This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. ; The provision of a particle and power exhaust solution which is compatible with first-wall components and edge-plasma conditions is a key area of present-day fusion research and mandatory for a successful operation of ITER and DEMO. The work package plasma-facing components (WP PFC) within the European fusion programme complements with laboratory experiments, i.e. in linear plasma devices, electron and ion beam loading facilities, the studies performed in toroidally confined magnetic devices, such as JET, ASDEX Upgrade, WEST etc. The connection of both groups is done via common physics and engineering studies, including the qualification and specification of plasma-facing components, and by modelling codes that simulate edge-plasma conditions and the plasma-material interaction as well as the study of fundamental processes. WP PFC addresses these critical points in order to ensure reliable and efficient use of conventional, solid PFCs in ITER (Be and W) and DEMO (W and steel) with respect to heat-load capabilities (transient and steady-state heat and particle loads), lifetime estimates (erosion, material mixing and surface morphology), and safety aspects (fuel retention, fuel removal, material migration and dust formation) particularly for quasi-steady-state conditions. Alternative scenarios and concepts (liquid Sn or Li as PFCs) for DEMO are developed and tested in the event that the conventional solution turns out to not be functional. Here, we present an overview of the activities with an emphasis on a few key results: (i) the observed synergistic effects in particle and heat loading of ITER-grade W with the available set of exposition devices on material properties such as roughness, ductility and microstructure; (ii) the progress in understanding of fuel retention, diffusion and outgassing in different W-based materials, including the impact of damage and impurities like N; and (iii), the preferential sputtering of Fe in EUROFER steel providing an in situ W surface and a potential first-wall solution for DEMO. ; European Commission; Consortium for Ocean Leadership 633053; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²
This article examines the pertinent legislative and judicial developments of the past year that have effected juvenile law in Virginia. Specifically, this article discusses new laws and amendments passed by the Virginia General Assembly with respect to juvenile delinquency, non-criminal misbehavior, and termination of parental rights. Part IV discusses changes to Title 22.1 of the Virginia Code that affect school disciplinary matters. Part V examines developments in the area of juvenile mental health. Finally, Part VI discusses various miscellaneous developments affecting youth abortions, teenage driving, parental negligence in the tort context, and a significant amendment made to the Comprehensive Services Act for At-Risk Youth and Families. Discussion ofrelevant case law supplements each topical section.
NOTICIAS / NEWS ("transfer", 2018) 1) LIBROS – CAPÍTULOS DE LIBRO / BOOKS – BOOK CHAPTERS 1. Bandia, Paul F. (ed.). (2017). Orality and Translation. London: Routledge. <<www.routledge.com/Orality-and-Translation/Bandia/p/book/9781138232884>> 2. Trends in Translation and Interpretin, Institute of Translation & Interpreting<<www.iti.org.uk/news-media-industry-jobs/news/819-iti-publishes-trends-e-book>> 3. Schippel, Larisa & Cornelia Zwischenberger. (eds). (2017). Going East: Discovering New and Alternative Traditions in Translation Studies. Berlin: Frank & Timme.<<www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-28-larisa-schippelcornelia-zwischenberger-eds-going-east-discovering-new-and-alternative/backPID/transkulturalitaet-translation-transfer.html>> 4. Godayol, Pilar. (2017). Tres escritoras censuradas: Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan y Mary McCarthy. Granada: Comares.<<www.editorialcomares.com/TV/articulo/3149-Tres_escritoras_censuradas.html>> 5. Vanacker, Beatrijs & Tom Toremans. (eds). (2016). Pseudotranslation and Metafictionality/Pseudo-traduction: enjeux métafictionnels. Special issue of Interférences Littéraires.<<www.interferenceslitteraires.be/nr19>> 6. Jiménez-Crespo, Miguel A. (2017). Crowdsourcing and Online Collaborative Translations: Expanding the Limits of Translation Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.131>> 7. Quality Assurance and Assessment Practices in Translation and Interpreting<<www.igi-global.com/publish/call-for-papers/call-details/2640>> 8. Hurtado Albir, Amparo. (ed.). (2017). Researching Translation Competence by PACTE Group. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<<www.benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.127/main>> 9. Taivalkoski-Shilov, Kristiina, Liisa Tittula and Maarit Koponen. (eds). (2017). Communities in Translation and Interpreting. Toronto: Vita Traductiva, York University<<http://vitatraductiva.blog.yorku.ca/publication/communities-in-translation-and-interpreting>> 10. Giczela-Pastwa, Justyna and Uchenna Oyali (eds). (2017). Norm-Focused and Culture-Related Inquiries in Translation Research. Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Summer School 2014. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/25509>> 11. Castro, Olga & Emek Ergun (eds). (2017). Feminist Translation Studies: Local and Transnational Perspectives. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Feminist-Translation-Studies-Local-and-Transnational-Perspectives/Castro-Ergun/p/book/9781138931657>> 12. Call for papers: New Trends in Translation Studies. Series Editor: Prof. Jorge Díaz-Cintas, Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London.<<(www.ucl.ac.uk/centras)>>, <<www.peterlang.com/view/serial/NEWTRANS>> 13. Valero-Garcés, Carmen & Rebecca Tipton. (eds). (2017). Ideology, Ethics and Policy Development in Public Service Interpreting and Translation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb=9781783097517>> 14. Mahyub Rayaa, Bachir & Mourad Zarrouk. 2017. A Handbook for Simultaneous Interpreting Training from English, French and Spanish to Arabic / منهج تطبيقي في تعلّم الترجمة الفورية من الانجليزية والفرنسية والإسبانية إلى العربية. Toledo: Escuela de Traductores.<<https://issuu.com/escueladetraductorestoledo/docs/cuaderno_16_aertefinal_version_web>> 15. Lapeña, Alejandro L. (2017). A pie de escenario. Guía de traducción teatral. Valencia: JPM ediciones.<<http://jpm-ediciones.es/catalogo/details/56/11/humanidades/a-pie-de-escenario>> 16. Mével, Alex. (2017). Subtitling African American English into French: Can We Do the Right Thing? Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/47023>> 17. Díaz Cintas, Jorge & Kristijan Nikolić. (eds). (2017). Fast-Forwarding with Audiovisual Translation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?K=9781783099368>> 18. Taibi, Mustapha. (ed.). (2017). Translating for the Community. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb= 9781783099122>> 19. Borodo, Michał. (2017). Translation, Globalization and Younger Audiences. The Situation in Poland. Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/81485>> 20. Reframing Realities through Translation Cambridge Scholars Publishing<<https://cambridgescholarsblog.wordpress.com/2017/07/28/call-for-papers-reframing-realities-through-translation>> 21. Gansel, Mireille. 2017. Translation as Transhumance. London: Les Fugitives<<www.lesfugitives.com/books/#/translation-as-transhumance>> 22. Goźdź-Roszkowski, S. and G. Pontrandolfo. (eds). (2018). Phraseology in Legal and Institutional Settings. A Corpus-based Interdisciplinary Perspective. London: Routledge<<www.routledge.com/Phraseology-in-Legal-and-Institutional-Settings-A-Corpus-based-Interdisciplinary/Roszkowski-Pontrandolfo/p/book/9781138214361>> 23. Deckert, Mikołaj. (ed.). (2017). Audiovisual Translation – Research and Use. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/80659>> 24. Castro, Olga; Sergi Mainer & Svetlana Page. (eds). (2017). Self-Translation and Power: Negotiating Identities in European Multilingual Contexts. London: Palgrave Macmillan.www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781137507808 25. Gonzalo Claros, M. (2017). Cómo traducir y redactar textos científicos en español. Barcelona: Fundación Dr. Antonio Esteve.<<www.esteve.org/cuaderno-traducir-textos-cientificos>> 26. Tian, Chuanmao & Feng Wang. (2017).Translation and Culture. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.<<http://product.dangdang.com/25164476.html>> 27. Malamatidou, Sofia. (2018). Corpus Triangulation: Combining Data and Methods in Corpus-Based Translation Studies. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Corpus-Triangulation-Combining-Data-and-=Methods-in-Corpus-Based-Translation/Malamatidou/p/book/9781138948501>> 28. Jakobsen, Arnt L. and Bartolomé Mesa-Lao. (eds). (2017). Translation in Transition: Between Translation, Cognition and Technology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.133>> 29. Santaemilia, José. (ed.). (2017). Traducir para la igualdad sexual / Translating for Sexual Equality. Granada: Comares.<<www.editorialcomares.com/TV/articulo/3198-Traducir_para_la_igualdad_sexual.html>> 30. Levine, Suzanne Jill & Katie Lateef-Jan. (eds). (2018). Untranslatability Goes Global. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Untranslatability-Goes-Global/Levine-Lateef-Jan/p/book/9781138744301>> 31. Baer, Brian J. & Klaus Kindle. (eds). (2017). Queering Translation, Translating the Queer. Theory, Practice, Activism. New York: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Queering-Translation-Translating-the-Queer-Theory-Practice-Activism/Baer-Kaindl/p/book/9781138201699>> 32. Survey: The translation of political terminology<<https://goo.gl/forms/w2SQ2nnl3AkpcRNq2>> 33. Estudio de encuesta sobre la traducción y la interpretación en México 2017<<http://italiamorayta.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ENCUESTAS.pdf>> 34. Beseghi, Micòl. (2017). Multilingual Films in Translation: A Sociolinguistic and Intercultural Study of Diasporic Films. Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/78842>> 35. Vidal Claramonte, María Carmen África. (2017). Dile que le he escrito un blues: del texto como partitura a la partitura como traducción en la literatura latinoamericana. Madrid: Iberoamericana.<<www.iberoamericana-vervuert.es/FichaLibro.aspx?P1=104515>> 36. Figueira, Dorothy M. & Mohan, Chandra. (eds.). (2017). Literary Culture and Translation. New Aspects of Comparative Literature. Delhi: Primus Books. ISBN: 978-93-84082-51-2.<<www.primusbooks.com>> 37. Tomiche, Anne. (ed.). (2017). Le Comparatisme comme aproche critique / Comparative Literature as a Critical Approach. Tome IV: Traduction et transfers / Translation and Transferts. París: Classiques Garnier. ISBN: 978-2-406-06533-3. 2) REVISTAS / JOURNALS 1. Call for papers: The Translator, special issue on Translation and Development, 2019. Contact: jmarais@ufs.ac.za 2. Call for papers: Applied Language LearningContact: jiaying.howard@dliflc.edu<<www.dliflc.edu/resources/publications/applied-language-learning>> 3. Panace@: Revista de Medicina, Lenguaje y Traducción; special issue on "La comunicación escrita para pacientes", vol. 44<<www.tremedica.org/panacea/PanaceaActual.htm>> 4. mTm, issue 9<<www.mtmjournal.gr/default.asp?catid=435>> 5. Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, Volume 4 Issue 3 (November 2017)<<http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/aptis>>, <<www.tandfonline.com/rtis>> 6. Call for papers: The Journal of Translation Studies, special issue on Translation and Social Engagement in the Digital AgeContact: Sang-Bin Lee, sblee0110@naver.com 7. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E<<www.cttl.org>> 8. Translation and Interpreting Studies, 15 (1), Special issue on The Ethics of Non-Professional Translation and Interpreting in Public Services and Legal Settings<<www.atisa.org/call-for-papers>> 9. Call for papers: Translation & Interpreting – The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research, Special issue on Translation of Questionnaires in Cross-national and Cross-cultural Research<<www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/announcement/view/19>> 10. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria (RIDU), Special issue on Pedagogía y didáctica de la traducción y la interpretación<<http://revistas.upc.edu.pe/index.php/docencia/pages/view/announcement>> 11. Translation, Cognition & Behavior<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/tcb/main>> 12. FITISPos International Journal, vol. 4 (2017)Shedding Light on the Grey Zone: A Comprehensive View on Public Services Interpreting and Translation<<www3.uah.es/fitispos_ij>> 13. Post-Editing in Practice: Process, Product and NetworksSpecial issue of JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, 31<<www.jostrans.org/Post-Editing_in_Practice_Jostrans31.pdf>> 14. Call for papers: MonTI 10 (2018), Special issue on Retos actuales y tendencias emergentes en traducción médica<<https://dti.ua.es/es/monti/convocatorias.htm>> 15. Call for papers: trans‐kom Special Issue on Industry 4.0 meets Language and Knowledge Resources.Contact: Georg Löckinger (georg.loeckinger@fh‐wels.at)<<http://trans-kom.eu/index-en.html>> 16. Translaboration: Exploring Collaboration in Translation and Translation in CollaborationSpecial Issue, Target, vol 32(2), 2020.<<www.benjamins.com/series/target/cfp_target_32.pdf>> 17. redit, Revista Electrónica de Didáctica de la Traducción e Interpretación, nº11.<<www.revistas.uma.es/index.php/redit>> 18. Call for papers: InVerbis, special issue on Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, June 2018.Contact: alessandra.rizzo@unipa.it & karen.Seago1@city.ac.uk<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/dipartimentoscienzeumanistiche/CFP-Translating-the-margin-Lost-voices-in-the-aesthetic-discourse>> 19. trans-kom, Vol. 10 (1), 2017. <<www.trans-kom.eu>> 20. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, issue 28 (July 2017).<<www.jostrans.org/issue28/issue28_toc.php>> 21. Call for papers: InVerbis, special issue on Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, June 2018.<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/scienzeumanistiche/.content/documenti/CFPInverbis.pdf>> 22. Call for papers: TTR, special Issue on Lost and Found in Transcultural and Interlinguistic Translation/La traduction transculturelle et interlinguistique : s'y perdre et s'y retrouver<<http://professeure.umoncton.ca/umcm-merkle_denise/node/30>> 23. Call for proposals for thematic issues:Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies (LANS – TTS)<<https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be>> 24. Call for papers: trans‑kom, special issue on Didactics for Technology in Translation and InterpretingVol. 11(2), December 2018.Contact: aietimonografia@gmail.com / carmen.valero@uah.es 25. Journal of Languages for Special PurposesVol 22/2, New Perspectives on the Translation of Advertising<<https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/issue/view/53>>Vol 23/1, Linguistics, Translation and Teaching in LSP<<https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/issue/view/72>> 26. Call for papers: Parallèles, special issue on La littérature belge francophone en traduction (in French), Volume 32(1), 2020.Contact: katrien.lievois@uantwerpen.be & catherine.gravet@umons.ac.be 27. Call for papers: Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, Volume 5(1), 2018.