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Conflictologia o Resolución de Conflictos, es la ciencia del conflicto, contiene los conceptos de crisis, cambio, violencia o problema. El término fue acuñado por Galtung y actualmente está internacionamente aceptado por la Academia, las sociedades científicas, universidades, Naciones Unidas y las ONG de Paz y conflictos. Teóricos e investigadores como J. Burton, M. Deustch, K. & E. Boulding, Hobbes, Lederach, Rapoport, Sandole y Marlow entre muchos otros han fundamentado los principios pluridisciplinarios. Miles de libros, centenares de programas universitarios especializados, doctorados y institutos de investigación en ámbitos como la Antropologia, Historia, Sociología, Psicología Filosofía, incluso en Matemática, Biología y Medicina nos muestra un panorama científico único. El interés destacado de la Humanidad por contener, solucionar o canalizar los conflictos ha llevado a un proceso de convergencia de denominaciones y prácticas en Irenología, Polemología, Transformación de Conflictos, Gestión de Conflictos, Estudios de la paz, Cultura de paz, que encuentren en la Conflictología o Resolución de Conflictos el nexo de colaboración necesario para unir en un esfuerzo de análisis que nos permita comprender las causas de los conflictos y la manera práctica de sustituir los métodos violentos y contradictorios de resolverlos. ; Conflictology is the science of conflict, including concepts such as crisis, change, problems and violence The term was used by J. Galtung and is internationally accepted in Academia, Scientific Societies, universities, the United Nations and at major NGOs as a synonym for conflict resolution. Conflict researchers and theorists such as J. Burton, M. Deustch, K. & E. Boulding, Hobbes, Lederach, Rapoport, Sandole and Marlow, among many others, have contributed to laying the foundations of a body of theory and pragmatic considerations on how to address all types of conflicts. Thousands of books, hundreds of training programmes and dozens of research centres around the world bear witness to a plurality of approaches drawing on philosophy, sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and even mathematics, medicine and neuroscience in their studies of the biological bases for human emotions, stress and individual and collective human behaviour. Although humanity's interest in understanding and containing or channelling its conflicts is as old as humanity itself, it was only in recent decades that a process was undertaken to gather all such efforts under a single umbrella: conflictology or conflict resolution. In recent decades, peace studies, conflict transformation, conflict management, irenology, polemology, mediation and negotiation have converged in their interest to identify the multiple key factors that cause and give rise to conflicts and violence, as a system to be able to understand them fully and, thus, be able to intervene in a positive, practical and effective way. The aim is to overcome the limitations and contradictions of violent methods for solving conflicts.

The problematization of the classical concepts in the postmodern philosophy has created some definite challenges that stipulate the development of the "Theory" in its interdisciplinary conceptual meanings and practical applications. The latter demands a certain "list" of the new notions and implies requirements for theorists to reflect the scientific diversity without reducing it to any kind of "theoretical unity". For these reasons the purpose of this article is the conceptual reconstruction of the notion of the conflict in the specific postmodern context of its sociocultural, political and ethical meanings and senses. The methods of the research are mainly based on the principle of the anthropocentric paradigm, which stipulates the use of the interdisciplinary comparative-critical approaches and social construction methods in the general problematic field of postmodernism. While analysing conflict theories such schools of philosophy as existententialism, phenomenology and pragmatism are considered to be valid in the descriptions of both the actual conditions of the individual human existence and abstract human qualities. The practical aspects of this paper involve the empirical representation of the principles of the value and the sense in the problematic aspects of conflict resolution with the stress on the concepts of the discoursive communication. The obtained results allow to come to the conclusion that the most influential transformations are connected with such postmodern conflict problems as asymmetrical threats and unstable security architecture. The latter proves that the methodological approaches to conflictology should be evaluated from the point of presumably successful resolutions against the background of different spatial and temporal factors, which, in its turn, means creating new administrative modalities of conflict management. It should be stressed that in the context of the conflictological tendencies of the globalizing societies the special place should be occupied by the principles of K.- O. Apel's discoursive ethics and M. M. Bakhtin's doctrine of the "responsible dialogism". Nowadays political approaches cannot be effective in the conflict resolutions without the classical ideals and the absolutes, without the impact of the Pathos, which means implied significance of the "relatively Utopian" ideas and their application in the conflict resolution, the potential possibilities of their realization in the conflict situations.

