Suchergebnisse

For various reasons-whether philosophical, political, humanitarian, or by institutional mandate-people are concerned for the well being of the most vulnerable groups in society: women, the poor, and the elderly. Some would even measure the value of a political system by how well it cares for the least of its members. Related to this is the orientation of government toward the public more generally and the extent that it listens and responds to its citizens. More specifically, it is the rules and norms-the institutional framework-of government through which it takes into account the preferences

Papua has abundant natural and fiscal resources but also faces great development challenges. On the one hand, Papua currently has the largest per capita fiscal capacity after West Papua. Papua is rich in natural resources such as non-oil-and-gas minerals and forest products. On the other hand, development challenges in Papua are significant, including geography, terrain and demography. In general, Papua is still underdeveloped both socially and in economic terms compared to other regions in Indonesia. This underdevelopment is evident in most poverty, education, health, and infrastructure indicators. The economy and investment in Papua are dominated by the mining sector and, in a distant second place, the agricultural sector. Between 2004 and 2007, the mining sector accounted for more than 50 percent of the Papua's gross regional domestic product (GRDP). As a consequence, economic growth was determined by fluctuations in mineral commodity prices. The second largest sector is agriculture, which accounts for about 14-18 percent of GRDP. This sector absorbed the most workers in Papua province until 2008. Meanwhile, industry continues to lag and contributed less than 10 percent to GRDP. The PEA is a part of the PEACH (Public Expenditure Analysis and Capacity Harmonization) program. This program is an initiative of the Government of Papua to continuously improve its public financial management performance. Consequently, the analysis contained in this report addresses issues that are the region's main focus. Today, the Government of Papua is trying actively to achieve a 'New Papua' through implementing the following agenda: a) restructuring the local government; b) developing a prosperous Papua; c) developing a safe and peaceful Papua; and d) improving and accelerating the development of basic infrastructure and facilities.

The objective of the Chad Public Expenditure Analysis (PEA) is to examine the technical efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditure, thereby creating fiscal space for more social sector spending. With continued pressures to rationalize expenditure, the government of Chad is interested in finding options to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public spending, especially in the education and health sectors. In addition, Chad needs to urgently develop structural growth drivers which makes adequate social sector expenditure a priority. Therefore, this PEA explores options to improve (non-oil) revenue mobilization and channel oil revenues towards these social sectors. Finally, a series of policy recommendations is derived from analysis. The PEA is organized around four chapters: chapter one presents short term fiscal developments, long term trends and a medium term macro-fiscal framework. Chapter two serves as an overview and presents detailed analyses of domestic revenues and central government expenditures. Chapter three focuses on the education sector by: (i) analyzing trends and composition of education spending; (ii) examining efficiency in the management and utilization of resources; and (iii) evaluating technical efficiency. Chapter four provides a description of public spending bottlenecks in the health sector while examining resource and expenditure patterns with a focus on technical efficiency and equity of public health spending.

The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has a very narrow production base, with subsistence agriculture and fisheries and the public sectors dominating the economy, both with regard to employment and value added. The contribution of institutional sectors to growth suggests that private enterprises relied on the public sector for growth opportunities and households tended to fall back to subsistence when growth slows. Growth accelerations and decelerations were largely influenced by the implementation of the U.S. funded airport upgrade project and Compact grants although over the long run, the net effect of public investment on growth has been small. Economic growth and international competitiveness are severely constrained by the country's small size, remoteness, geographic isolation and dispersion, and thin institutional and human capacity. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) is aimed at filling a knowledge gap to support the Government of FSM (GoFSM) in improving the design of public expenditure policies to address these key challenges. The main recommendations of this PER to support the GoFSM in addressing the aforementioned challenges are centered on how to (a) improve public expenditure management to support macroeconomic stability and growth, and (b) improve public expenditure management to support efficient, effective, and equitable service delivery. The PER is composed of a concise set of chapters analyzing macroeconomic and fiscal trends, intergovernmental relationships, public investment management (PIM) issues, and the two largest expenditure sectors: education and health. Data limitations may result in some inaccuracies and inadvertent distortions in outcomes.

