Suchergebnisse

The article presents an analysis of the prerequisites for the emergence of palliative care and its functions in modern Russia. The fundamental idea of modern palliative care is the absence of suffering of an incurable patient, first of all, the minimization of physical suffering, while palliative care allows solving a number of problems in the field of comprehensive support for incurable patients. Palliative care in its organizational forms begins its development in European countries and the USA, the hospice movement also emerges in Russia, however, certain prerequisites for caring for incurable patients (and not only oncological patients) were created in our country back in the 19th century. The scientific prerequisites for the formation of hospices as special institutions whose purpose is to care for dying patients are the experience of treating chronic pain, as well as effective psychotropic drugs, dynamically developing anti-cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and achievements of medical psychology. An analysis of the functions of palliative care allows us to come to the conclusion that for palliative medicine and healthcare in Russia in general, the priority goal is to relieve the patient from pain; it is also important to disseminate information about possible means of achieving this effect. Palliative care relieves incurable patients from the humiliation caused by pain, illness, and infirmity. It implements several functions: it forms charitable medicine as a new form of medical and social service for incurable patients, promotes the provision of medical care to patients in the terminal stage, including at home, allows for symptomatic treatment of patients in the terminal stages, and organizes qualified care for them using psychotherapeutic and traditional methods, select and carry out the necessary pain relief therapy, provide psychological and social support to relatives during the period of illness and loss of a loved one.

Genetic diseases are often progressive in nature, and without proper treatment may result in disability or death. Difficulties with diagnosis of genetic diseases and lack of effective treatment are global public health challenges. Medical care for patients with genetic diseases is often confined to symptomatic and palliative care. Starting from the 2000s, great hopes have been placed on cell-based medicinal products (which are referred to as biomedical cell products in the Russian legislation) and gene therapy products. The aim of the study was to review current trends in the development of biomedical cell products for the treatment of genetic diseases. The paper focuses on cell-based products for the treatment of monogenic genetic diseases, such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), beta-haemoglobinopathies, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, haemophilia A, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Such drugs are being developed in many countries and are now entering preclinical and different stages of clinical trials. Products based on various types of viable cells, including differentiated cells, stem cells, induced pluripotent cells, as well as cells genetically modified ex vivo, may be developed for the treatment of one and the same disease. The main priority is the creation of such products that will obviate the need for replacement therapy or palliative care, and that will significantly increase life expectancy and quality of life. ; Генетические заболевания в большинстве случаев носят прогрессирующий характер и без соответствующего лечения приводят к смерти или инвалидизации человека. Актуальными проблемами мирового здравоохранения являются как трудность диагностики, так и отсутствие эффективного лечения для многих генетических заболеваний. Медицинская помощь пациентам с генетическими заболеваниями часто сводится к симптоматическому и паллиативному лечению. Начиная с 2000-х годов перспективным направлением для терапии таких заболеваний являются препараты на основе жизнеспособных клеток человека (в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации — биомедицинские клеточные продукты) и генотерапевтические препараты. Цель работы — обзор актуальных направлений разработки биомедицинских клеточных продуктов для лечения генетических заболеваний. В работе рассмотрены препараты на основе клеток для лечения таких моногенных генетических заболеваний, как тяжелый комбинированный иммунодефицит (SCID), рецессивный дистрофический буллезный эпидермолиз (RDEB), β-гемоглобинопатии, дефицит альфа-1-антитрипсина, гемофилия А и мышечная дистрофия Дюшенна. Разработка подобных препаратов осуществляется во многих странах и находится на разных стадиях: доклинические и разные фазы клинических исследований. Для одного заболевания могут разрабатываться препараты, содержащие разные типы жизнеспособных клеток: дифференцированных, стволовых и фибробластов, индуцированных плюрипотентных, а также ex vivo генетически модифицированных. Приоритетными задачами разработки таких препаратов являются отказ от проведения заместительной терапии или паллиативного лечения, а также существенное увеличение продолжительности и качества жизни пациентов.