This review study aims to debunk the notion that the Global South, particularly Africa, is essentially a consumer of knowledge produced by the Global North. While some scholars have argued that the lopsided nature of the global knowledge architecture might be attributed to North-South politics and the historical legacy of colonialism, the issue of "self-consciousness" in reinventing scientific methodological approaches within academic disciplines remains insufficiently addressed among scholars in the Global South. Using the case of " conflictology" as an emerging academic discipline and insights from the three cardinal principles of transformative leadership, this study explores new frontiers of knowledge production from my own field experiences researching the viability of African interethnic border markets as Infrastructures for Peace (I4P). This is part of the long-term, complex research agenda I have pursued in my quest for a scientific " explanation" of the concept of " closeness centrality" in the study of conflict evolutionary theories in human society.

The subject. The article is devoted to integration of conflictology theory in legal science. The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that theoretical mechanisms of conflictology may be effectively applied into constitutional legal theory to prevent con‐ stitutional legal conflicts.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and sociological approach.The main results and scope of their application. The author describes the genesis of legal conflictology theory in different humanitarian sciences and its periodization, including integration of conflictology theory in legal science. The author substantiates necessity and justification of application of theoretical and methodological bases of science of conflictology in the constitutional and municipal law for the purpose of forecasting, identification and the resolution of the corresponding constitutional and legal conflicts.Conflictology of constitutional and municipal law is a research level of legal conflictology. The subject of this kind of conflictology are legal conflicts in constitutional and municipal law, their prediction, identification and resolution. It is necessary to take into account the following postulates of the General theory of conflictology in the study of legal conflicts in constitutional and municipal law:– the conflict is natural, objective and acts as an integral property of social life;– the social conflict at the same time acts as a stabilizing factor of functioning of social system;– social conflict is a complex social phenomenon as well as a process having structural, spatial‐temporal and dynamic characteristics;– the organic connection of law conflict with the law. The legal conflict arises about legal phenomena, it is realized under the influence and with the application of legal norms, it is resolved on the basis of legal regulation;– there is a special kind of political conflict that arises within the existing government, where each of the groups within the ruling class has more private interests and its own vision of the situation.Conflictology of constitutional and municipal law bases on the general theoretical postulates of the science of social conflicts. Constitutional conflict is a political type of social conflict – a disagreement between the subjects of constitutional and municipal legal relations over constitutional values, which can be transformed into legally significant conflict and generate legal consequences.Conclusions. The object of scientific knowledge of legal conflictology in constitutional and municipal law is a constitutional and legal conflict, the study of which should be based on the above postulates of the general theory of conflictology, and can not be limited to purely legal knowledge. ; Рассматривается процесс формирования юридической конфликтологии на основе различных гуманитарных наук, этапы развития научных представлений о конфликтологии и их интеграции в юридическую науку. Обосновывается необходимость и оправданность применения теоретических и методологических основ науки конфликтологии в конституционном и муниципальном праве в целях прогнозирования, выявления и разрешения соответствующих конституционно‐правовых конфликтов.