<<www.tandfonline.com/rtis>> 28. Target, special issue on Translaboration: Exploring Collaboration in Translation and Translation in Collaboration<<www.benjamins.com/series/target/cfp_target_32.pdf>> 29. Research in Language, special issue on Translation and Cognition: Cases of Asymmetry, Volume 15(2).<<www.degruyter.com/view/j/rela.2017.15.issue-2/issue-files/rela.2017.15.issue-2.xml>> 30. Call for papers: Translation Spaces, special issue on Translation in Non-governmental Organisations, 7(1), 2018.<<www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/modern-languages-and-european-studies/CfP_SI_Translation_Spaces-translation_in_NGOs.pdf>> 31. Call for papers: Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, special issue of InVerbis (2018).<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/scienzeumanistiche/CFP-Translating-the-margin-Lost-voices-in-the-aesthetic-discourse>> 32. Call for papers: Translation and Disruption: Global and Local Perspectives, special issue of Revista Tradumàtica (2018).Contact: akiko.sakamoto@port.ac.uk; jonathan.evans@port.ac.uk and olga.torres.hostench@uab.cat 33. Call for papers: JoSTrans. The Journal of Specialised Translation 33 (January 2020), Special Issue on 'Experimental Research and Cognition in Audiovisual Translation'. Guest editors: Jorge Díaz Cintas & Agnieszka Szarkowska. Deadline for proposals: 19 February 2018<<http://www.jostrans.org/>> 34. Dragoman – Journal of Translation Studies<<www.dragoman-journal.org/books>> 35. Call for papers: Translation Spaces 7(1) 2018, special issue on Translation in Non-governmental Organisations<<www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/modern-languages-and-european-studies/CfP_SI_Translation_Spaces-translation_in_NGOs-public-extended_deadline.pdf>> 36. Call for papers: Public Service Interpreting and Translation and New Technologies Participation through Communication with Technology, special issue of FITISPos International Journal, Vol 5 (2018).Contact: Michaela Albl-Mikasa (albm@zhaw.ch) & Stefanos Vlachopoulos (stefanos@teiep.gr) 37. Sendebar, Vol. 28 (2017)<<http://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/sendebar>> 38. Ranzato, Irene. (2016). North and South: British Dialects in Fictional Dialogue, special issue of Status Quaestionis – Language, Text, Culture, 11.<<http://statusquaestionis.uniroma1.it/index.php/statusquaestionis>> 39. Translation Studies 10 (2), special issue on Indirect Translation.<<www.tandfonline.com/toc/rtrs20/current>> 40. Translation & Interpreting – Special issue on Research Methods in Interpreting Studies, Vol 9 (1), 2017. 41. Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts, special issue on Between Specialised Texts and Institutional Contexts – Competence and Choice in Legal Translation, edited by V. Dullion, 3 (1), 2017.<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/ttmc.3.1/toc>> 42. Translation and Performance, 9 (1), 2017<<https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/tc/index.php/TC/issue/view/1879>> 3) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES 1. ATISA IX: Contexts of Translation and InterpretingUniversity of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA, 29 March – 1 April 2018<<www.atisa.org/sites/default/files/CFP_ATISA_2018_FINAL.pdf> 2. V International Translating Voices Translating Regions – Minority Languages, Risks, Disasters and Regional CrisesCentre for Translation Studies (CenTraS) at UCL and Europe House, London, UK, 13-15 December 2017.<<www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/translation-news-and-events/v-translating-voices>> 3. Translation and Health Humanities: The Role of Translated Personal Narratives in the Co-creation of Medical KnowledgeGenealogies of Knowledge I Translating Political and Scientific Thought across Time and Space, University of Manchester, UK7-9 December 2017.<<http://genealogiesofknowledge.net/2017/02/20/call-panel-papers-translation-health-humanities-role-translated-personal-narratives-co-creation-medical-knowledge>> 4. Fourth International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT4), Stellenbosch University, South Africa, 22-24 May 2018.<<http://conferences.sun.ac.za/index.php/NPIT4/npit4>> 5. I International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches for Total Communication: Education, Healthcare and Interpreting within Disability Settings, University of Málaga, Spain, 12-14 December 2017.<<https://ecplusproject.uma.es/cfp-iciatc>> 6. Translation & Minority 2: Freedom and DifferenceUniversity of Ottawa, Canada, 10-11 November 2017.<<https://translationandminority.wordpress.com>> 7. Staging the Literary Translator: Roles, Identities, PersonalitiesUniversity of Vienna, Austria, 17-19 May 2018.<<http://translit2018.univie.ac.at/home>> 8. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPanel 9: Translating Development: The Importance of Language(s) in Processes of Social Transformation in Developing CountriesHong Kong, 3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel09>> 9. Fun for All 5: Translation and Accessibility in Video Games Conference, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 7-8 June 2018.<<http://jornades.uab.cat/videogamesaccess>> 10. ACT/Unlimited! 2 Symposium, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 6 June 2018.<<http://pagines.uab.cat/act/content/actunlimited-2-symposium>> 11. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPANEL 06: Museum Translation: Encounters across Space and TimeHong Kong Baptist University, 3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel06>> 12. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural Mobility PANEL 12: Advances in Discourse Analysis in Translation Studies: Theoretical Models and Applications Hong Kong Baptist University3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel12>> 13. Understanding Quality in Media Accessibility, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 5 June 2018. <<http://pagines.uab.cat/umaq/content/umaq-conference>> 14. Managing Anaphora in Discourse: Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach, University of Grenoble Alpes, France, 5-6 April 2018.<<http://saesfrance.org/4071-2>> 15. Traduire les voix de la nature / Translating the Voices of Nature, Paris, France, 25-26 May 2018.<<www.utu.fi/en/units/hum/units/languages/mts/Documents/CFP.pdf>> 16. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPANEL 10: Audiovisual Translation as Cross-cultural Mediation – New Trajectories for Translation and Cultural Mobility?Hong Kong Baptist University, 3-6 July 2018. <<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel10>> 17. The Fourth International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain20-22 June 2018.<<http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/firstcircular>> 18. I Coloquio Internacional Hispanoafricano de Lingüística, Literatura y Traducción. España en contacto con África, su(s) pueblo(s) y su(s= cultura(s) Universidad FHB de Cocody-Abidjan, Costa de Marfil 7-9 March 2018.<<www.afriqana.org/encuentros.php>> 19. Transius Conference 2018, Geneva, Switzerland, 18-20 June 2018.<<http://transius.unige.ch/en/conferences-and-seminars/conferences/18/>> 20. 39th International GERAS Conference - Diachronic Dimensions in Specialised Varieties of English: Implications in Communications, Didactics and Translation Studies, University of Mons, Belgium15-17 March 2018.<<www.geras.fr/index.php/presentation/breves/2-uncategorised/245-cfp-39th-international-geras-conference>> 21. 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Translation Studies - Translation and Adaptation, University of Regina, Canada, 28-30 May 2018.<<https://linguistlist.org/issues/28/28-3413.html>> 22. 2nd Valencia/Napoli Colloquium on Gender and Translation: Translating/Interpreting LSP through a Gender PerspectiveUniversità di Napoli 'L'Orientale', Italy, 8-9 February 2018.Contact: eleonorafederici@hotmail.com 23. Ninth Annual International Translation Conference: Translation in the Digital Age: From Translation Tools to Shifting Paradigms, Hamad Bin Khalifa's Translation & Interpreting Institute (TII), Doha, Qatar, 27-28 March 2018.<<www.tii.qa/9th-annual-translation-conference-translation-digital-age-translation-tools-shifting-paradigms>> 24. ACT/Unlimited! 2 Symposium – Quality Training, Quality Service in Accessible Live Events, Barcelona, Spain, 6 June 2018.<<http://pagines.uab.cat/act/content/actunlimited-2-symposium>> 25. Fourth International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 20-22 June 2018.<<http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/secondcircular2018>> 26. Talking to the World 3. International Conference in T&I Studies – Cognition, Emotion, and Creativity, Newcastle University, UK, 17-18 September 2018.<<www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/news-events/news/item/talkingtotheworld3ticonference.html>> 27. Translation & Interpreting in the Digital Era, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea, 29-30 January 2018.Contact: itri@hufs.ac.kr 28. 7th META-NET Annual Conference: Towards a Human Language Project, Hotel Le Plaza, Brussels, Belgium, 13-14 November 2017.<<www.meta-net.eu/events/meta-forum-2017>> 4) CURSOS – SEMINARIOS – POSGRADOS / COURSES – SEMINARS – MA PROGRAMMES 1. Certificate / Diploma / Master of Advanced Studies in Interpreter Training (online), FTI, University of Geneva, Switzerland,4 September 2017 - 10 September 2019.<<www.unige.ch/formcont/masit>> 2. Master's Degree in Legal Translation, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, UK.<<http://ials.sas.ac.uk/study/courses/llm-legal-translation>> 3. Certificat d'Université en Interprétation en contexte juridique : milieu judiciaire et secteur des demandes d'asile, University of Mons, Belgium.<<http://hosting.umons.ac.be/php/centrerusse/agenda/certificat-duniversite-en-interpretation-en-contexte-juridique-milieu-judiciaire-et-secteur-des-demandes-dasile.html>> 4. Online MA in Translation and Interpreting ResearchUniversitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.Contact: monzo@uji.es<<www.mastertraduccion.uji.es>> 5. MA in Intercultural Communication, Public Service Interpreting and Translation 2017-2018, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.<<www3.uah.es/master-tisp-uah/introduction-2/introduction>> 6. Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting StudiesUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland.<<www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance1>><<www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance2>> 7. La Traducción audiovisual y el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain, 4 December 2017.<<https://goo.gl/3zpMgY>> 8. Fifth summer school in Chinese-English Translation and Interpretation (CETIP), University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 9. First summer school in Arabic – English Translation and Interpretation (AETP), University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 10. Third summer school in translation pedagogy (TTPP)University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 4) PREMIOS/AWARDS 1. The Warwick Prize for Women in Translation<<http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/womenintranslation>
Our motivation for writing this synthesis is the personal and collective trauma caused by a new wave of attacks in France in 2015 and their aftershocks in Belgium, Germany and Great Britain. These dramatic events have rekindled important professional and existential questions worth consideration. They encouraged thinking anew about the aims and functioning of the educational institutions in which we are involved.Our research question therefore starts from an appreciation of a contemporary humanity and state of the world that seem distant from what would have been hoped for amid immense modern technological advances, for instance massive access to information and to primary education . The working hypothesis is that the ontological dimension would certainly already be present in the educational curricula and the common core, but that it would be exercised unconsciously, even repressed, which would have the effect of slowing down the emergence of responsible individuals able to act positively toward themselves, others and the planet. The objective is therefore to try to better understand and support, in view of realizing this goal, the multi-referential process of our humanization, as long as, as the Renaissance humanist Erasmus once said: "We are not born human, but rather become human". The main theoretical frameworks and concepts that we mobilize to build this work and our proposals in Education and Training Sciences are based on three fields. First, Transdisciplinarity (complex thinking , systems of systems and consciousness ). Then, transpersonal psychology (on issues of freedom, responsibility and ethics). Finally, Digital Humanities, from technological artifacts and educational technologies , to technontology .In the form of insets, we will regularly report moments from our "life story", thus inserting us into the current of biographisation , as evidence of the evolution of our own journey.In the first part, we work on the construction of a hypothetico-deductive ontological model of Being, taking into account the human condition in its spatiotemporal context – Being as it unfolds in time and space – to understand how this model functions in terms of rooting, need, capacity, desire, surpassing etc. We represent man by a metaphorical schema, called "structure-temple", comprising seven parts. The pedestal of the building symbolizes its affiliation with the "anthropological / cultural" context of birth, currently the Anthropocene (which begins with the transformative action of sustainable human action on the planet, mainly because of its technical actions) (Wallenhorst, 2019). The first column expresses the "physical / biological / energy" dimension; the second, the "emotional / sensitive" part; the third, the "mental / cognitive"; the fourth, the "groupal / social"; and the fifth, the "axiological / existential / (post) metaphysical". The pediment is the "aperture / ontological" headdress of the ensemble, which invites an optimistic conclusion according to the maxim of the Greek temple of Delphi attributed to Socrates: "Know thyself and you will know the universe and the gods".We then analyse this approach through two temporal dimensions: the big history or long cosmic history from the big bang to the creation of our planet and the development of the biosphere, as well as the ephemeral human life during which each of us will try to accomplish an "involved project" . A third timeless dimension completes them: the life of the spirit. We observe the evolutionary dynamics of the temple-structure thanks to the complementarity that it achieves with the logic of the included third and the "Hidden Third", as well as its non-reductionist character. This model is fractal because it tends toward intra-infinity, and holographic because it is multilayered. It builds