devoted to the foreign experience of regulation through delegation by the example of a country with developed market economy (the USA). It shows the prospects of such approach in solving both the public and the private tasks. Application of Principal-Agent Theory and behavioral Principal-Agent Theory is viewed to distinguish between such types of hypothetical delegation as information, default rules, incentives, precommitments, mandates, and prohibitions. The article considers the benefits and costs of delegation, and circumstances in which one or another approach makes sense.Practical significance: Principal-Agent Theory is widely used in economics and political science, and can serve as a convenient tool to consider the optimal scale and essence of the assistance rendered to us by the government as our agent. The paper is of interest for the Russian legal science, as the institution of delegation as a legal phenomenon has been weakly studied in Russia.

The present work of investigation is directed the analysis of the existing problematics in our social reality, which arises of happening the current draft of our Civil Code of 1984, in that it is possible to estimate that there is granted the right to adopt minors of an exclusive way the spouses, is for it that I have titled the present work " The Need of a special regulation for the adoption of a minor, on the part of a pair subject to an union of fact ", which has as basic purpose approach the above mentioned social problematics that one comes giving in increase in our social reality. This arises from the analyses of the articles 378 º and 382 º from the Civil Code, in that it is possible to estimate that somehow there are damaged certain fundamental rights contained in the Political Constitution of 1993, since in this one the law is admitted expressly that the unions of fact are alike the marriages, since both on having been constituted by voluntary unions coordinated between a male and a woman, it has as purpose and common duties, do a family, nevertheless in case the matrimonial family could not have children, allows him to adopt them, whereas the same thing does not happen with the unions of fact. It is for it that the present work of investigation, one tries to analyze all the foundations and aims of the adoption, trying to give a response to this problematic that every day goes in increase and to expose the reasons for which it should give a special law in order that the pairs subject to an union of fact could accede also to the above mentioned juridical institution. ; El presente trabajo de investigación está dirigido al análisis de la problemática existente en nuestra realidad social, la que surge de verificarse la actual redacción de nuestro Código Civil de 1984, en las que se puede apreciar que se otorga el derecho de adoptar menores de edad de manera exclusiva a los cónyuges, es por ello que he titulado el presente trabajo "La Necesidad de una regulación especial para la adopción de un menor de edad, por parte de una pareja sujeta a una unión de hecho", el cual tiene como finalidad primordial abordar dicha problemática social que se viene dando en aumento en nuestra realidad social. Esto surge de los análisis de los artículos 378º y 382º del Código Civil, en los que se puede apreciar que de alguna manera se están vulnerando ciertos derechos fundamentales contenidos en la Constitución Política de 1993, pues en esta se reconoce expresamente que las uniones de hecho se asemejan a los matrimonios, por cuanto ambas al ser constituidas por uniones voluntarias concertadas entre un varón y una mujer, tiene como finalidad y deberes comunes, el hacer una familia, sin embargo en el caso de que la familia matrimonial no pueda tener hijos, la ley le permite adoptarlos, mientras que no sucede lo mismo con las uniones de hecho. Es por ello que el presente trabajo de investigación, se pretende analizar todos los fundamentos y objetivos de la adopción, tratando de dar una respuesta a esta problemática que cada día va en aumento y exponer las razones por las cuales se debería de dar una ley especial para que las parejas sujetas a una unión de hecho puedan acceder también a dicha institución jurídica.