The subject. The article is devoted to conflictology as one of the most relevant, almost significant, debatable problems in law theory, legal sciences, political science, philosophy, psychology and economics. The author analyzes specific examples of conflicts of interest in various corruption spheres and manifestations, for example, in the sphere of participation of economic actors in the procurement announced by state and municipal authorities.The purpose of the article is to identify the nature of conflicts of interest as the basis of corruption.The methodology. The author uses comparisons of common and private, cause and effect, patterns and randomness, content and form, essence and phenomenon, the transition of quantity into quality, as well as the methods of sociology and psychology.The main results, scope of application. The article analyzes the relationship between corruption and nepotism. The article discusses legal and moral ways to prevent conflict, the role of ethical standards in conflict prevention, regulatory framework for preventing and settling them, the ratio of conflict of interest and employee qualifications, balance of material and personal interest, Commissions to prevent conflicts of interest, guaranteeing the role of writing notice of a conflict of interest, Features of the notification procedure, moral means of preventing and resolve conflicts of interest. Exclusively legal methods are insufficient to prevent and eliminate conflicts of interest and corruption-related risks. A combination of legal and moral measures is necessary, and most importantly, the exclusion of kinship and other forms of nepotism in the formation of government bodies and the appointment of officials, the hiring of state and municipal employees. It is necessary to exclude formalism from the institution of competitive selection of civil servants.Conclusions. The elimination of the contradictions between some federal anti-corruption laws has much less effect on the state of corruption in the state than the flourishing nepotism. The exercise of official functions takes place in the form of law enforcement: if there is no application of the law – there is no corruption. The main emphasis should be directed to the process of forming the apparatus of state and municipal authorities, employees of state and municipal institutions, primarily in the educational sphere, on which the upbringing of new generations of employees depends, the steady observance of high professional and moral requirements imposed on state and municipal employees and teachers in schools and universities. ; Конфликт интересов и непотизм в органах власти рассматриваются в качестве коррупциогенных факторов, предопределенных различными социальными ролями служащих и должностных лиц. Поскольку осуществление должностных функций происходит в виде правоприменения, то вне правоприменения нет и коррупции, если речь не идет о корыстном бездействии. Делается вывод о приоритетности кадровой политики среди правоприменителей, в том числе необходимости законодательного запрета непотизма в органах власти.

В первой части статьи отражены значимость научного компонента в решении задач прикладного характера и диалектикоматериалистические основания построения базовой схемы управления этнополитическими конфликтами. Проанализировано содержание философских категорий, находящих свое применение, в том числе в области этнополитической конфликтологии. Выдвинут тезис о фундаментальной гексаде диалектического материализма. ; In the first part of the article the significance of scientific component in solving applied problems and dialectical materialist bases to build the base ethno political conflict management schemes are revealed. The content of philosophical categories that find their application, including in the field of ethno-political conflictology is analyzed. The thesis about the fundamental hexad of dialectical materialism is advanced.

The article analyzes the conflict-creating constituent of everyday political consciousness. It singles out models of conflict behavior of addressees of everyday political communication - article commentators appearing on the Internet. ; Представлен анализ конфликтной составляющей обыденного политического сознания. Выделены модели конфликтного поведения адресатов обыденной политической коммуникации - комментаторов статей, представленных в сети Интернет.