a system of "cosmodern" equilibrium, testifying to the historical epistemological separation between the world of subjects and that of the objects it brings together through the theory of "Transreality" . Ultimately, it proposes to surpass an apparent dichotomy by adopting a non-dual approach intended to be effective through the "project approach" .We thus develop a model that could be useful for an ontoformation . The action links updated in the temple-structure by the exercise of the thirds (included and hidden) can be mobilized in the "essence" of the teacher's practice. The teacher must be able to evaluate his or her professional "situated action", which we would evaluate in the context of time (Pedestal and Columns) and in the "vertical" dimension of the whole structure (From Pedestal to Pediment). This approach would shift the quasi-unidirectional binary master-student relationship in the exclusive application of the programs to a dynamic sensitive process of a ternary relationship through the mobilization of the structure-temple tool, for evaluative and then truly educational purposes, as much for the position of the master as for that of the pupil. This holistic approach integrates educational proposals that can be grouped under the terms self-training and self-co-training: "Training here refers to the vital and permanent process of shaping by interaction between oneself (self), others (socio, hetero, co) and the world (eco). Self-training is then defined as the awareness, understanding and transformation by the subject of this interaction. It is the transformation of the relationship with oneself, with others and with the world" .We therefore seek to examine, through the model of the temple-structure in an educational situation, whether the poles and various elements are invested in a correctness (the right ingredient, at the right time, in an adequate quantity) that avoids imbalances, for example disturbances of other moments of life dedicated to transmission and learning and, more broadly, life outside educational spaces. To deepen this question, we will explore the model in other contexts of learning and other educational situations, such as knowledge and disciplines, practices and pedagogies, educational technologies etc.The second part of the work contextualizes the temple-structure metaphor in the field of education and training. From a harmonious reciprocal approach of a triple development, operated on personal, professional and collective levels, emerges a proposal of "Integrative and Implicative Pedagogy" (P2i). It is anchored in the long history of New Education born in the early twentieth century. Through the technicalized updating of the socioconstructivist project approach, the P2i cultivates the efficient consideration of learners, teachers and third parts (staff, parents and other partners) in all their dimensions. This reflection requires discussing the evolution of the role of the teacher in the acquisition of the fundamental learning of primary school, from "read, write, count" to "respect others", thus passing from quantitative performance to qualitative subtlety. It is a question of anticipating the passage from an "integrative" character of educational objects in all their varieties, to the "integral" dimension of the subjects in formation. The temple-structure metaphor is then presented as a multidimensional project. The research therefore applies to the field of disciplines, peri-, para- and extra-curricular activities as well as cross-cutting issues such as eco-citizenship, empowerment, happiness and well-being, emotion management, positive education etc.The P2i studies the places, the means, the methods and the tools made available to institutions and teachers (philosophical debate, yoga or laical meditation ) to allow a secular approach allowed of spirituality , which is interested in the "life of the mind". As a method of analysis and foresight, it can be mobilized to study any question related to the Sciences of Education and Training, from secularism or evaluation to open access or big data. The temple-structure and the P2i jointly propose a theoretical and practical framework favoring the application of educational "strategies of success" by the establishment of "virtuous circles" while developing our "part of humanity". For example: "class management" x "adapted learning" x "support for personalities" x "learners' skills" x "existential dimension" and so on, situating ourselves in the current of slow education and alternatives approaches to / from education. Then a question emerges: should we be guided, by need or necessity, towards a paradigm shift in education? And if so, what should we strive for?The most important aspect would ultimately be an ability to lead multi-referential lives that are connected with each other, with educational partners, with institutions, in relation to knowledge. Examples abound, especially in the field of active pedagogies. In the manner of design thinking, which manages innovation by synthesising analytical thought and intuitive thought as it mobilizes processes of co-creativity that will involve end-users, or like the operating rules stemming from sociocracy and holacracy (as decision with zero objection, election without self-declared candidates, revocability of mandates). Such examples are an extension of work that emphasizes the spiritual dimension – the opposite of routine. It is therefore essential in teacher training not to develop only professional skills, but rather to promote the development of full-fledged human beings. As if reconciling a posture of legitimacy of the teacher with that of a permission of the student. Without force or manipulation. By focusing on the "educational flow" to better enter in the learning of "content stocks". By putting more freedom in learning while maintaining ethics. With freedom of conscience in the face of ideological approaches between normality and (relative) deviance, between independence and the need for connection. By passing from the class group to the subject group. The learner becomes an actor with the acquisition of autonomy. And when the learner realizes this, it is the beginning of emancipation, which can cause shocks. Because this dynamic in progress can also create resistance, as much for the actors concerned as for the institutions. Because we must first accept the discomfort of these new situations. Accompaniment, integration and inventiveness are practices that facilitate these processes of creation, which must each time be new, in order to prevent falling back into reproducing pre-established models.The third part presents an assessment of our journey as a researcher-practitioner in the form of a reflexive return, with its strong points and its gray areas: the examination of the slow professional and spiritual "drying up" as the technicization of our research after our appointment at the Paris IUFM in 1998; our "revivification" thanks to the action involved in non-institutional teams, the first fruits of the adventure described by the present overview; the misunderstandings of our peers and the difficulties in sharing and pursuing administratively and scientifically our work orientations.This report is completed by a presentation of the research perspectives with our laboratory on the question of the uses of digital education; international collaborations with the National Institute of Informatics (NII) in Japan and the Centro de Tecnologia da Informação (CTI) in Brazil on stress at work; by the continuity of our work in the context of current teaching (integration in the axes of GIS Rreefor-Espe); the continued testing of P2i in teacher training or the deepening of the Culture of Peace. The extent of the engagement in our research community and our actions for the promotion of the discipline of the Sciences of Education and Training are particularly notable in relation to cooperation initiatives with foreign universities for teacher training in Romania (Cluj-Napoca), Spain (Valencia), Russia (Moscow), Ecuador (Chuquipata) and China (Chengdu), through the endorsement of editorial responsibilities as a reviewer, through the organization of scientific meetings, by answering requests for expert opinions…In conclusion, in the era of the Anthropocene, which is characterized by societal and lethal environmental risks for the human species, questioning what constitutes society is now absolutely necessary. Starting from our specialty, education, this problem is tackled by the study of conditions and modalities, a strategy that allows surpassing a mere "doing together" to a true "living together". At the heart of the areas to explore further are secularism and the relationship with religion . As the pedagogue Philippe Meirieu has noted: "'Believing' divides while 'knowing' brings together" . Experience facilitates passing from the first verb to the second. Massification and longer study times seem to go hand in hand with the standardization of training courses. The latter would then risk rejecting the otherness of those who follow them and tend to format them, which would be the opposite of the search for creative solutions that society needs. Finding interest and constructing the "common points" that respect diversity, based on real benevolence, with co-constructed rules, would be a pragmatic solution to consider. Fundamental principles may include but are not limited to: citizenship, partnership, democracy, team and collaborative learning, acceptance of different ideas, small group work, and extended teacher roles beyond traditional disciplines.The apparently intuitive point of convergence between these principles can be seen by taking into account our "common point of humanity" in all its various expressions. And this common point could in turn be guided by a call for a transcendence of each individual "little person", in a transcendence that is necessarily collective. If it were a matter of something informal and unspoken, all would benefit from having it brought to consciousness. Should it not then become a subject of discussion between the stakeholders, in order to encourage more and more the expression of this common point of humanity, so that everyone finds nourishment as needed, while maintaining the broadest possible respect for others and the world? In the tradition of Metagogy Theorem , we would approach a meta-science of education: a scientific and transversal model supported by an integral pedagogical paradigm that would provide a necessary and sufficient space for the ontological and spiritual dimensions.The objective of this research is to participate in the understanding of the question of consciousness and its deployment in human activities (subject / object / project), particularly in educational situations, with intention as the first criterion of analysis. ; Notre motivation à entrer dans l'écriture de cette note de synthèse trouve sa source à la suite du séisme traumatisant personnel et collectif provoqué par une nouvelle vague d'attentats en France en 2015 et par leurs répliques en Belgique, en Allemagne et en Grande-Bretagne. Ces événements dramatiques ont ravivé chez nous des questionnements professionnels et existentiels jusque-là mis de côté faute de lieu et de moment institutionnel dédié pour réfléchir aux finalités et aux fonctionnements des instances éducatives dont nous sommes partie prenante.Notre question de recherche part donc de l'appréciation d'une humanité et d'un état du monde contemporains qui semblent loin d'être à la hauteur qu'auraient laissé espérer les immenses avancées technologiques modernes, parmi lesquelles l'accès à l'information, conjuguées à une éducation primaire dispensée à très grande échelle sur la planète .Une hypothèse est que si la dimension ontologique est d'une certaine façon déjà présente dans les programmes scolaires et dans le socle commun de connaissances, de compétences et de culture de l'école et du collège notamment au travers des humanités et des compétences relationnelles et psycho-sociales, elle s'y exercerait toutefois de façon non ou insuffisamment conscientisée, ce qui amoindrirait ses effets positifs. Cet état de fait, attaché à une sorte de refoulement, aurait pour effet de ralentir la capacité de formation et d'émergence d'une personne qui soit responsable et qui agisse de manière positive envers elle-même, envers les autres et envers la planète. L'objectif poursuivi est donc de chercher à mieux comprendre et à accompagner vers ce but le processus multi-référentiel de notre humanisation au travers de l'éducation, pour autant que, comme l'affirmait déjà Érasme à la Renaissance : « On ne naît pas homme, on le devient ». Les principaux cadres théoriques et les concepts que nous mobilisons pour construire ce travail et nos propositions en Sciences de l'Éducation et de la Formation s'appuient sur trois domaines. D'abord la Transdisciplinarité , avec la pensée complexe , la théorie des systèmes et la question de la conscience . Ensuite la Psychologie Transpersonnelle , sur les questions de liberté, de responsabilité et d'éthique. Enfin les Humanités Numériques, depuis les artefacts technologiques et les technologies éducatives jusqu'à la technontologie (technique plus ontologie).Sous forme d'encarts, nous relaterons régulièrement des moments issus de notre « histoire de vie », nous insérant ainsi dans le courant de la biographisation , en tant que témoignages de l'évolution de notre propre parcours.Dans une première partie, nous travaillons à la construction d'un modèle ontologique hypothético-déductif, « l'être en tant qu'être », en tenant compte de la condition humaine dans son contexte spatio-temporel - « l'être dans le temps de l'être »- pour en comprendre le fonctionnement en termes d'enracinement, de besoin, de capacité, de désir, de dépassement… Nous représentons l'Être humain par un schéma métaphorique, appelé « structure-temple », comprenant sept éléments. Le socle de l'édifice symbolise sa filiation dans le contexte « anthropologique / culturel » de la naissance, actuellement l'anthropocène (qui débute avec l'action transformative durable de l'action humaine sur la planète, essentiellement du fait des agissements techniques et industriels, Wallenhorst, 2019). La première colonne exprime la dimension « physique / biologique / énergétique » ; la deuxième, la part « émotionnelle / sensible » ; la troisième, le « mental / cognitif » ; la quatrième, le « groupal / social » et la cinquième, l' « axiologique / existentiel / (post-)métaphysique ». Enfin, le fronton est la coiffe « ouverture / ontologique » de l'ensemble, qui invite à une conclusion optimiste selon la maxime du temple grec de Delphes attribuée à Socrate : « Connais-toi toi-même et tu connaîtras l'univers et les dieux ».Nous procédons ensuite à une analyse de cette approche au travers de deux dimensions temporelles : la big history ou longue histoire cosmique depuis le big bang jusqu'à la création de notre planète et le développement de la biosphère ainsi que l'éphémère vie humaine durant laquelle chacun tentera d'accomplir son projet « implié » . Une troisième dimension intemporelle les complète : la vie de l'esprit . Nous observons la dynamique évolutive de la structure-temple grâce à la complémentarité qu'elle opère avec les logiques du tiers inclus et du « Tiers Caché », ainsi que son caractère non-réductionniste. Ce modèle est fractal par son caractère intra-reproductible et holographique car multicouche. Il construit un système d'équilibre « cosmoderne » témoignant de la séparation épistémologique historique entre le monde des sujets et celui des objets qu'il réunit par la théorie de la « Transréalité » . Il propose in fine de dépasser cette dichotomie apparente en adoptant une approche non-duelle destinée à être opérante au moyen de la « démarche de projet » .La deuxième partie du travail contextualise la métaphore de la structure-temple dans le domaine de l'éducation et de la formation. À partir d'une démarche en réciprocité harmonieuse d'un triple développement, opéré sur les plans personnel, professionnel et collectif, émerge une proposition de « Pédagogie Intégrative et Implicative » (P2i). Elle procède d'un cadre théorique intégratif et aboutit à un dispositif implicatif ancré dans la longue histoire de l'Éducation Nouvelle dont Philippe Meirieu décèle « les prémices dès le XVIIIème siècle » . Par l'actualisation technicisée de la démarche de projet socioconstructiviste, la P2i cultive la considération efficiente des apprenants, des enseignants et des tiers (personnels, parents et autres partenaires), et ce, dans toutes leurs dimensions. Cette réflexion nécessite de discuter de l'évolution du rôle de l'enseignant dans l'acquisition des apprentissages fondamentaux de l'école primaire, depuis le « lire, écrire, compter » jusqu'au « respecter autrui », passant ainsi de la performance quantitative à la sensibilité qualitative. Il s'agit d'anticiper le passage d'un caractère « intégratif » des objets pédagogiques dans toutes leurs variétés à la dimension « intégrale » des sujets en formation. La métaphore de la structure-temple est alors déclinée comme un projet multidimensionnel. La recherche s'applique donc aussi bien au domaine des disciplines, des activités péri-, para- et extra-scolaires qu'aux questions transversales comme l'éco-citoyenneté, le pouvoir d'agir, le bonheur et le bien-être, la gestion des émotions, l'éducation positive…La P2i étudie les lieux, les moyens, les méthodes et les outils mis à disposition des institutions et des enseignants (débat philosophique, yoga ou encore méditation ) pour permettre une approche laïque autorisée de la spiritualité , qui s'intéresse à la vie de l'esprit. Tenant lieu de méthode d'analyse et de prospective, elle peut être mobilisée pour étudier toute question touchant aux Sciences de l'Éducation et de la Formation, depuis la laïcité ou l'évaluation jusqu'à l'open access ou le big data. La structure-temple et la P2i proposent conjointement un cadre théorique et pratique favorisant l'application de « stratégies de réussite éducatives » par l'instauration de cercles vertueux tout en développant notre part d'humanité. Par exemple des notions pédagogiques ou didactiques comme « la gestion de classe », « les apprentissages adaptés », « l'appui sur les personnalités », « les compétences des apprenants », « la dimension existentielle » etc. tous envisagés et pris en compte simultanément ou à tour de rôle multiplient les effets positifs de chacune de ces dimensions. Nous situant dans le courant de la slow education et des approches alternatives de/à l'éducation, une question, qui pourrait devenir « vive », se fait jour : faudrait-il nous orienter, par besoin ou par nécessité, vers un changement de paradigme éducatif ? Et si oui, vers lequel nous diriger ?La troisième partie présente un bilan de notre trajet de chercheur-praticien sous forme de retour réflexif, avec ses points forts et ses zones d'ombre : l'examen du lent « assèchement » professionnel et spirituel au fur et à mesure de la technicisation de nos recherches après notre nomination à l'Iufm de Paris en 1998 ; notre « revivifiance » grâce à l'action impliquée dans des équipes para-institutionnelles, prémices de l'aventure de cette note de synthèse ; les incompréhensions de nos pairs et les difficultés à partager et poursuivre administrativement et scientifiquement nos orientations de travail…Ce bilan est complété par un exposé des perspectives de recherche au sein de notre laboratoire sur la question des usages du numérique en éducation ; par des collaborations internationales avec le National Institute of Informatics (Tokyo, Japon) et le Centro de Tecnologia da Informação (Campinas, Sao Paolo, Brésil) sur le stress au travail ; par la continuité de nos travaux dans le contexte d'enseignement actuel (intégration dans les axes du GIS Rreefor-Espe) ; la poursuite de la mise à l'épreuve de la P2i dans la formation des enseignants ou encore l'approfondissement de la Culture de Paix. L'ampleur de l'engagement dans notre communauté de recherche et nos actions pour le rayonnement de la discipline des Sciences de l'Éducation et de la Formation s'apprécient notamment par des initiatives de coopération avec des instituts et des universités étrangères de formation des enseignants comme le National Pedagogical College (Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie), le Florida Grup Educatiu (Valencia, Espagne), la Moscow City University (Russie), l'Universidad Nacional de Educación (Chuquipata, Équateur) et l'École Normale de Chengdu (Chine) ; par la prise de responsabilités éditoriales dans des revues relevant de la section ; par l'organisation de rencontres scientifiques ; par la réponse à des demandes d'expertises nationales et internationales…En conclusion, il ressort que l'objectif de cette recherche est de participer à la compréhension de la question de la conscience et de son déploiement dans les activités humaines (sujet/objet/projet), et particulièrement en situation éducative, avec l'intention pour premier critère d'analyse.
Our motivation for writing this synthesis is the personal and collective trauma caused by a new wave of attacks in France in 2015 and their aftershocks in Belgium, Germany and Great Britain. These dramatic events have rekindled important professional and existential questions worth consideration. They encouraged thinking anew about the aims and functioning of the educational institutions in which we are involved.Our research question therefore starts from an appreciation of a contemporary humanity and state of the world that seem distant from what would have been hoped for amid immense modern technological advances, for instance massive access to information and to primary education . The working hypothesis is that the ontological dimension would certainly already be present in the educational curricula and the common core, but that it would be exercised unconsciously, even repressed, which would have the effect of slowing down the emergence of responsible individuals able to act positively toward themselves, others and the planet. The objective is therefore to try to better understand and support, in view of realizing this goal, the multi-referential process of our humanization, as long as, as the Renaissance humanist Erasmus once said: "We are not born human, but rather become human". The main theoretical frameworks and concepts that we mobilize to build this work and our proposals in Education and Training Sciences are based on three fields. First, Transdisciplinarity (complex thinking , systems of systems and consciousness ). Then, transpersonal psychology (on issues of freedom, responsibility and ethics). Finally, Digital Humanities, from technological artifacts and educational technologies , to technontology .In the form of insets, we will regularly report moments from our "life story", thus inserting us into the current of biographisation , as evidence of the evolution of our own journey.In the first part, we work on the construction of a hypothetico-deductive ontological model of Being, taking into account the human condition in its spatiotemporal context – Being as it unfolds in time and space – to understand how this model functions in terms of rooting, need, capacity, desire, surpassing etc. We represent man by a metaphorical schema, called "structure-temple", comprising seven parts. The pedestal of the building symbolizes its affiliation with the "anthropological / cultural" context of birth, currently the Anthropocene (which begins with the transformative action of sustainable human action on the planet, mainly because of its technical actions) (Wallenhorst, 2019). The first column expresses the "physical / biological / energy" dimension; the second, the "emotional / sensitive" part; the third, the "mental / cognitive"; the fourth, the "groupal / social"; and the fifth, the "axiological / existential / (post) metaphysical". The pediment is the "aperture / ontological" headdress of the ensemble, which invites an optimistic conclusion according to the maxim of the Greek temple of Delphi attributed to Socrates: "Know thyself and you will know the universe and the gods".We then analyse this approach through two temporal dimensions: the big history or long cosmic history from the big bang to the creation of our planet and the development of the biosphere, as well as the ephemeral human life during which each of us will try to accomplish an "involved project" . A third timeless dimension completes them: the life of the spirit. We observe the evolutionary dynamics of the temple-structure thanks to the complementarity that it achieves with the logic of the included third and the "Hidden Third", as well as its non-reductionist character. This model is fractal because it tends toward intra-infinity, and holographic because it is multilayered. It builds a system of "cosmodern" equilibrium, testifying to the historical epistemological separation between the world of subjects and that of the objects it brings together through the theory of "Transreality" . Ultimately, it proposes to surpass an apparent dichotomy by adopting a non-dual approach intended to be effective through the "project approach" .We thus develop a model that could be useful for an ontoformation . The action links updated in the temple-structure by the exercise of the thirds (included and hidden) can be mobilized in the "essence" of the teacher's practice. The teacher must be able to evaluate his or her professional "situated action", which we would evaluate in the context of time (Pedestal and Columns) and in the "vertical" dimension of the whole structure (From Pedestal to Pediment). This approach would shift the quasi-unidirectional binary master-student relationship in the exclusive application of the programs to a dynamic sensitive process of a ternary relationship through the mobilization of the structure-temple tool, for evaluative and then truly educational purposes, as much for the position of the master as for that of the pupil. This holistic approach integrates educational proposals that can be grouped under the terms self-training and self-co-training: "Training here refers to the vital and permanent process of shaping by interaction between oneself (self), others (socio, hetero, co) and the world (eco). Self-training is then defined as the awareness, understanding and transformation by the subject of this interaction. It is the transformation of the relationship with oneself, with others and with the world" .We therefore seek to examine, through the model of the temple-structure in an educational situation, whether the poles and various elements are invested in a correctness (the right ingredient, at the right time, in an adequate quantity) that avoids imbalances, for example disturbances of other moments of life dedicated to transmission and learning and, more broadly, life outside educational spaces. To deepen this question, we will explore the model in other contexts of learning and other educational situations, such as knowledge and disciplines, practices and pedagogies, educational technologies etc.The second part of the work contextualizes the temple-structure metaphor in the field of education and training. From a harmonious reciprocal approach of a triple development, operated on personal, professional and collective levels, emerges a proposal of "Integrative and Implicative Pedagogy" (P2i). It is anchored in the long history of New Education born in the early twentieth century. Through the technicalized updating of the socioconstructivist project approach, the P2i cultivates the efficient consideration of learners, teachers and third parts (staff, parents and other partners) in all their dimensions. This reflection requires discussing the evolution of the role of the teacher in the acquisition of the fundamental learning of primary school, from "read, write, count" to "respect others", thus passing from quantitative performance to qualitative subtlety. It is a question of anticipating the passage from an "integrative" character of educational objects in all their varieties, to the "integral" dimension of the subjects in formation. The temple-structure metaphor is then presented as a multidimensional project. The research therefore applies to the field of disciplines, peri-, para- and extra-curricular activities as well as cross-cutting issues such as eco-citizenship, empowerment, happiness and well-being, emotion management, positive education etc.The P2i studies the places, the means, the methods and the tools made available to institutions and teachers (philosophical debate, yoga or laical meditation ) to allow a secular approach allowed of spirituality , which is interested in the "life of the mind". As a method of analysis and foresight, it can be mobilized to study any question related to the Sciences of Education and Training, from secularism or evaluation to open access or big data. The temple-structure and the P2i jointly propose a theoretical and practical framework favoring the application of educational "strategies of success" by the establishment of "virtuous circles" while developing our "part of humanity". For example: "class management" x "adapted learning" x "support for personalities" x "learners' skills" x "existential dimension" and so on, situating ourselves in the current of slow education and alternatives approaches to / from education. Then a question emerges: should we be guided, by need or necessity, towards a paradigm shift in education? And if so, what should we strive for?The most important aspect would ultimately be an ability to lead multi-referential lives that are connected with each other, with educational partners, with institutions, in relation to knowledge. Examples abound, especially in the field of active pedagogies. In the manner of design thinking, which manages innovation by synthesising analytical thought and intuitive thought as it mobilizes processes of co-creativity that will involve end-users, or like the operating rules stemming from sociocracy and holacracy (as decision with zero objection, election without self-declared candidates, revocability of mandates). Such examples are an extension of work that emphasizes the spiritual dimension – the opposite of routine. It is therefore essential in teacher training not to develop only professional skills, but rather to promote the development of full-fledged human beings. As if reconciling a posture of legitimacy of the teacher with that of a permission of the student. Without force or manipulation. By focusing on the "educational flow" to better enter in