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In this thesis, we will discuss private expenditure on health and voluntary private health insurance (PHI). The two themes are linked since private expenditure represents the market for PHI. Knowing and understanding private expenditure on health is a prerequisite for PHI to respond to consumer needs and to improve welfare. The following issues will be addressed in this thesis: (i) the reliability of OECD Health Statistics; (ii) supplementary physicians' fees; (iii) access to new health technologies; (iv) the regulation of PHI markets and (v) the optimal design of PHI products ; In this thesis, several issues relating to private expenditure on health and voluntary private health insurance (PHI) are being discussed. The two themes are closely linked since expenditure covered by PHI is a part of private expenditure on health. The other part is out-of-pocket expenditure on health. In the European Union (EU), private expenditure represents -on average- 21 per cent of total expenditure on health. Three quarters of private expenditure on health is financed out-of-pocket. PHI finances only 5 per cent of total health spending in the EU. Out-of-pocket expenditure on health may negatively affect access to health care. Especially people on low incomes and in poor health are at risk. They may postpone or forgo necessary treatment because they are not able to pay the bill. In this study, we have focused on two issues relating to out-of-pocket expenditure on health: (i) extra payments guaranteeing free choice of provider (supplementary fees) and (ii) extra payments guaranteeing access to new health technology. Voluntary private health insurance (PHI) can reduce the financial risk related to private health spending. In this thesis, two issues relating to PHI have been addressed: (i) regulation of PHI markets and (ii) optimal design of PHI products.

Untersuchung der Ausgaben der Privathaushalte im Zeitraum von 1974-1982 in Bangladesch. Dabei wurde als signifikantes Merkmal herausgefunden, daß zwischen realer, vorhandener Geldmenge und den Ausgaben ein sich zunehmend herausbildendes Gleichgewicht festzustellen ist. (DÜI-Xyl)

THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE PAPER IS ONE OF SPECIFYING A DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL NONDURABLE CONSUMPTION AND EXPLANATORY VARIABLES SUCH AS PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME, THE CONSUMERS' PRICE INDEX, PERSONAL WEALTH AND A PRICE INDEX AND RATE OF RETURN FOR PERSONAL WEALTH. THE AUTHOR ALSO BRIEFLY EXPLAINS THE RECENT MODELS OF THE AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION FUNCTION AND LOOKS AT THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SERIES WHICH ARE THOUGHT TO AFFECT CONSUMERS' EXPENDITURE DECISIONS. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES BY OUTLINING A SIMPLE--BUT SUFFICIENTLY GENERAL--SPECIFICATION OF THE LONG-RUN FUNCTIONAL FORM OF THE CONSUMPTION FUNCTION. THIS SPECIFICATION USES THE ECONOMETRIC MODELING TECHNIQUES TO CAPTURE THE DYNAMICS INHERENT IN THE SHORT-RUN RELATIONSHIP. THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED.

We study a model of human capital driven growth, where the parent's human capital serves as a productive input in the child's human capital production only when that of the former exceeds a minimum level required to intellectually contribute to the child's learning. Private and public expenditures on education enter in the child's human capital production function, and are allowed to vary in terms of substitutability and relative productivity. Households receive income from labor and face both labor and consumption taxes. The government receives consumption tax revenues and a proportion of income tax revenues and spends these revenues on public education. We simulate the model to a state in India and experimentally increase public education spending through various tax instruments. We find: (i) large changes in education funding have very small effects on growth and on the evolution of income inequality; (ii) raising the consumption tax generates about as much economic growth as realizing an increase in the center-state transfer from the federal level, and (iii) financing this increase in public spending through the labor tax increases economic growth by less than utilizing the consumption tax; however, it reduces inequality by more than utilizing the consumption tax. Hence, there is growth-inequality trade-off.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain new evidence about a fundamental question of empirical studies on technology policy. Is public R&D a complement to or a substitute for private R&D? We examine, at an industry level, the relationship between private R&D expenditures and public subsidies in Spain, using panel data and controlling the interindustry differences in technological opportunities. The results suggest that public subsidies have complemented private R&D. This is an interesting result because technology policy was reoriented in the 1990s with a reduction of direct government subsidies for R&D and an increase in tax incentives.