The problematization of the classical concepts in the postmodern philosophy has created some definite challenges that stipulate the development of the "Theory" in its interdisciplinary conceptual meanings and practical applications. The latter demands a certain "list" of the new notions and implies requirements for theorists to reflect the scientific diversity without reducing it to any kind of "theoretical unity". For these reasons the purpose of this article is the conceptual reconstruction of the notion of the conflict in the specific postmodern context of its sociocultural, political and ethical meanings and senses. The methods of the research are mainly based on the principle of the anthropocentric paradigm, which stipulates the use of the interdisciplinary comparative-critical approaches and social construction methods in the general problematic field of postmodernism. While analysing conflict theories such schools of philosophy as existententialism, phenomenology and pragmatism are considered to be valid in the descriptions of both the actual conditions of the individual human existence and abstract human qualities. The practical aspects of this paper involve the empirical representation of the principles of the value and the sense in the problematic aspects of conflict resolution with the stress on the concepts of the discoursive communication. The obtained results allow to come to the conclusion that the most influential transformations are connected with such postmodern conflict problems as asymmetrical threats and unstable security architecture. The latter proves that the methodological approaches to conflictology should be evaluated from the point of presumably successful resolutions against the background of different spatial and temporal factors, which, in its turn, means creating new administrative modalities of conflict management. It should be stressed that in the context of the conflictological tendencies of the globalizing societies the special place should be occupied by the principles of K.- O. Apel's discoursive ethics and M. M. Bakhtin's doctrine of the "responsible dialogism". Nowadays political approaches cannot be effective in the conflict resolutions without the classical ideals and the absolutes, without the impact of the Pathos, which means implied significance of the "relatively Utopian" ideas and their application in the conflict resolution, the potential possibilities of their realization in the conflict situations. ; Поскольку фундаментальные проблемы философии рассматриваются в постсовременной гуманитарной науке в русле междисциплинарной «Теории», в данной статье актуализируется проблема недостаточной разработанности концептуальной сферы проблемного поля «конфликта» как культурного, социального и политического феномена в аспектах динамики теоретических и прикладных исследований последних лет. Цель статьи – концептуальная реконструкция понятия конфликта в специфике его социокультурного, политического и нравственного содержания. Методы исследования базируются на структуре антропоцентрической парадигмы, что обуславливает использование методологических принципов междисциплинарного системно-компаративного анализа с сопутствующими приемами феноменологии и социального конструктивизма в общем постмодернистском поле философии. Практическое значение работы заключается в эмпирической репрезентации ценностно-смысловых принципов решения конфликта в проблематике различных сфер дискурсивной коммуникации. Полученные результаты исследования позволяют сделать вывод о том, что наиболее значительные трансформации в развитии конфликтологии как новой отрасли науки связаны с проблемами асимметрических угроз и нестабильной архитектурой безопасности при общем акценте на вопросах репрезентации и легитимации конфликта как концепта и феномена в его пространственно-временных измерениях. В границах отхода от непреодолимости конфликта классических бинарных оппозиций утверждается значение принципов дискурсивной этики К.-О. Апеля и доктрины «ответственного диалогизма» М.М. Бахтина. Отмечается особое место категории «поступка» как в рациональном, так и утопическом мышлении с последующим заключением о том, что «относительно» утопические идеи и идеалы разрешения конфликтов обладают потенциальной возможностью реализации. ; Оскільки фундаментальні проблеми філософії розглядаються в постсучасній гуманітарній науці в руслі міждисциплінарної «Теорії», у цій статті актуалізується проблема недостатньої розробленості концептуальної сфери проблемного поля «конфлікту» як культурного і політичного феномена в аспектах динаміки теоретичних і прикладних досліджень останніх років. Мета статті – концептуальна реконструкція поняття конфлікту в специфіці його соціокультурного, політичного і морального змісту. Методи дослідження базуються на структурі антропоцентричної парадигми, що зумовлює використання методологічних принципів системного компаративно-критичного та міждисциплінарного аналізу із супутніми прийомами феноменології та соціального конструктивізму в загальному полі філософії постмодернiзму. Практичне значення роботи полягає в емпіричній репрезентації ціннісно-смислових принципів вирішення конфлікту в проблематиці різних сфер дискурсивної комунікації. Отримані результати дослідження дозволяють зробити висновок про те, що найбільш значні трансформації в розвитку конфліктології як нової галузі науки пов'язані з проблемами асиметричних загроз і нестабільною архітектурою безпеки із загальним акцентом на питаннях репрезентації та легітимації конфлікту як концепту та феномена в його просторово-часових вимірах. У межах відходу від нездоланності конфлікту класичних бінарних опозицій стверджується значення принципів дискурсивної етики К.-О. Апеля і доктрини «відповідального діалогізма» М. М. Бахтіна. Відзначається особливе місце категорії «вчинку» як в раціональному, так і утопічному мисленні з подальшим висновком про те, що «відносно» утопічні ідеї та ідеали вирішення конфліктів мають потенційну можливість реалізації.

The article discusses the development of sub-disciplines of political conflictology –the regional and urban political conflicts studies – during the period of the 1990 s – 2020 s. The main trends in the formation of scientific concepts and approaches in these areas are indicated, the features of their evolution are revealed. By the regional political conflict resolution, they are associated with limited opportunities to use foreign developments in a similar orientation. Russian researchers have developed original concepts of "complex conflict" and "bloc conflict", which have great cognitive potential and it has not been fully realized now. The conflictologies' scientists are working in the field of studying urban development processes are faced with the need to adapt science-based approaches to the analysis of Russian conflict practices. This, in particular, has led to the limited applicability of proven interests matching technologies. The solution of these problems is possible due to the results a number the scientific projects being implemented at the present time. According to the author, at the present stage there is a certain decline in studies of regional political conflicts, associated with a reduction in public policy space in the regions of the Russian Federation, as well as stagnation in the further development of basic concepts. In the field of urban political conflict research, on the contrary, there has been an increase in the number of scientific publications, the development of theoretical and political management approaches.

В данной статье рассказывается о необходимых государственных реформах в Ростовской области, которые помогут избежать напряженной политической ситуации. ; In this article it is told about necessary state reforms in the Rostov region which will help to avoid an intense political situation.