the learning of "content stocks". By putting more freedom in learning while maintaining ethics. With freedom of conscience in the face of ideological approaches between normality and (relative) deviance, between independence and the need for connection. By passing from the class group to the subject group. The learner becomes an actor with the acquisition of autonomy. And when the learner realizes this, it is the beginning of emancipation, which can cause shocks. Because this dynamic in progress can also create resistance, as much for the actors concerned as for the institutions. Because we must first accept the discomfort of these new situations. Accompaniment, integration and inventiveness are practices that facilitate these processes of creation, which must each time be new, in order to prevent falling back into reproducing pre-established models.The third part presents an assessment of our journey as a researcher-practitioner in the form of a reflexive return, with its strong points and its gray areas: the examination of the slow professional and spiritual "drying up" as the technicization of our research after our appointment at the Paris IUFM in 1998; our "revivification" thanks to the action involved in non-institutional teams, the first fruits of the adventure described by the present overview; the misunderstandings of our peers and the difficulties in sharing and pursuing administratively and scientifically our work orientations.This report is completed by a presentation of the research perspectives with our laboratory on the question of the uses of digital education; international collaborations with the National Institute of Informatics (NII) in Japan and the Centro de Tecnologia da Informação (CTI) in Brazil on stress at work; by the continuity of our work in the context of current teaching (integration in the axes of GIS Rreefor-Espe); the continued testing of P2i in teacher training or the deepening of the Culture of Peace. The extent of the engagement in our research community and our actions for the promotion of the discipline of the Sciences of Education and Training are particularly notable in relation to cooperation initiatives with foreign universities for teacher training in Romania (Cluj-Napoca), Spain (Valencia), Russia (Moscow), Ecuador (Chuquipata) and China (Chengdu), through the endorsement of editorial responsibilities as a reviewer, through the organization of scientific meetings, by answering requests for expert opinions…In conclusion, in the era of the Anthropocene, which is characterized by societal and lethal environmental risks for the human species, questioning what constitutes society is now absolutely necessary. Starting from our specialty, education, this problem is tackled by the study of conditions and modalities, a strategy that allows surpassing a mere "doing together" to a true "living together". At the heart of the areas to explore further are secularism and the relationship with religion . As the pedagogue Philippe Meirieu has noted: "'Believing' divides while 'knowing' brings together" . Experience facilitates passing from the first verb to the second. Massification and longer study times seem to go hand in hand with the standardization of training courses. The latter would then risk rejecting the otherness of those who follow them and tend to format them, which would be the opposite of the search for creative solutions that society needs. Finding interest and constructing the "common points" that respect diversity, based on real benevolence, with co-constructed rules, would be a pragmatic solution to consider. Fundamental principles may include but are not limited to: citizenship, partnership, democracy, team and collaborative learning, acceptance of different ideas, small group work, and extended teacher roles beyond traditional disciplines.The apparently intuitive point of convergence between these principles can be seen by taking into account our "common point of humanity" in all its various expressions. And this common point could in turn be guided by a call for a transcendence of each individual "little person", in a transcendence that is necessarily collective. If it were a matter of something informal and unspoken, all would benefit from having it brought to consciousness. Should it not then become a subject of discussion between the stakeholders, in order to encourage more and more the expression of this common point of humanity, so that everyone finds nourishment as needed, while maintaining the broadest possible respect for others and the world? In the tradition of Metagogy Theorem , we would approach a meta-science of education: a scientific and transversal model supported by an integral pedagogical paradigm that would provide a necessary and sufficient space for the ontological and spiritual dimensions.The objective of this research is to participate in the understanding of the question of consciousness and its deployment in human activities (subject / object / project), particularly in educational situations, with intention as the first criterion of analysis. ; Notre motivation à entrer dans l'écriture de cette note de synthèse trouve sa source à la suite du séisme traumatisant personnel et collectif provoqué par une nouvelle vague d'attentats en France en 2015 et par leurs répliques en Belgique, en Allemagne et en Grande-Bretagne. Ces événements dramatiques ont ravivé chez nous des questionnements professionnels et existentiels jusque-là mis de côté faute de lieu et de moment institutionnel dédié pour réfléchir aux finalités et aux fonctionnements des instances éducatives dont nous sommes partie prenante.Notre question de recherche part donc de l'appréciation d'une humanité et d'un état du monde contemporains qui semblent loin d'être à la hauteur qu'auraient laissé espérer les immenses avancées technologiques modernes, parmi lesquelles l'accès à l'information, conjuguées à une éducation primaire dispensée à très grande échelle sur la planète .Une hypothèse est que si la dimension ontologique est d'une certaine façon déjà présente dans les programmes scolaires et dans le socle commun de connaissances, de compétences et de culture de l'école et du collège notamment au travers des humanités et des compétences relationnelles et psycho-sociales, elle s'y exercerait toutefois de façon non ou insuffisamment conscientisée, ce qui amoindrirait ses effets positifs. Cet état de fait, attaché à une sorte de refoulement, aurait pour effet de ralentir la capacité de formation et d'émergence d'une personne qui soit responsable et qui agisse de manière positive envers elle-même, envers les autres et envers la planète. L'objectif poursuivi est donc de chercher à mieux comprendre et à accompagner vers ce but le processus multi-référentiel de notre humanisation au travers de l'éducation, pour autant que, comme l'affirmait déjà Érasme à la Renaissance : « On ne naît pas homme, on le devient ». Les principaux cadres théoriques et les concepts que nous mobilisons pour construire ce travail et nos propositions en Sciences de l'Éducation et de la Formation s'appuient sur trois domaines. D'abord la Transdisciplinarité , avec la pensée complexe , la théorie des systèmes et la question de la conscience . Ensuite la Psychologie Transpersonnelle , sur les questions de liberté, de responsabilité et d'éthique. Enfin les Humanités Numériques, depuis les artefacts technologiques et les technologies éducatives jusqu'à la technontologie (technique plus ontologie).Sous forme d'encarts, nous relaterons régulièrement des moments issus de notre « histoire de vie », nous insérant ainsi dans le courant de la biographisation , en tant que témoignages de l'évolution de notre propre parcours.Dans une première partie, nous travaillons à la construction d'un modèle ontologique hypothético-déductif, « l'être en tant qu'être », en tenant compte de la condition humaine dans son contexte spatio-temporel - « l'être dans le temps de l'être »- pour en comprendre le fonctionnement en termes d'enracinement, de besoin, de capacité, de désir, de dépassement… Nous représentons l'Être humain par un schéma métaphorique, appelé « structure-temple », comprenant sept éléments. Le socle de l'édifice symbolise sa filiation dans le contexte « anthropologique / culturel » de la naissance, actuellement l'anthropocène (qui débute avec l'action transformative durable de l'action humaine sur la planète, essentiellement du fait des agissements techniques et industriels, Wallenhorst, 2019). La première colonne exprime la dimension « physique / biologique / énergétique » ; la deuxième, la part « émotionnelle / sensible » ; la troisième, le « mental / cognitif » ; la quatrième, le « groupal / social » et la cinquième, l' « axiologique / existentiel / (post-)métaphysique ». Enfin, le fronton est la coiffe « ouverture / ontologique » de l'ensemble, qui invite à une conclusion optimiste selon la maxime du temple grec de Delphes attribuée à Socrate : « Connais-toi toi-même et tu connaîtras l'univers et les dieux ».Nous procédons ensuite à une analyse de cette approche au travers de deux dimensions temporelles : la big history ou longue histoire cosmique depuis le big bang jusqu'à la création de notre planète et le développement de la biosphère ainsi que l'éphémère vie humaine durant laquelle chacun tentera d'accomplir son projet « implié » . Une troisième dimension intemporelle les complète : la vie de l'esprit . Nous observons la dynamique évolutive de la structure-temple grâce à la complémentarité qu'elle opère avec les logiques du tiers inclus et du « Tiers Caché », ainsi que son caractère non-réductionniste. Ce modèle est fractal par son caractère intra-reproductible et holographique car multicouche. Il construit un système d'équilibre « cosmoderne » témoignant de la séparation épistémologique historique entre le monde des sujets et celui des objets qu'il réunit par la théorie de la « Transréalité » . Il propose in fine de dépasser cette dichotomie apparente en adoptant une approche non-duelle destinée à être opérante au moyen de la « démarche de projet » .La deuxième partie du travail contextualise la métaphore de la structure-temple dans le domaine de l'éducation et de la formation. À partir d'une démarche en réciprocité harmonieuse d'un triple développement, opéré sur les plans personnel, professionnel et collectif, émerge une proposition de « Pédagogie Intégrative et Implicative » (P2i). Elle procède d'un cadre théorique intégratif et aboutit à un dispositif implicatif ancré dans la longue histoire de l'Éducation Nouvelle dont Philippe Meirieu décèle « les prémices dès le XVIIIème siècle » . Par l'actualisation technicisée de la démarche de projet socioconstructiviste, la P2i cultive la considération efficiente des apprenants, des enseignants et des tiers (personnels, parents et autres partenaires), et ce, dans toutes leurs dimensions. Cette réflexion nécessite de discuter de l'évolution du rôle de l'enseignant dans l'acquisition des apprentissages fondamentaux de l'école primaire, depuis le « lire, écrire, compter » jusqu'au « respecter autrui », passant ainsi de la performance quantitative à la sensibilité qualitative. Il s'agit d'anticiper le passage d'un caractère « intégratif » des objets pédagogiques dans toutes leurs variétés à la dimension « intégrale » des sujets en formation. La métaphore de la structure-temple est alors déclinée comme un projet multidimensionnel. La recherche s'applique donc aussi bien au domaine des disciplines, des activités péri-, para- et extra-scolaires qu'aux questions transversales comme l'éco-citoyenneté, le pouvoir d'agir, le bonheur et le bien-être, la gestion des émotions, l'éducation positive…La P2i étudie les lieux, les moyens, les méthodes et les outils mis à disposition des institutions et des enseignants (débat philosophique, yoga ou encore méditation ) pour permettre une approche laïque autorisée de la spiritualité , qui s'intéresse à la vie de l'esprit. Tenant lieu de méthode d'analyse et de prospective, elle peut être mobilisée pour étudier toute question touchant aux Sciences de l'Éducation et de la Formation, depuis la laïcité ou l'évaluation jusqu'à l'open access ou le big data. La structure-temple et la P2i proposent conjointement un cadre théorique et pratique favorisant l'application de « stratégies de réussite éducatives » par l'instauration de cercles vertueux tout en développant notre part d'humanité. Par exemple des notions pédagogiques ou didactiques comme « la gestion de classe », « les apprentissages adaptés », « l'appui sur les personnalités », « les compétences des apprenants », « la dimension existentielle » etc. tous envisagés et pris en compte simultanément ou à tour de rôle multiplient les effets positifs de chacune de ces dimensions. Nous situant dans le courant de la slow education et des approches alternatives de/à l'éducation, une question, qui pourrait devenir « vive », se fait jour : faudrait-il nous orienter, par besoin ou par nécessité, vers un changement de paradigme éducatif ? Et si oui, vers lequel nous diriger ?La troisième partie présente un bilan de notre trajet de chercheur-praticien sous forme de retour réflexif, avec ses points forts et ses zones d'ombre : l'examen du lent « assèchement » professionnel et spirituel au fur et à mesure de la technicisation de nos recherches après notre nomination à l'Iufm de Paris en 1998 ; notre « revivifiance » grâce à l'action impliquée dans des équipes para-institutionnelles, prémices de l'aventure de cette note de synthèse ; les incompréhensions de nos pairs et les difficultés à partager et poursuivre administrativement et scientifiquement nos orientations de travail…Ce bilan est complété par un exposé des perspectives de recherche au sein de notre laboratoire sur la question des usages du numérique en éducation ; par des collaborations internationales avec le National Institute of Informatics (Tokyo, Japon) et le Centro de Tecnologia da Informação (Campinas, Sao Paolo, Brésil) sur le stress au travail ; par la continuité de nos travaux dans le contexte d'enseignement actuel (intégration dans les axes du GIS Rreefor-Espe) ; la poursuite de la mise à l'épreuve de la P2i dans la formation des enseignants ou encore l'approfondissement de la Culture de Paix. L'ampleur de l'engagement dans notre communauté de recherche et nos actions pour le rayonnement de la discipline des Sciences de l'Éducation et de la Formation s'apprécient notamment par des initiatives de coopération avec des instituts et des universités étrangères de formation des enseignants comme le National Pedagogical College (Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie), le Florida Grup Educatiu (Valencia, Espagne), la Moscow City University (Russie), l'Universidad Nacional de Educación (Chuquipata, Équateur) et l'École Normale de Chengdu (Chine) ; par la prise de responsabilités éditoriales dans des revues relevant de la section ; par l'organisation de rencontres scientifiques ; par la réponse à des demandes d'expertises nationales et internationales…En conclusion, il ressort que l'objectif de cette recherche est de participer à la compréhension de la question de la conscience et de son déploiement dans les activités humaines (sujet/objet/projet), et particulièrement en situation éducative, avec l'intention pour premier critère d'analyse.
