Propaganda, combined with censorship, was indubitably one of the genuinely novel features of the First World War. The control over information assumed unprecedented dimensions and was put into effect by governments having recourse also to techniques belonging to the psychology of communication, borrowed from studies in the domain of advertising. This article is chiefly concerned with measures implemented by the government and by the Italian high commands to manage the informational sphere, although it dwells also upon the particular role of war correspondents.
The most comprehensive guide to the global state of free press in 2015 Attacks on the Press is the world's most comprehensive guide to international press freedom. Documenting risks and analyzing press conditions in more than 100 countries, this book is the definitive annual assessment of the state of free press and overview of media conditions. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists, this informative guide features analytical essays from CPJ experts, and provides a platform for direct advocacy with governments and the diplomatic community to give voice to journalists worldwide. In
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The world's most comprehensiveguide to international press freedomFrom Aleppo to Zacatecas, Beijing to Brasilia, the past decade has seen a sharp rise in the number of journalist imprisonments, assassinations, and disappearances worldwide. Caught between warlords and religious extremists, corrupt police and drug cartels, and hemmed in by increasingly oppressive censorship laws, journalists have never been at such peril, nor asked to pay such a high price for the ethical practice of their profession. Begun as a simple typewritten list in 1986, Attacks on the Presshas grown to become thedefinitive annual assessment of press freedoms globally. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists, it provides up-to-the-minute analyses of media conditions, press freedom violations, and emerging threats to journalists in every corner of the world. In this 2013 edition, you will find front-line reports and analytical essays by CPJ experts covering an array of topics of critical importance to journalists, including:Journalist casualties at the front lines of conflicts in Syria, Nigeria, Somalia,Afghanistan, and other global hot spotsThe curtailment of Internet freedoms across Southeast Asia, with an emphasis on thedraconian measures now in place in Vietnam, Malaysia, and ThailandThe status of investigations into the disappearances of 35 journalists worldwide, and why more than half of those disappeared went missing in Mexico and RussiaThe rise in journalist imprisonments globally, the spate of new anti-terrorism laws that made it possible, and the example set by the U.S. government in the wake of 9/11The state of journalistic freedoms in Iran since the Green Movement and the practice of summary imprisonment of Iranian journalists How the rise of mobile Internet technology and social media has engendered new dangers for journalists from both insurgent groups and the governments they are fightingIn addition to being an invaluable source of timely information and guidance for media professionals, Attacks on the Pressgives voice to journalists globally, providing them with a platform for direct advocacy with governments and a seat in discussions at the UN, OAS, EU, AU, and other official bodies.
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Why do sacred monsters figure so large in the occupational ideology of UK press journalism? This article argues that colleagues who display extravagant behaviour symbolize the personal autonomy and sense of adventure which are at the core of professional aspirations. However, as the article shows, contemporary daily life in the UK press is diametrically opposite to this ideal, being characterized by employment insecurity and domineering, finance-driven management. A geographically dispersed, feminized and credentialized workforce is now, typically, required to produce soft news and features rather than the more professionally valued hard news and investigative journalism. This assault on self-identity, in a context where collegial contact is reduced, has made shared mythology even more rather than less tenacious.
Mit dem neuen und immer häufiger benutzten Begriff "Boulevardisierung" bezeichnen Journalisten, Medienkritiker und Kommunikationswissenschaftler eine seit kurzem zu beobachtende noch unbestimmte Entwicklung in den Massenmedien. Der Beitrag versucht eine Definition dieses diffusen und multidimensionalen Konzepts und untersucht seine Nützlichkeit in bezug auf Kommunikationsforschung. Dabei ergibt sich, daß eine angemessene Analyse der "Boulevardisierung" eine international vergleichende Langzeitstudie voraussetzt, die sich auf die im Hinblick auf Qualität wichtigsten Nachrichtenmedien konzentriert und eine große Bandbreite empirischer Daten liefert. Dieser Ansatz liegt einer vergleichenden Untersuchung der Presse Großbritanniens, Deutschlands und der USA zugrunde, wobei das Hauptaugenmerk den beiden erstgenannten Ländern gilt. Die Ergebnisse einer dreistufigen empirischen Analyse auf der Grundlage einer im Vorfeld entwickelten Begriffsdefinition zeigen, daß die dem journalistischen Beufsverständnis inhärenten Werte, die Medienkultur und die ökonomischen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen verantwortlich für den Grad der "Boulevardisierung" im jeweiligen Land sind. (UNübers.)
`Tabloidization' is a new, frequently used term equally employed by journalists, media critics and academics to characterize a recent, dubious trend in the mass media. This article sets out to define this diffuse, multidimensional concept and discusses its usefulness for communication research. It emerges that `tabloidization' can only be analysed adequately with a long-term cross-national design that focuses on quality news media and employs a wide range of empirical measures. This approach is taken here by comparing the press of Britain, Germany and the US, whereas the focus remains on the first two countries. A three-step empirical analysis — based on a definition developed before — demonstrates that journalistic values, media cultures as well as economic and legal conditions are responsible for the degree of `tabloidization' in a given country.
