Suchergebnisse

There is a popular belief among decentralists that if local governments have the power to generate and spend revenue, without relying on central government funding, their expenditure will be pro-poor and will improve the lives of local people. Such views have influenced recent calls for greater decentralisation in developing countries in general and Africa in particular. However, evidence from Ghana casts some doubts on this view. A brief comparison of the expenditure and revenue patterns of the poorest and richest local governments there suggests that local governments are not inherently pro-poor and that locally generated funds might be used in ways that do not reflect the needs of the locality as a whole. Thus the fiscal devolution view of decentralisation appears to be out of kilter with reality. To discuss this issue, the three sections in this paper summarise the assumptions and perceived benefits of decentralisation, describe decentralisation in Ghana, and analyse the revenue and expenditure patterns of the Kumasi Metropolitan Authority and the Kasena Nankana District Assembly.

There is a popular belief among decentralists that if local governments have the power to generate and spend revenue, without relying on central government funding, their expenditure will be pro-poor and will improve the lives of local people. Such views have influenced recent calls for greater decentralisation in developing countries in general and Africa in particular. However, evidence from Ghana casts some doubts on this view. A brief comparison of the expenditure and revenue patterns of the poorest and richest local governments there suggests that local governments are not inherently pro-poor and that locally generated funds might be used in ways that do not reflect the needs of the locality as a whole. Thus the fiscal devolution view of decentralisation appears to be out of kilter with reality. To discuss this issue, the three sections in this paper summarise the assumptions and perceived benefits of decentralisation, describe decentralisation in Ghana, and analyse the revenue and expenditure patterns of the Kumasi Metropolitan Authority and the Kasena Nankana District Assembly.

Tourismus in Bhutan sowie dessen Kosten und Nutzen sind saisonal, geographisch und innerhalb der Bevölkerung ungleich verteilt. Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist es, einen theoretischen und empirischen Beitrag dazu zu leisten, diesem Ungleichgewicht entgegen zu wirken. Zu diesem Zweck hat der Autor einen Business Plan für einen Community-basierten Fahrrad-Verleih in einem ökologisch sensiblen Feuchtgebiet im Westen Bhutans verfasst. Eingehende Recherchen in Österreich, Nepal und Bhutan gingen dem Business Plan voraus. Deren Ergebnisse werden in Kapitel 1 bis 4 präsentiert, während Kapitel 5 die empirische Forschung und den Business Plan umfasst. In Kapitel 6 erfolgt eine Evaluierung der Entwicklungsphase des neuen Tourismusproduktes und es wird die folgende Forschungsfrage beantwortet: Sind die Paradigmen von nachhaltigem, community-based und pro-poor Tourismus in Bhutan anwendbar? Wenn ja, unter welchen Voraussetzungen und mit welchen Einschränkungen?" Die systematische Evaluierung kommt zum Schluss, dass diese Paradigmen in Bhutan anwendbar sind, wenngleich eine Anpassung an die Gegebenheiten vor Ort vorgenommen werden muss. Zusammenfassend wirkt sich Tourismus eher positiv als negativ auf die nachhaltige Entwicklung Bhutans aus. Tourismus kann die wirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit von Indien und der Wasserkraft reduzieren und die Eigenständigkeit des Landes fördern. Durch die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen im tertiären Sektor, insbesondere im ländlichen Raum, wird der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und der Landflucht entgegengewirkt. Ob das entwickelte Tourismusprodukt zur Herstellung eines Gleichgewichtes im Tourismussektor Bhutans beiträgt, ist noch nicht absehbar. Ungeachtet dessen sollen die theoretischen Erkenntnisse und empirischen Ergebnisse dieser Masterarbeit vor allem der Business Plan als Ausgangspunkt für die Entwicklung zukünftiger, den Paradigmen von nachhaltigem, community-based und pro-poor Tourismus folgenden Tourismusprodukte in Bhutan dienen. ; Tourism in Bhutan and its benefits and costs are unevenly spread throughout the year, across the country and amongst the population. The purpose of this masters thesis is to make a theoretical and empirical contribution to counteract this imbalance. To this end, the author wrote a business plan for a community-based bicycle rental service in an ecologically sensitive wetland in Western Bhutan.In-depth research in Austria, Nepal and Bhutan preceded the business plan. Its results are detailed in Chapters 1 to 4, while Chapter 5 depicts the empirical process and the business plan itself. Chapter 6 evaluates the development phase of the new tourism product and answers the research question, "Are the paradigms of sustainable, community-based and pro-poor tourism practicable in Bhutan? If yes, under which premises and limitations?" The systematic evaluation concludes that these paradigms are practicable in Bhutan, even though concessions have to be made to the facts on the ground.In conclusion, tourism is rather more advantageous than disadvantageous to the sustainable development of Bhutan. As an economic activity in the tertiary sector, tourism is capable of reducing the countrys economic dependence on India as well as on hydropower and can promote its self-reliance. Further, the creation of jobs in the tertiary sector can counteract youth unemployment and, if centred on rural Bhutan, rural-urban migration. This would lead to a subsequent decentralisation of political, cultural, social and economic life. Whether or not the concrete tourism product developed by the author will contribute toward rebalancing the tourism sector of Bhutan is not yet foreseeable.However, the theoretical findings and empirical results of this masters thesis, particularly the business plan as a role model, shall serve as a starting point for future tourism planners developing tourism products in line with the paradigms of sustainable, community-based and pro-poor tourism in Bhutan. ; Gerhard Adam ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2014 ; (VLID)355142

The objective of this study was to investigate if the Tanzania's economic growth is pro-poor or not. The information for this study was obtained from secondary data. The study found that for the 1991/91 - 2007 period, while economic growth made a notable positive change, reduction in poverty and inequality has not been significant. This was because the growth of the economy was driven by capital intensive sectors which were unable to absorb a good number of job seeker nor did they provide markets for the agriculture produce. In contrast, for the 2007 - 2011/12 period, poverty and inequality declined though disproportionately as economic growth expanded. The reduction in poverty and inequality was attributed to increased education levels, ownership of land and other assets, and access to employment opportunities and basic services and the returns from the endowments. The disproportionate benefits were related to rural status, family size, education level, wage employment and non-farm businesses, access to public infrastracture and internal migration. This study suggest that conscious efforts should be made to ensure that the emerged signs of pro-poor are spread to the majority poor. The study, therefore, recommends policies such as land reforms and strategies to improve land productivity, improve provision and access by the poor to social and economic services, promote off-farm activities, government redistributive measures, adoption of labour intensive techniques particularly for the activities undertaken by the poor and in areas where the majority poor live, and the introduction of safety net programmes.