Southeast Sulawesi is one of Indonesia's developing provinces and over the past five years has achieved one of the country's highest growth rates. In 2010, Southeast Sulawesi's economy grew at 8.2percent the third fastest in Indonesia. The poverty rate has declined significantly in the past 10 years and the unemployment rate is one the lowest in Indonesia. Per capita expenditure in Southeast Sulawesi has increased nine-fold compared to pre decentralization rates Southeast Sulawesi's consolidated per capita expenditure now falls in the top 10 in Indonesia. However, Southeast Sulawesi is still facing a range of challenges. The Human Development Index (HDI) has continued to lag at 25th in Indonesia over the past five years. Although regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown rapidly, in real per capita terms it is still far below the national provincial average. Southeast Sulawesi' poverty rate also remains above the national average. It will be important for the high and growing rate of per capita expenditure to be matched with improvements in public financial management capacity within the local government. In the context of overcoming these challenges and capitalizing on expanding opportunities, the local governments in Southeast Sulawesi and in particular the provincial government need to work harder to make the most of its budgetary resources. The development agenda and programs must be sharpened and budget allocations must be optimized to achieve development targets, especially in the strategic sectors of education, health, infrastructure and agriculture. This report contains findings and recommendations intended to support sub national governments in Southeast Sulawesi province to enhance their public financial management performance; improve the quality of evidence based planning and budgeting; and accelerate the achievement of existing development targets.

This paper proposes a new measure of public expenditure force that policy makers and budget analysts should track in detail over time in routine fiscal monitoring. The paper suggests that adopting the measure will not only warn policy makers of possible impending fiscal pressures, but will help them to differentiate between those budgetary pressures that are temporary and those that may require reforms. The main utility of the expenditure force measure will be in country fiscal analysis. Measuring force across the entire budget allows practitioners to monitor and decompose the micro drivers of public spending pressure, watch out for rapidly expanding spending lines, and identify priorities for reform before these pressures lead to macro fiscal problems. Yet by its construct, spending force is internationally comparable, and independent of expenditure levels or spending types. This could allow global monitoring comparisons and global research into the drivers of public spending force across particular types of country characteristics and economic conditions. In time, and as more data become available, researchers can use the force measure to compare and contrast the dynamics of expenditure types across countries. For example the measure can be used to explore what gives some spending types an initial impulse; whether underlying factors cause different public spending categories to grow faster than average, or to accelerate over time; and what successful countries have done to manage rising force without damaging public services. Since force seems to be a decent predictor of fiscal episodes, it is suggested that "speed limits" for spending might be a feasible component of fiscal rules.

North Sulawesi province is one of the most developed provinces in eastern Indonesia. Far-reaching development has taken place over the past ten years. Presently, North Sulawesi province has the second highest Human Development Index score in Indonesia, and its poverty rate is low in comparison with other provinces. Over the past decade, per capita gross regional domestic product (GRDP) has doubled and sub-national government spending has increased significantly. Nevertheless, there remain various development challenges to address as well as various potential resources and opportunities to pursue. North Sulawesi's performance in regional financial management has been relatively good, but discrepancies remain in the performance and capacity of different work units within each regional government and also between different regional governments in the province. To address challenges, take opportunities, and increase development performance, sub-national governments in North Sulawesi, particularly the provincial government, need to better utilize their fiscal resources. Clearer vision, mission, indicators and development targets must be accompanied by greater efforts to prepare a more directed budget, and to formulate higher quality programs and activities more consistent with planning targets. This report is an effort to assist North Sulawesi's sub-national governments to improve their regional financial management performance, to improve the quality of planning and budgeting, and finally to contribute to local development performance. The report results from strong cooperation between sub-national governments in North Sulawesi province, the Economics Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University, which was supported by CIDA, the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and the World Bank. North Sulawesi Province BAPPEDA (Head of the Regional Development Planning Agency) played an important role in facilitating the preparation of this report. It is expected that this report will benefit North Sulawesi's sub-national governments, sub-national governments elsewhere in Indonesia and the central government by serving as a reference for efforts to improve sub-national financial management performance and the regional development process. Finally, this report can contribute to better and more effective sub-national financial management and governance. Overall, North Sulawesi's strategic sectors (health, education, infrastructure and agriculture) are performing better than in other provinces in eastern Indonesia.