Cover -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive summar -- I. Introduction -- Background -- Objectives -- Outline -- Research Team -- II. Methods and Scope of the Research -- Search Strategy -- Scope -- III. Results -- What Are the Main Direct and Indirect Costs to Households from Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Healthcare and What Is the Relative Importance of Those Costs? -- Direct Costs -- Indirect Costs -- What is the Magnitude of Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Healthcare Costs Relative to Other Health and Non-health Expenditures and Do These Costs Constitute a Significant Share of Overall Expenditures? -- Do Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Healthcare Expenditures Impoverish Individuals and Households? -- What Are the Uses of the Various Types of Coping Strategies Available to Women and Households and How Effective Are These Strategies? -- Does the Financial Burden Associated with Poor Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Fall Disproportionately on the Poor and Other Vulnerable Groups? -- How Well Does the Literature Cover the Situation and Experience in Asia and the Pacific, Given the Burden of Maternal and Child Ill Health in the Region, and How Adequate Is the Coverage of the Individual Countries in the Region? -- Has the Literature on Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health Expenditures Increased in Coverage over Time in Response to the Formulation of the Millennium Development Goals? -- IV. Discussion and Conclusions -- Summary of Findings -- Discussion -- Strengths and Weaknesses of the Evidence Base -- Policy Recommendations and Areas for Future Research -- Appendix 1: Search Strategy and Inclusion Criteria -- Appendix 2: Summary of findings -- References -- Tables -- A2.1 What are the main direct and indirect costs to households from MNCH care:.

ABSTRACTIn this paper we provide empirical evidence of the relationship between government purchases and private expenditure by adopting a microeconomic approach. Using UK quarterly data, a long‐run demand system conditioned to the public sector is obtained by specifying a vector error correction model in which government consumption is assumed as an exogenous I(1) forcing variable. Our findings reject the hypothesis of separability of individual preferences between public and private expenditures, with simultaneous crowding‐out/in effects. Moreover, crowding‐out effects of government consumption on private spending are found to be larger for those goods and services that produce similar utility.

Cover -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Currency Equivalents -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- Executive summary -- I. Introduction -- Background -- Objectives -- II. Methods and Results -- Overview -- Government Expenditures at Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Healthcare Institutions -- Targeting of Government Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Healthcare Treatment Expenditures -- Out-of-Pocket and Other Private Costs Incurred at Pharmacies and Medicines Retailers -- Out-of-Pocket Costs Incurred in Obtaining Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Care at Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Facilities -- Out-of-Pocket Costs Incurred in Obtaining Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Healthcare at Other Private Providers -- Synthesis of Overall Estimates of Expenditures on Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Care -- III. Discussion -- References -- Tables -- 1 Current Healthcare Expenditures by Major Financing Source and Type of Provider, FY2007 (Tk billion) -- 2 Cost Weights Used in Costing Outpatient Investigations -- 3 Comparison of Unit Costs of Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Healthcare and All Services at Major Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Facility Types, FY2010 (Tk) -- 4 International Classification of Disease Categories Used to Identify Expenditures for Maternal Care -- 5 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Expenditures on Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Healthcare Services per Capita by Facility Type, FY2007 (Tk) -- 6 Distribution of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Expenditures by Patient Category and Wealth Quintile, Patient Exit Survey 2011 Estimates (%) -- 7 Sales of Medicines by Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health Categories, FY2007 -- 8 Out-of-Pocket Costs of Official Fees Paid to Facilities Reported by Mothers, Children and Other Patients Using MOHFW Facilities, 2011.

The relationship between government actions and private reactions is an important subject of continuing discussion in fiscal policy. This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of government consumption on private expenditures in the case of Indonesia over the period of 1990–2012. We use Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model to analyze the quarterly data of household consumption, investment, government spending, and import in compliance with the national income product based on expenditure approach. The results confirm that the government expenditure crowds-out household consumption. In contrast, it crowds-in firm investment and import. The elasticity of government expenditure with respect to income is the lowest while that of investment is the highest. Those findings suggest that the public sector is decreasing in relative importance gradually taken over by private sector to promote economic growth. As the economy grows, the economic policies of governments should have a tendency to more heavily focus on economic stabilization especially in relation to external imbalance induced by tendency of increase in import.