PABLO CARDOSO: AN ETHICAL AND POLITICAL SPIN OF HIS AESTHETICResumen: Pablo Cardoso (Cuenca, 1965), artista contemporáneo cuya excelsa obra estuvo hasta ahora marcada por el escepticismo y una estética contemplativa, adopta un giro ético y político que, sin adherir a tesis alguna de ningún partido ni movimiento políticos, revela las contradicciones de la lógica del capital, particularmente del modelo extractivista, que contamina, agrede y destruye muchas formas de vida. Este giro ético y político evidencia también la resistencia del artista a que su obra sea reducida a mero valor de cambio; y convoca su valor de uso, esto es, un don que revela las perversidades de un tardío tiempo del capital. Palabras clave: Pablo Cardoso, estética, ética, política, arte contemporáneo, Ecuador. Abstract: Pablo Cardoso (Cuenca, 1965), a contemporary artist whose sublime work was so far marked by skepticism and a contemplative aesthetics, adopts an ethical and political spin that, without adhering to any thesis of any party or political movement, reveals the contradictions of logic of capital, particularly of the extractive industry, which pollutes, assaults and destroys many forms of life. This ethical and political shift also shows the resistance of the artist that his work is reduced to a mere exchange value; and convenes its use value, that is, a gift that reveals the perversity of a late time of the capital. Keywords: Pablo Cardoso, aesthetic, ethical, politics, contemporary art, Ecuador. * * * * * 1. Introducción Un pavoroso desconocimiento afecta al arte contemporáneo producido por ecuatorianos pese a que sus obras son la memoria visual de nuestra época. Sin embargo, el panorama del arte contemporáneo en Ecuador es rico, múltiple y diverso; recientemente, un equipo de investigadores de la Universidad de Cuenca analizó cerca de ciento cuarenta obras de sesenta y nueve artistas cuyos lenguajes son el dibujo, la pintura, la fotografía, el videoarte, el performance, las prácticas artísticas de inserción social, etc. (Suárez, 2014). La migración ha marcado indeleblemente las obras de algunos artistas ecuatorianos que se trasladaron a otros lugares del mundo: Manuel Cholango y Vinicio Batidas, Alemania; X. Andrade, Estados Unidos; Estefanía Peñafiel Loaiza y Santiago Reyes, Francia; Oscar Santillán, Holanda; Rosa Jijón, Italia; otro eje analítico fundamental del mencionado estudio, es la creciente presencia de artistas mujeres como Saskia Calderón, ganadora de la XII Bienal de Cuenca (2014) cuyas imágenes-sonoras parecen destinadas a re-velar y des-velar ciertas tensiones, oposiciones y contradicciones de este tardío tiempo del capital; la subjetividad y buceos interiores está presente en la obra más reciente de Pilar Flores que promueve la participación del espectador en unas experiencias estéticas emotivas, intensas y, simultáneamente, de una profunda serenidad y quietud contemplativas; Juana Córdova materializa en su obra plástica una reflexión crítica sobre la alta modernidad y sus impactos contra la naturaleza, la vida animal, el paisaje y, por supuesto, sobre la condición humana. Igualmente destacable es la contribución de los colectivos artísticos como: Tranvía cero, Wash lavandería de arte y La pelota cuadrada en Quito; La limpia en Guayaquil; Ñukanchik People y Lakomuna en Cuenca. De este rico panorama, sólo destacaremos en este artículo el giro que ha tomado la reciente la obra de Pablo Cardoso. Con estudios en la Academia de Bellas Artes "Remigio Crespo Toral" de la Universidad de Cuenca entre 1985-1989, Pablo Cardoso (Cuenca, 1965) presentó su primera exposición artística en su ciudad natal cuando tuvo tan sólo 19 años. (VV.AA., 1990, págs. 256-257). Abandonados voluntariamente los estudios académicos, Cardoso se convirtió en un artista autodidacta; la calidad de su obra evidencia el rigor con que ha enfrentado el compromiso de su autoformación. Además de representar a Ecuador en las Bienales de Cuenca, Gwangju, La Habana, Sao Paulo y Venecia, ha expuesto su obra en 39 individuales y 140 colectivas (Valdez, laselecta cooperativa cultural, 2013), en Bogotá, Brasilia, Bruselas, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Chicago, Guayaquil, Lima, Madrid, Miami, Nueva York, Palm Beach, París, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Puerto Rico, Quito, Santiago de Chile, Santo Domingo, Tijuana y Venecia, entre otras. Entre los premios y reconocimientos otorgados a su obra, destacamos algunos: en 1986, es seleccionado para la muestra itinerante Premio París; en 1988, recibe el premio Alberto Coloma Silva que reconoce la propuesta innovadora de un joven artista; en 2008, la beca CIFO Comissions Program (mid-career) y Bellagio Creative Arts Fellow del Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center en 2011; en 2003, obtiene el II premio en el Salón de Julio (Guayaquil); en 2001, la VII Bienal Internacional de Pintura Cuenca, le confiere una Mención de Honor; en 1996, la misma institución confiere a la representación ecuatoriana otra mención de honor. Y, en 2013 recibe el premio Mariano Aguilera a la trayectoria artística. 2. Una pintura más urbana y más humana Cardoso inició su trayectoria artística en franca ruptura con la representación del realismo naturalista de las generaciones artísticas que le precedieron; sin embargo, la suya nunca fue, y no es, la ruta de la abstracción sino, por el contrario, su camino se inscribe creativamente en la nueva figuración. Ya en 1986, Cardoso produce una obra plástica que evidencia una búsqueda consciente de la Forma; pintó rostros de facciones delicadas y enigmáticas de un marcado hiperrealismo que, con sentido autocrítico, el mismo artista dirá que estaban demasiado próximos al material publicitario (VV.AA., 1990, pág. 256) Pintará también torsos, cuerpos fragmentados, animales domésticos, frutas; casi siempre, recortes de una realidad que Cardoso no pretende reflejar sino re-velar y des-velar; la suya será, desde entonces, una estética del fragmento que coloca ante la mirada del espectador tan solo segmentos de un mundo que, a su juicio, se ha tornado inasible como totalidad, pues, es tan sólo así podríamos aproximarnos a él; un mundo que ha perdido consistencia y se ha tornado incomprensible la mayoría de las veces, cuando no repudiable. Cardoso es uno de los más destacados miembros de la generación conocida como "Pintores del Quinto Río" –bautizo que les diera Carlos Rojas, a fines de la década de los años noventa-y cuyo denominador común es la negación rotunda y definitiva de la tradición pictórica heredada, a la que calificaron como insuficiente y fuera de época; en efecto, aquella –la del pasado- fue una estética especular que representaba un mundo rural y los Pintores del Quinto Río se reclamaban a sí mismos como hijos de un mundo urbano, por lo que su estética se propuso bucear en las profundidades ignotas de la individualidad y la ciudad. Raza de ingratos. 1988. Aerógrafo, tinta sobre cartón, 98,5 x 73,2 cm.Premio Coloma Silva, Bienal Internacional de Pintura de Cuenca. A partir de ellos, el arte plástico local ya no podrá más representar el colorido paisaje del terruño, pues, era evidente que ese mundo eglógico, si alguna vez existió, se había evaporado en el aire con la consolidación de la ciudad y la modernidad, dejando paso a aquellos "abstractos valores de la civilización occidental, para bien y para mal". (Rojas, 1998, pág. 122) "La pintura cuencana de los últimos años, nos habla de pasiones desmesuradas, de violencia, de cuerpos que se buscan afanosos, de vidas privadas que estallan, de otros colores más allá del verde. Están presentes los ocres, los rojos… Otra serie distinta de intensidades para decir los afanes diarios de la ciudad, de su gente, de lo que ha llegado a ser a pesar de sí misma." (Rojas, 1998, pág. 126). En la década de los años ochenta y noventa, un signo indeleble de la pintura de Cardoso, es la certeza de que la composición plástica tradicional, aquella que se estructuraba en los límites del espacio euclidiano, es insuficiente para dar cuenta de las transformaciones del mundo y la vida en el capitalismo tardío; por lo que el artista librará una batalla plástica marcada por sendas descomposiciones espaciales, superposiciones de varios mundos bidimensionales y unos evidentes chorreados para aludir precisamente a estas mutaciones. "Estos elementos técnicos crean el entorno indispensable para la introducción de la temporalidad de los mundos de Pablo Cardoso: la mirada sobre la pintura clásica en la que se colocan los cuerpos de fin de siglo torturados por el cuidado personal y, en algún momento, la transparencia de una subjetividad en conflicto consigo misma y con los demás. (VV.AA., 1995, pág. 36) El artista ha logrado superar la representación tradicional del mundo, ya no es un obstáculo estético que se erigía entre el mundo que le ha tocado vivir y la representación que le corresponde; es que, por supuesto, ese mundo, supuestamente sólido, se había evaporado lenta pero definitivamente; ciertas trazas ideológicas aún pervivirán por mucho tiempo aún en el imaginario colectivo pero, las estructuras mismas, ya no. Huele a quemado II. 1989.Aerógrafo y pincel, tintas y acrílico sobre cartón, 38,1 x 98,5 cm. Los recursos técnicos que usará Pablo Cardoso desde entonces estarán al servicio de re-velar y des-velar existencias atormentadas, angustiosas, en un nuevo mundo urbano que, como hemos dicho ya, se tornó inasible, incomprensible, e incluso repudiable. Desde entonces, Cardoso ha recorrido un camino marcado por un nítido dominio de los planos de la forma y de la substancia, tanto en la expresión como en el contenido, utilizando los conceptos desarrollados en el análisis de la obra artística. (Rojas, Estéticas Caníbales, 2011, págs. 69-70). El artista ha utilizado con excelsos resultados óleos, acrílicos, aerógrafos, sobre lienzos, cartones, maderas o metales e incluso la fotografía; y, en relación con los contenidos, la suya ha sido y es una investigación artística rigurosa sobre la cultura del mundo contemporáneo. En 2012, Cardoso recibe el premio Mariano Aguilera a la trayectoria artística, otorgado por el Municipio del D.M. de Quito; con esta ocasión, el artista preparó una muestra antológica Teoría para actuar antes de tiempo, con ochenta de sus obras, que fueron exhibidas en el Centro de Arte Contemporáneo, CAC (Valdez, Premio Mariano Aguilera, 2013). Cerca de un año le tomó al artista prepararla en permanente diálogo con la curadora, Ana Rosa Valdez; fruto de este intercambio se formuló una periodización de la obra de Cardoso en tres grandes momentos: a) Madurez, 2001-2014. b) Preparación, 1998-2001; c) Experimentación inicial, 1987-1997. (San Martín, 2013). En la etapa de madurez, Cardoso da forma plástica a temas fundamentales del mundo y la cultura contemporáneos como son la experiencia del tiempo; la percepción de la realidad a través de la mirada; el escepticismo ante el mundo que nos rodea debido a su absoluta inestabilidad; la ironía del concepto de verdad; acomete representaciones del paisaje en relación con la caminata, el tránsito o el viaje; alude al indefinido límite entre realidad y ficción o entre objetividad y subjetividad. Sin embargo, para valorar la obra de Cardoso, es necesario ir más allá de las cesuras cronológicas que, siendo importantes, son insuficientes para explicar obra tan rica como vasta, por lo que preferimos destacar el giro que se produce en su obra a partir de 2010. 