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This book, the 20 Political Perspectives, allows readers to know and understanddifferent political views based on western philosophers and theorists, all of which have reflectedthoughts, beliefs, and political evolution that are in some ways similar and different. Theseelements, i.e., thoughts, beliefs, and political evolution, come from those well-known personsfrom very old times to this present period.Keywords : Thought, political perspective

It is an exciting time to consider changes in the field of comparative-historical sociology, as the discipline seeks to accommodate both old and new trends as well as the transforming spatial scales in which political power and social theory are increasingly embedded. Volume 20 of Political Power and Social Theory starts the ball rolling by showcasing articles that pursue similar themes

It is an exciting time to consider changes in the field of comparative-historical sociology, as the discipline seeks to accommodate both old and new trends as well as the transforming spatial scales in which political power and social theory are increasingly embedded. Volume 20 of "Political Power and Social Theory" starts the ball rolling by showcasing articles that pursue similar themes. The question of what is old and what is new hovers over most of the contributions, particularly the peer-reviewed chapters in parts I and II, which consider such long-standing socio-historical concerns as power structure theory, class-based collective action, and empire - but examine them through new conceptual, methodological, and historical lenses. This year's volume also offers a critical treatment of the spatial or territorial dynamics of state hegemony, class power, ideologies of governance, and citizenship - with the latter theme most well developed in debate over the new geographies of citizenship in the Scholarly Controversy Section as well as in part-II's guest-edited section on Empire and Colonialism.

Community involvement in planning and placemaking through early, inclusive participatory methods can build consensus, speed up planning and add social, economic and environmental value to projects, leading to healthier, happier and more0sustainable places. '20/20 Visions' is an inspiring and visually stimulating introduction to the practice of participatory planning. 20 worldwide case studies, spanning 1960's projects in USA to present day UK, explore the context, 0implementation and follow up of the participative design process to illustrate its effectiveness in engaging all stakeholders/communities and tackling difficult regeneration issues

Rather than addressing the dated debate of Iraq's 'artificiality', this article analyses the evolution of the term 'Iraq' and by extension the evolution in frames of self-definition in the years 1914-20. I use three key events (the anti-British jihad of 1914, the Najaf rebellion of
1918 and the rebellion of 1920) and examine the discourse that accompanied the events to analyse the changing categories of self-identification on the mid-Euphrates. A clearly discernible ontological evolution of 'Iraq' in the popular imagination is revealed thereby clarifying and explaining
the rapid rise and adoption of Iraqi nationalism in the early twentieth century.

Six articles addressing the multiplicity of methodological perspectives currently used & available to foreign policy analysis are presented. In the Introduction, symposium editor Jean A. Garrison articulates the need for contemporary studies to establish novel concepts that will overcome current obstacles in foreign policy analysis. In Foreign Policy Analysis in the Twenty-First Century: Back to Comparison, Forward to Identity and Ideas, Juliet Kaarbo recommends that foreign policy analysis adopt methodological frameworks that are either comparative in nature or address the relationship between identity & ideas. In Foreign Policy Analysis and Globalization: Public Opinion, World Opinion, and the Individual, Douglas Foyle contends that foreign policy analysis must consider the influence that public & world opinion & the global community possess over states' foreign policies in order to better account for the movement of people, capital, & ideas across international boundaries. In Science, Empiricism, and Tolerance in the Study of Foreign Policymaking, Mark Schafer suggests that foreign policy analysts demonstrate greater tolerance for certain subfields & methodological perspectives & that scholarship utilize three empirical techniques -- computer-oriented textual evaluation, state-level psychology, & experimental perspectives. In Foreign Policymaking and Group Dynamics: Where We've Been and Where We're Going, Garrison reviews existing research on group decision making to determine future applications of foreign policy analysis & investigate how individual cognition becomes assimilated into the decision-making processes of groups. In Crisis Studies and Foreign Policy Analysis: Insights, Synergies, and Challenges, Eric K. Stern notes the contributions that international crisis theory approaches have made to foreign policy analysis & identifies future research topics, eg, determining the limitations of existing deterrence policies. 315 References. J. W. Parker

Kaarbo, J.: Foreign policy analysis in the twenty-first century: back to comparison, forward to identity and ideas. - S. 156-163. Foyle, D.: Foreign policy analysis and globalization: public opinion, world opinion, and the individual. - S. 163-170. Schafer, M.: Science, empiricism, and tolerance in the study of foreign policymaking. - S. 171-177. Garrison, J. A.: Foreign policymaking and group dynamics: where we've been and where we're going. - S. 177-183. Stern, E. K.: Crisis studies and foreign policy analysis: insights, synergies, and challenges. - S. 183-191