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The study of parent-child relationships has long been of interest to behavioral scientists, both for its theoretical importance and for its practice and policy implications. There are, however, certain limitations to the knowledge in this area. First, research on parents and children is spread throughout a number of disciplines and as a consequence is not well integrated. Further, there has been little dialogue among researchers concerned with parents of young children and those interested in middle-aged and elderly parents and their offspring. The present volume predicates the notion that the

This paper is an examination of statistical associations between parent-child relations and family structure, parents' education, family income and general happiness. The parent-child relations variable includes the following component variables: frequency of time spent together doing things with parents, parent-child relationship during childhood, parental adequacy in teaching children how to do things-and increase their skills, present parent-child relations, actual parental advise, and actual parental help. The data for this analysis come from a larger study, "Socialization and Aspirations of College Black Females." The research is based on a systematic random sample of 219 females, ages 17-26, attending a midwestern, regional university. The data were collected by the interview method, controlling for race of interviewer. The parent-child relations variables are positively associated with all the other variables with which they are correlated. The associations were tested by use of chi-square and the gamma statistic. The results were mostly statistically significant and of moderate strength. Overall, the parent-child relations seem healthy, thus conforming to societal expectations. This holds for early childhood as well as late adolescence.

Fictive parent-child or patron-client relations (oyabun-kobun kankei) form the basis of Japanese social relations. Such relations also permeats Japanese religion. After outlining some examples of fictive parent-child relations in Japanese rites of passage, the author briefly discusses secular oyabun-kobun relations and how they are reflected in religious institutions and in bonds between disciple and religious teacher or founder. The main part of the paper deals with the similar kind of relations that are formed between the Japanese believer and supernatural beings such as kami, Buddhas and ancestors. The data presented is drawn primarily from the author's field work in a small Japanese farming community. Besides observing the villagers' active religious life, the writer administered a questionnaire regarding beliefs and values to a random sample of adults in the village. It was found that supernatural beings are conceived of as close and familiar guardians whose past and present blessings are repaid by rites of gratitude.

At the Henry Street Settlement, New York City, a project is under way to prevent the contagion of gang activity on younger children by detecting and working with the younger groups while there is still a good chance to influence them. Here we find that one of the most important steps in the cor rective process lies in reaching the parents of these children and helping them reassert their own influence and authority. Even the flimsiest of parent-child relationship is a potential source of control, if help is given in time. Through this spe cial project we are attempting to devise programs which place as much emphasis on encouraging parents to express their au thority as on the intensive group work being done with the chil dren. One of the most effective tools for achieving this has been through a constant effort to bring the parents of prede linquent gang members together at meetings so that their opin ions and group influence can be felt by the children. Another has been through the close, informal relationships developed with individual parents around matters concerning their chil dren and themselves. The partnership between home and Settlement is accepted and recognized by the children and, in most instances, is contributing towards revitalizing parent- child relationships. All combined, this approach seems to be having a positive effect on the behavior of the children in these young groups.

This article attempts to think across and beyond the fields of childhood studies and parenting culture studies by employing postcolonial, relational and temporal lenses to explore child–parent–state relations and how these relations have been constructed, represented and enacted over time. Using the case study of Rwanda, we suggest that the phenomenon of state-as-parent functions symbolically and instrumentally to establish state legitimacy and national unity in the aftermath of the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi, informed by both the specificities of the Rwandan historical and current contexts, as well as transnational discourses on childhood and parenting. Furthermore, we argue that plural, coexisting and conflicting temporalities are at play in the reframing and reworking of state–parent–child relations, which are also a site for the generation of subaltern forms of temporality to contest the overarching narrative of state-as-parent.

Research has shown that parent-child relationships and religiousness are negatively associated with substance use among adolescents, but few studies have addressed their relationship with substance use disorders (SUDs). This study explored whether high quality parent-child relations are negatively associated with the risk of an SUD among adolescents, especially when religiousness is high. The data used to assess this inquiry were from 4 years (2016–2019) of the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). SUDs in the past year were based on a set of questions consistent with criteria enumerated in the DSM-IV. Latent measures of parent-child relations and religiousness were also constructed. The results of an augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) model furnished empirical evidence in support of the notion that the lowest risk of an SUD occurred among those reporting high quality parent-child relations and high religiousness, even after adjusting for a substantial number of selection factors.