3. El giro ético y político En más de una ocasión, el mismo artista, se ha definido como un escéptico (La Hora Nacional, 2013) y, en efecto, gran parte de su obra está marcada por esta actitud filosófica tan propia de esta época; sin embargo, podríamos afirmar que ha dejado de serlo, como intentaremos demostrar a continuación; pero antes, recordemos el significado concepto de escepticismo: "Desde el punto de vista teórico el escepticismo es una doctrina del conocimiento según la cual no hay ningún saber firme, ni puede encontrarse nunca ninguna opinión absolutamente segura. Desde el punto de vista práctico, el escepticismo es una actitud que encuentra en la negativa a adherirse a ninguna opinión determinada, en la suspensión del juicio (EPOJÉ), "la salvación del individuo", "la paz interior". En el primer caso se opone a lo que podría llamarse "decisionismo". O, si se quiere, adopta una sola decisión: la de abstenerse de toda decisión." (Ferrater, 2001, pág.1054) A partir de 2010, Pablo Cardoso produce cuatro series artísticas denominadas a) Lebensraum, b) Suite del Coan Coan, c) Lago Agrio–Sour Lake y d) Golem, cuyo propósito desborda las intenciones contemplativas del paisajismo o la representación de la naturaleza que antes había ejercido con sobra de méritos. Siendo él un apasionado de los panoramas naturales, descubre que el planeta no es tan solo un paisaje sino que es, sobre todo y ante todo, el espacio vital de innumerables formas de vida. En Suite del Coan Coan, el artista coloca ante nuestros ojos paisajes de una belleza y placidez tal que marcan el non plus ultra de una estética de la contemplación. Suite del Coan Coan. 2011.Óleo y acrílico sobre lienzo. Obra Nº3. 97 cm x 120 cm. El giro ético y político adviene decididamente con las obras Lago Agrio-Sour Lake y Golem, destinadas a presentar los horrores de la explotación petrolera. La primera, Lago Agrio, tiene como referente nítido los devastadores efectos de la presencia de la compañía Texaco –luego Chevron- que explotó oro negro en la Amazonia ecuatoriana desde la década de los años sesenta hasta los años noventa, dejando una extensa huella de enfermedades, contaminación medio ambiental y destrucción de la flora y la fauna, que incluso provocaron la instalación de una demanda internacional contra esta compañía para remediar los desastres provocados en esta zona del Ecuador. "El 30% de la selva ecuatoriana, unos 5.000 kilómetros cuadrados, está contaminada por el petróleo derramado por Texaco. Los 300 pozos abiertos generan 20 millones de litros diarios de desechos tóxicos que son derramados sin tratamiento previo en 1.000 charcas a cielo abierto. Se filtra por la tierra y con la lluvia llega a los ríos y contamina los acuíferos. Cada día se queman en gigantescos mecheros junto a los pozos 50 millones de metros cúbicos de gas sin control ambiental, provocando una lluvia ácida. La mortalidad en la Amazonia ecuatoriana es el doble de la nacional. Tienen el triple de casos de infecciones en la piel y el doble de anemias, micosis, desnutrición y tuberculosis. La incidencia del cáncer es seis veces mayor. Hay documentadas más de 500 muertes relacionadas directamente con esta contaminación." (Magazine, 2008) Por su parte, la compañía Exxon-Valdez produjo un derrame de petróleo en 1989, en Alaska, EEUU, cuando un buque de su propiedad encalló en las costas de esta zona tan sensible del mundo y generó uno de los mayores desastres mundiales que se tenga memoria: "Considerado como uno de los peores desastres ambientales de este tipo, el barco petrolero Exxon Valdez derramó 38.000 toneladas de petróleo en Prince William Sound, Alaska, después de que el buque encalló en un acantilado. Como resultado, más de 2.000 km de costa se vieron afectados matando a miles de aves marinas y con un grave impacto en la industria pesquera de la región. En los cinco años que siguieron al desastre, el petróleo mostró una dispersión a un ritmo de alrededor de 70% cada año. La mayoría de las operaciones de limpieza en el área terminaron en 1992 porque se esperaba que el resto del petróleo se dispersara en pocos años. Un estudio posterior descubrió que el petróleo estaba desapareciendo a un ritmo de sólo 4% cada año y que un estimado de 20.000 galones se quedó en las playas. Los investigadores —dirigidos por Michel Boufadel de la Universidad de Temple en Filadelfia, EE.UU. — llevaron a cabo un estudio de tres años en varias playas para averiguar la causa detrás de los persistentes depósitos. El profesor Boufadel, director del Centro para el Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales y Protección, dijo que las playas de grava que examinaron están compuestas de dos capas: una de nivel superior que es muy permeable y un nivel inferior que tiene muy baja permeabilidad. (BBC mundo, 2010) Ambas obras de Cardoso - Lago Agrio-Sour Lake y Golem- además del extraordinario dominio técnico, como puede verse en las imágenes que presentamos en este trabajo, tienen cualidades estéticas sublimes; cuestionan la perversidad del capital contra la naturaleza, la flora, la fauna y el ser humano. En palabras del mismo artista: "El título [Golem] proviene del mítico autómata del folclore judío (…) sobre el que se cuenta que una vez insuflado vida por su creador se salió de control, convirtiéndose en una amenaza para quienes estaba llamados a servir y proteger, del mismo modo como está ocurriendo con la tecnología humana, y especialmente con nuestra dependencia adictiva al petróleo." (Cardoso, 2014). Lago Agrio-Sour Lake. 2012, conjunto de 120 cuadros, óleo y acrílico sobre lienzo, 21 x 28 cm c/u Golem 7, 2013, seis paneles, acrílico y lienzo sobre madera, 15,6 x 21 cm c/u. Pues bien, expliquemos este giro ético y político en la obra de Cardoso; para comenzar es preciso señalar que toda forma estética está inextricablemente conectada con las formas económicas y políticas, a la manera de un complejo circuito; por cierto, nunca mecánicamente como lo entendió una vertiente del marxismo vulgar que sostuvo que la economía es la determinante en última instancia de todas las demás esferas de vida, olvidando que lo política y la cultura tienen también su capacidad de influir sobre la economía y viceversa. Sin embargo, en estos últimos años, la aguda crisis global del capitalismo y los horrores del extractivismo han propiciado el nacimiento de otras formas estéticas que empiezan a tomar distancia y a desprenderse de la indiferencia, el narcisismo y el hedonismo posmodernos, marcando una diferencia con esta tendencia hegemónica y mostrando a las miradas desatentas los horrores del exterminio y la depredación. Sin duda, el escepticismo es uno de los rasgos definitorios del ethos posmoderno. La salvación del individuo", su "paz interior", han pesado durante medio siglo más que cualquier sentido del mundo y de la vida. El "decisionismo" de la posmodernidad adoptó una sola decisión: abstenerse de toda decisión o de toda acción. Sin embargo, el dominio depredador y absoluto de los intereses del capital global sobre los derechos de la vida y la comunidad, ha llegado a límites insospechados que nos colocan ante un gran dilema ético: permitir la liquidación de la vida sobre el planeta o detenerla. Entonces, parafraseando a Pablo Cardoso, podemos decir que es necesario actuar antes de que llegue ese tiempo. De manera que lo único verdaderamente válido es volver a preguntarnos por aquello que la posmodernidad derogó: "el sentido de la vida, el destino de las sociedades, el futuro como tal." (Rojas, estéticascaníbales, 2014). Sin embargo, en las actuales condiciones, parece que ninguna revolución que transforme la lógica del capital es viable; las únicas transformaciones posibles son aquellas que pueden ocurrir en los comportamientos estéticos y eróticos, donde sí pueden crearse espacios de libertad (Echeverría, 2011, págs. 788-789). En el actual escenario apocalíptico ya no orgiástico, los más lúcidos artistas contemporáneos están dando un giro ético y político hacia lo que venimos llamando como "Estéticas de la Multitud", cuya configuración evidencia el agotamiento del canon posmoderno banal, repetitivo, superficial, y sin salida. Las Estéticas de la Multitud adquieren forma y expresión concreta en ciertas obras cinematográficas, de las artes plásticas, el teatro, la poesía e incluso musicales, producidas en esta época tardía y serán la memoria de sus contradicciones y complejidades. El concepto de Multitud lo hemos tomado prestado de Michel Hardt y Toni Negri, quienes lo formularon tanto en su obra Imperio como en Multitud. Guía y democracia en la era del Imperio. Para ellos, la "Multitud se convierte en el correlato de Imperio, en la descripción de la realidad social, lo que es más estructural. (…La) Democracia sería el proyecto de la Multitud (…) Multitud no es una como el pueblo, ni indiferenciada como las masas, la multitud engloba a lo diverso, pero es global, no como la clase obrera. Así, el Imperio sería la soberanía que se está creando con la globalización, engloba lo económico, político, social, cultural y militar; la Multitud sería la clase global que sustenta al Imperio y lo desborda." (Redondo, 2005) Si Alain Badiou tiene razón, en esta época de la crisis global del capitalismo, existiría un arte Imperial y otro arte No-Imperial; uno que sustenta y sostiene la lógica del capital y otro que lo cuestiona y lo desborda. (Badiou, 2009). Pese al giro ético y político de su obra artística, Pablo Cardoso no adhiere a tesis alguna de ningún partido, movimiento o programa de transformación estatal, sino que es lo que es, porque se resiste a que su obra sea banalizada y reducida a mero valor de cambio, y se transforma en un don, cuya valor de cambio es proyectar luz negra sobre los horrores de la lógica del capital, como en Lago Agrio y Golem. De este modo, Cardoso se aleja tanto de la banalidad posmoderna como de los riesgos del panfleto artístico; renuncia a la inmediatez y asume una responsabilidad ética y una posición política ante los desastres provocados por el capital globalizado. Por ende, su obra reciente enriquece las Estéticas de la Multitud que serán la memoria visual de esta época. 4. Agradecimiento: La autora deja constancia de su agradecimiento al artista Pablo Cardoso, por su valiosa y permanente colaboración para la realización de este estudio, mediante entrevistas, acceso a sus archivos de imágenes y publicaciones monográficas.
