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AbstractPoverty and energy poverty are parts of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The former has been extensively covered in the literature, whereas the latter has not been given the necessary attention until the last decade. In this paper, we use multidimensional measures of energy poverty and poverty to ascertain whether energy‐poor households are also poor, and vice versa. In addition, the study seeks to examine the factors responsible for poverty and energy poverty. This paper uses data sets constructed from the two most recent nationwide household surveys in Ghana (GLSS VI and GLSS VII samples). We find substantial differences in the incidence and index of multidimensional energy poverty and multidimensional poverty by subgroup demographic characteristics. Further, we find that households belong to different categories of poverty and energy poverty status. Our multinomial regression results reveal that household size, marital status, educational background, residential area, age, employment, and gender significantly predict the household's multidimensional poverty and energy poverty status. We recommend massive investment in renewable energy, to make cleaner energy readily available for Ghanaians. In addition, the Ghanaian government should pursue sustainable employment and job creation avenues, directed toward an improved standard of living for the population.

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that have contributed to the incidence of urban poverty in Kedah. The study is based on the primary data. The survey was conducted in six districts involving 204 poor households. The unit of analysis is the poor households with income below the level of the poverty line income. For urban poor households the poverty line income is RM 840. There are seven dimensions and 26 indicators used to determine the happiness among poor households by using logit regression analysis. The results of logit regression analysis showed that there were nine indicators that affect the poor households; there are gender, income, expenditure, saving, healthy life, rest, safety, community and government. As a result, this study focuses more comprehensively, including happiness aspect that are more subjective to identify the factors that have contributed to the incidence of urban poverty in Kedah. To achieve the eradication of poverty effectively, a comprehensive approach that is appropriate and should be done, so that the solution to the issue of poverty can be made as needed. Indirectly, this study also is to realize the aspirations of the government through its strategy to improve the people's happiness. Keywords: Poverty, Kedah, Malaysia, Happiness, GNH, Logit, Urban

This article examines the dynamics of credit and debt in low income households, drawing on an action research project with 24 households in the Teesside area of North East England. Despite crippling interest rates, high-cost credit sources (for example, doorstep lending, catalogue, rent-to-own and payday loan companies) are increasingly used by households that are excluded from mainstream financial services. The article discusses the range of credit sources used, reasons for reliance on high-cost credit and the exploitative practices of loan companies. It explores possible actions at household level through financial mentoring; the potential for developing alternative low-cost sources of credit; and campaigns for regulation of loan companies.

In this paper, we analyse different measures of asset and income poverty using micro-data for 15 euro area countries from the 2010 Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). We are particularly interested in the way in which specific definitions of income and wealth poverty affect the number and socio-demographic characteristics of poor households, as well as their portfolio composition and consumption expenditure. We find that adding wealth to the poverty definition mainly influences the percentage of poor households but has a limited effect on the documented socio-demographic composition, portfolio structure and food consumption of poor households compared to the patterns under a pure income poverty measure. Within each country, we document some heterogeneity with regard to the percentage of poor households across different poverty measures. However, across countries, the percentage of households in poverty for any given indicator is relatively homogenous. We find the typical socio-demographic patterns for poor households: the risk of being income and/or wealth-poor is, in almost all countries, higher for smaller households, households with a less educated head and single-parent households. We also show that the percentage of female, old and retired reference persons is higher for poor households than for the population at large. Additionally, the participation rates in real and financial assets for poor households are lower than for the population as a whole. Poor households spend more than 30% of their gross income on food.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the basic needs of poor households in Gianyar Regency in terms of capacity, socioeconomic status, socio-cultural environment and institutional poverty reduction towards the accessibility of poor households both directly and indirectly. The study was designed using the concurently embbded method, which is a quantitative method (GsCA) validated by qualitative methods. Quantitative research used 400 samples of poor households. It used 25 samples (key informants). The quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and GsCA parametric statistics. The qualitative data were analyzed using reduce, display and conclution (drawing/ verifying) techniques. The results found that the coefficient of capacity: 0.043, spositive and not significant; socioeconomic status was 0.346, positive and significant, social environment is -0.143, negative and significant, and institutional poverty reduction 0.140, positive but not significant. The results of the study show that the poor accessibility of poor households due to the sociocultural environment was negative and institutional performance was not optimal. Therefore, poverty alleviation by the Regional Government of Gianyar Regency should pay more attention to the conditions of the sociocultural environment and more optimal institutional performance. Keywords: capacity, economic status, social environment, institutional, accessibility