The Kenyan government remains committed to a planned fiscal consolidation pathway, which should help contain public debt stock at a sustainable level. Nonetheless, there are significant challenges stemming from a slowdown in revenue collection, a growing demand for transfers to county governments, and the need to fund the big four agenda. These issues raise the probability for fiscal slippages, requiring adequate mitigation to safeguard macroeconomic stability. This report provides an overview of the challenges in revenue mobilization, the size and composition of the national government expenditures, and the efficiency of this spending over the last five years. The analysis identifies options for supporting ongoing fiscal consolidation and creating fiscal space for the big four and broad public services delivery. There are three key messages: first, Kenya's tax revenue as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) has decreased and decoupled from the growth in the economy, suggesting some important constraints to enhancing revenue collection. Second, government spending is allocated well (to infrastructure and human capital) but there is scope to improve outcomes from the use of these resources. Third, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness of public spending is critical given tight fiscal space and the expenditure needs under the big four.

Public Expenditure Analysis is the 7th edition in the "Public Sector Governance and Accountability Series" edited by Anwar Shah. The book attempts to contribute to public sector reforms by improving governance in the public expenditure analysis—to disburse the benefits to grossroots levels in the developing countries. It deals with the intricate issue of equity in both the tax burdens and public spending and evaluates performance of government in safeguarding the interests of the poor and other disadvantaged groups of the society, such as women, children, and minorities. The eight chapters of the book that consist of papers prepared by distinguished authors systematically develop a framework for a right-based approach to citizen empowerment by creating an institutional design with appropriate rules, restraints, and incentives to make the public sector responsive and accountable to the average voter.

"In all highly industrialized countries public expenditures are a substantial and growing share of total economic activity. The authors integrate normative and positive theory and empirical analysis of public expenditure, concentrating on the optimal provision of public goods and the estimation of their costs and effects. This volume emphasizes the techniques that are available for reaching collective decisions about the provision of public goods and stresses the importance of income distribution and intergovernmental fiscal relations. In a mixed economy, where the public sector is growing faster than the private sector, the nature of public expenditures must be closely evaluated and studied. This book is designed to focus on and delineate controversies about public expenditure--to define what it is, analyze its function, show how it operates, and finally to evaluate research on this important subject. The book considers the theories of leading economists (Kenneth Arrow, Lionel Robbins, Carl Shoup, James Buchanan, Paul Samuelson, Richard Musgrave, and others) in arriving at a clear statement of theory in its application to operational problems. Appropriate attention is paid to current techniques such as program budgeting, cost-benefit analysis, and the analysis of the determinants of public expenditure. The book is unique in its emphasis on the integration and critique of contemporary theories of public expenditure, of distributional concerns, and of the political framework of public expenditure decisions. It provides a necessary resource for professional economists required to deal with public expenditure problems in research or practice."--Provided by publisher.

Cover -- Half Title -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. The Nature of the Public Sector -- 2. The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure: Partial Equilibrium -- 3. The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure: General Equilibrium -- 4. Market Failure, Public Policy, and Public Expenditure -- 5. The Politics of Collective Choice -- 6. Program Budgeting -- 7. Benefit-Cost Analysis -- 8. Fiscal Federalism -- 9. Determinants and Consequences of Public Expenditures -- Name Index -- Subject Index