The purpose of this research is to analyze: 1) patterns and allocation of household expenditure in poor urban and rural areas for preventive and curative health needs in Jambi Province; 2) socio-economic factors that affect their expenditure. Data is gath-ered thorough poor households at the locus of chosen village. To analyze the patterns and allocation of household expenditures, descriptive statistical measures as well as single and cross frequency tables is used. Furthermore, to analyze the factors influenc-ing, multiple regression model is used. The results found that: 1) the average health expenditure per capita per year of was IDR 67,391. It is 1.37 percent of the total annu-al expenditure per capita, or only 3.56 percent of the total per capita annual expendi-ture for non-food needs. Furthermore, detailed health expenditures for curative and preventive, it was found that 73.36 percent of health expenditures for poor households were for curative needs and only 26.64 percent were allocated for preventive health needs; 2) socioeconomic factors that significantly influence health expenditure are: family head age, head of the family education, field and business status, per capita expenditure, and structure of household members according to age, education and main activities. Therefore to improve health poor household service requires a massive campaign to encourage them to go to service center. This service is granted by local governments, though it still have difficulties to be implemented on health insurance scheme in Indonesia (BPJS).

Poverty is a complex problem experienced by majority of world's nations especially in the developing countries such as Indonesia. Poverty countermeasure has become the main country development program as one of the indicators of development success is the decrease of poverty rate. Various programs either in national or regional scale have been made as the government's attempt to reduce the poverty rate. However, there have been a lot of news reports covering the government's programs which are less precise and even not on the target. Thus, it is essential to have a method which can be implemented to help the planning process of those poverty alleviation programs. This study aims at explaining the formation of K-means algorithm model for classifying poor households; taking a study case in Banyumas Regency, Central Java. The result of this study was K-means algorithm model which has been adapted to the poverty concept from the Statistics Indonesia (BPS) as well as the factors affecting the household poverty. The information obtained from each cluster formed is household characteristics, estimation of household number, and estimation of population experiencing poverty.

Colombia suffers from one of the longest civil conflicts in the world, which is believed to have had several consequences on the country's economic and development performance. This study uses measures of central government deterrence effort as instruments of conflict to estimate the impact of conflict on children's time allocation to two different types of work: housework and work performed outside the household for poor families living in small municipalities in Colombia. I find that conflict significantly increases the amount of time children allocate to work. Both housework, for girls, and work outside the household, for boys, increase with Guerrilla attacks. However, the later effect is the opposite for Paramilitary attacks. ; Colombia suffers from one of the longest civil conflicts in the world, which is believed to have had several consequences on the country's economic and development performance. This study uses measures of central government deterrence effort as instruments of conflict to estimate the impact of conflict on children's time allocation to two different types of work: housework and work performed outside the household for poor families living in small municipalities in Colombia. I find that conflict significantly increases the amount of time children allocate to work. Both housework, for girls, and work outside the household, for boys, increase with Guerrilla attacks. However, the later effect is the opposite for Paramilitary attacks. ; Universidad del Rosario

Colombia suffers from one of the longest civil conflicts in the world, which is believed to have had several consequences on the country's economic and devel-opment performance. This study uses measures of central government deterrence effort as instruments of conflict to estimate the impact of conflict on children's time allocation to two different types of work: housework and work performed outside the household for poor families living in small municipalities in Colombia. I find that children living in highly affected by conflict municipalities are more likely to do some kind of work, specially outside the household. Moreover, housework intensity is significantly higher for girls living in this kind of municipalities.

Colombia suffers from one of the longest civil conflicts in the world, which is believed to have had several consequences on the country's economic and devel-opment performance. This study uses measures of central government deterrence effort as instruments of conflict to estimate the impact of conflict on children's time allocation to two different types of work: housework and work performed outside the household for poor families living in small municipalities in Colombia. I find that children living in highly affected by conflict municipalities are more likely to do some kind of work, specially outside the household. Moreover, housework intensity is significantly higher for girls living in this kind of municipalities.