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Since this is a post about class, family, and returnsI thought that I would illustrate it with pictures illustratingthe fact that I now live in the same neighborhood my mother lived in, but the neighborhood has changed except this old fishing/gun store I have often considered teaching to be a kind of translation and not just because much of the history of philosophy is written in different languages. Part of what one does in teaching is try to take the questions and concerns of a different time and figure out some way to bridge that gap, while at the same time being faithful to its original sense and meaning (just like translation). These thoughts occurred to me again when I decided to teach Didier Eribon's Returning to Reims.I first heard about Eribon's book when I read Chantal Jaquet's Les Transclasses, and was happy to learn that it was translated by Semiotext(e). After reading it I gave a copy to my father, and he loved it; as a first generation college student from a small mill town in Maine he could really relate to it. It was for that reason that I was excited to teach it in my seminar on Race, Class, and Gender. Many of the University of Southern Maine's students are first generation and higher education in part justifies itself by its ability to supposedly transform class belonging, so it seemed worthwhile to teach the book.With the first discussion it became immediately clear how much work would need to be done to translate the book to a different time and place. Eribon's trajectory, in which the transformation of his class position was made both possible and desirable by a transformation of his cultural coordinates, a transformation made possible by reading Proust, Sartre, and Marx. Such a trajectory seemed difficult to understand in the American context where class was not only disconnected from such cultural markers, but actively repudiated them. This might be what it means to be transclass in the post-bourgeois age, there is no longer a reading list, the accumulation of capital has become divorced from cultural capital. As one student put it, her uncles had all changed their financial situation, but rather than cast off the culture that they grew up with they had made that transformation maintaining their connection with NASCAR and pick-up trucks. However, it is possible to make these awkward elements of translation the basis for an engagement rather than a rejection of Eribon's book. It is through the difficulties of translation that it becomes possible to rethink the nature of class and its relation to individual and national identity. It is possible to delineate three levels of class in Eribon's analysis. The first is the one that describes one's position in the economic system. As Eribon writes, "In my case, I can say that I have always deeply had the feeling of belonging to a class, which does not mean that the class that I belonged to was conscious of itself as such. One can have the sense of belonging to a class without the class being aware of itself as such or being "a clearly defined group." This could be called the class in itself, if one wanted to use that language. It is the aspect of class that is written on the body, on the exhaustion of work and the effects of poverty. In contrast to this is Eribon's memories of what class meant for his family when they were members of the communist party. As Eribon writes describing this dimension of class for itself, or for itself through the party, "You became a political subject by putting yourself into the hands of the party spokespersons, through whom the workers, the 'working class,' came to exist as an organized group, as a class that was aware of itself as such." In between these two there is what could be called the class of itself, the way that class constitutes not just an economic position or a political subject, but a way of life or a habitus of a sort. As Eribon writes of these divisions of class, "These boundaries that divide these worlds help define within each of them radically different ways of perceiving what it is possible to be or become, of perceiving what it is possible to aspire to or not." This is class as it was lived in terms of the things one does and does not do, in terms of tastes, habits, and dress. Eribon's story is one of both his own personal transformation, his own non-reproduction, to use Jaquet's term in which the son of a factory worker becomes a journalist and then a famous academic. It is also a story of the larger disarticulation of class composition, of how the working class in the economic sense, shifted from being a class organized by and through the communist party, to a bastion of nationalist and racist sentiment. This disarticulation has two aspects, first there is the transformation of the communist and socialist parties after 1981. As Eribon writes,What actually occurred was a general and quite thoroughgoing metamorphosis of the ethos of the party as well as of its intellectual references. Gone was any talk of exploitation and resistance, replaced by talk of "necessary modernization" and of "radical social reform"; gone the references to relations between classes, replaced by talk of a "life in common": gone any mention of unequal social opportunities replaced by an emphasis on individual responsibility. At the same time that the party moved away from the class struggle, the terms of that struggle where changing for the workers, defined less in terms of revolution and more in terms of the hopes and dreams of a consumer society. The rhetoric of class struggle, of nothing to lose but chains, begins to sound hollow to a class that aspires to buy a car or a vacation. As Eribon writes, But what is the point of a political story that doesn't take into account what people are really like as it interprets their lives, a story whose result is that one ends up blaming the individuals in question for not conforming to the fiction one has constructed? It is clearly a story that needs to be rewritten in order to make it less unified and less simple, to build in more complexity and more contradictions. And to reintroduce historical time. The working class changes. It doesn't stay identical to itself. And clearly the working class of the 1960s and 1970s was no longer the same as that of the 1930s or the 1950s. The same position in the social field does not correspond to exactly the same realities, nor to the same aspirations.This disarticulation, the party moving away from class struggle, and the working class defining its struggle differently made possible a new articulation, not in terms of class but of nation. As Eribon writes,Whose fault if the meaning of a "we" sustained or reconstituted in this way undergoes a transformation such that it comes to mean the "French" as opposed to "foreigners," whereas it had used to mean "workers" as opposed to the "bourgeoisie"? Or, to put it more precisely, whose fault is it if the opposition between "worker" and "bourgeois," even if it continues to exist in the form of an opposition between the "have nots" and the "haves" (which is not exactly the same opposition—it carries different political consequences), takes on a national and racial dimension, with the "haves" being perceived as favorably inclined to immigration and the "have nots" as suffering on a daily basis because of this same immigration, one that is held to be responsible for all their difficulties?This story, which I have given here in terms of just a few key moments, is one of the disarticulation of class and revolution, class and party, and the rearticulation of class and reaction, class and nation. As we discussed in class, this story, the story of the disarticulation of the workers' party and the aspiration of workers' cannot be simply transposed onto the US, even if the ending is the same in terms of the similarity of the National Front and MAGA parties. It would be a massive mistranslation to simply replace the Communist Party with the Democratic Party. There is a much longer story to be told about the disarticulation and the disarray of class and party in the US, and it is told in W.E.B. Du Bois' Black Reconstruction and Mike Davis' Prisoners of the American Dream. (So basically if you want the TL:DR version it is the wages of whiteness and Ronald Reagan). However, it might be possible to use Eribon's categories to make a different disarticulation or rearticulation, not that of the class in itself becoming another for itself, the for itself of the French, of the nation, but the way in which what could be called the class of itself, the habitus of class, the taste, habits and customs have shifted from one class to another. The lack of an articulation between economic position of class and political party has made way for a different articulation in which class is defined in terms of the cultural signifiers of guns, trucks, and Carhart. It is a brand and not a politics. This is the way in which our modern politicians appear to be "of the people" in Machiavelli's sense. This in part accounts for the bizarro world version of class in the US.This difficulty in translation, the impossibility of neatly mapping Eribon's French story onto an American one made for interesting discussions, but I wonder if we were talking about something that went beyond the classroom. The devaluation of a certain kind of symbolic capital, that one no longer has to read a certain set of books or listen to the right kind of music, is part of the story of the decline of the university, or at least the humanities. The university, at least a state university, is no longer the same institution of transclass transformation. I think that things might be different at elite private colleges, but even there it is more about who one knows than what one knows, connections rather than cultural capital. At small state colleges people still seek to change their class status, but do so through trying to figure out how to accumulate capital in its more material and less symbolic form, they major in business or finance. Where does this leave Eribon's own story of transclass transformation, his desire to become someone different, to leave Reims, to leave a culture dominated by sports, restricted gender roles, and fishing, to go to Paris, to a culture dominated by books and ideas, where it is possible to become someone else, something else? I still think people come to the university to do that, to transform themselves, and become something different, but that transformation has been disarticulated from class transformation.
A relação entre água, energia e alimento é um tema que tem recebido atenção no meio acadêmico. Diante da escassez dos recursos naturais, da degradação que tem ocorrido não somente no Brasil, mas no mundo todo, os recursos naturais têm sérios riscos de esgotarem. E há que se pensar em uma gestão que possibilite a recuperação do meio ambiente de forma eficiente e sustentável. Compreendendo que o debate de nexo envolve um conjunto de inter-relações entre os recursos naturais utilizados como insumo para os serviços básicos da vida humana, neste sentido, a presente pesquisa objetivou analisar se há possibilidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo água-energia-alimentos, com vistas a não comprometer as demandas futuras e como isso pode contribuir para alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Os objetivos específicos são identificar a interligação entre água, energia, alimento e floresta; apontar a necessidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo tradicional visando alcançar um desenvolvimento mais sustentável e controlar, prevenir as consequências dos impactos ambientais. A metodologia da revisão literária ocorreu com o levantamento por termos previamente identificados nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science e Periódico Capes, sendo a pesquisa classificada com abordagem qualitativa e método dedutivo. Os resultados apontaram que a floresta possui relação direta com os elementos água-energia-alimentos, sendo possível contribuir com as seguranças hídrica, energética e alimentar. Concluiu-se que vincular as florestas ao nexo existente, proporcionará uma maior preocupação para garantir a sustentabilidade e o equilíbrio ambiental.
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Smart, R. L., et al. (Gaia Collaboration) ; [Aims] We produce a clean and well-characterised catalogue of objects within 100 pc of the Sun from the Gaia Early Data Release 3. We characterise the catalogue through comparisons to the full data release, external catalogues, and simulations. We carry out a first analysis of the science that is possible with this sample to demonstrate its potential and best practices for its use. [Methods] Theselection of objects within 100 pc from the full catalogue used selected training sets, machine-learning procedures, astrometric quantities, and solution quality indicators to determine a probability that the astrometric solution is reliable. The training set construction exploited the astrometric data, quality flags, and external photometry. For all candidates we calculated distance posterior probability densities using Bayesian procedures and mock catalogues to define priors. Any object with reliable astrometry and a non-zero probability of being within 100 pc is included in the catalogue. [Results] We have produced a catalogue of 331 312 objects that we estimate contains at least 92% of stars of stellar type M9 within 100 pc of the Sun. We estimate that 9% of the stars in this catalogue probably lie outside 100 pc, but when the distance probability function is used, a correct treatment of this contamination is possible. We produced luminosity functions with a high signal-to-noise ratio for the main-sequence stars, giants, and white dwarfs. We examined in detail the Hyades cluster, the white dwarf population, and wide-binary systems and produced candidate lists for all three samples. We detected local manifestations of several streams, superclusters, and halo objects, in which we identified 12 members of Gaia Enceladus. We present the first direct parallaxes of five objects in multiple systems within 10 pc of the Sun. [Conclusions] We provide the community with a large, well-characterised catalogue of objects in the solar neighbourhood. This is a primary benchmark for measuring and understanding fundamental parameters and descriptive functions in astronomy. ; The Gaia mission and data processing have financially been supported by, in alphabetical order by country: the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory; the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha Firnberg Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737; the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme de Développement d'Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants and the Polish Academy of Sciences – Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek through grant VS.091.16N, and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS); the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Comité Français d'Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB); the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 11573054 and 11703065 and the China Scholarship Council through grant 201806040200; the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science Foundation and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the project TTP-2018-07-1171 "Mining the Variable Sky", with the funds of the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme; the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010 and INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093, and the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058; the Danish Ministry of Science; the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1; the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme through the European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (Space AsteroSeismology & RR Lyrae stars, SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network; the European Research Council (ERC) through grants 320360 and 647208 and through the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation and excellent science programmes through Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant 745617 as well as grants 670519 (Mixing and Angular Momentum tranSport of massIvE stars – MAMSIE), 687378 (Small Bodies: Near and Far), 682115 (Using the Magellanic Clouds to Understand the Interaction of Galaxies), and 695099 (A sub-percent distance scale from binaries and Cepheids – CepBin); the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF); the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Gaia project, through the Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through grants for Slovenia, through contracts C98090 and 4000106398/12/NL/KML for Hungary, and through contract 4000115263/15/NL/IB for Germany; the Academy of Finland and the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 for the "Investissements d'avenir" programme, through grant ANR-15-CE31-0007 for project "Modelling the Milky Way in the Gaia era" (MOD4Gaia), through grant ANR-14-CE33-0014-01 for project "The Milky Way disc formation in the Gaia era" (ARCHEOGAL), and through grant ANR-15-CE31-0012-01 for project "Unlocking the potential of Cepheids as primary distance calibrators" (UnlockCepheids), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and its SNO Gaia of the Institut des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), the "Action Fédératrice Gaia" of the Observatoire de Paris, the Région de Franche-Comté, and the Programme National de Gravitation, Références, Astronomie,et Métrologie (GRAM) of CNRS/INSU with the Institut National Polytechnique (INP) and the Institut National de Physique nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) co-funded by CNES; the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, 50QG1403, 50QG1404, and 50QG1904 and the Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Technische Universität (TU) Dresden for generous allocations of computer time; the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through the Lendület Programme grants LP2014-17 and LP2018-7 and through the Premium Postdoctoral Research Programme (L. Molnár), and the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NKFIH) through grant KH_18-130405; the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) through a Royal Society - SFI University Research Fellowship (M. Fraser); the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) through grant 848/16; the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, and 2018-24-HH.0 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), contract 2014-049-R.0/1/2 to INAF for the Space Science Data Centre (SSDC, formerly known as the ASI Science Data Center, ASDC), contracts I/008/10/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2013-030-I.0.1-2015, and 2016-17-I.0 to the Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC S.p.A.), INAF, and the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca) through the Premiale project "MIning The Cosmos Big Data and Innovative Italian Technology for Frontier Astrophysics and Cosmology" (MITiC); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414, through a VICI grant (A. Helmi), and through a Spinoza prize (A. Helmi), and the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA); the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2018/06/M/ST9/00311, DAINA grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221, and PRELUDIUM grant 2017/25/N/ST9/01253, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) through grant DIR/WK/2018/12; the Portugese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through grants SFRH/BPD/74697/2010 and SFRH/BD/128840/2017 and the Strategic Programme UID/FIS/00099/2019 for CENTRA; the Slovenian Research Agency through grant P1-0188; the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO/FEDER, UE) through grants ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80079-C2-2-R, RTI2018-095076-B-C21, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, BES-2016-078499, and BES-2017-083126 and the Juan de la Cierva formación 2015 grant FJCI-2015-2671, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports through grant FPU16/03827, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through grant AYA2017-89841P for project "Estudio de las propiedades de los fósiles estelares en el entorno del Grupo Local" and through grant TIN2015-65316-P for project "Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII", the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence Programme of the Spanish Government through grant SEV2015-0493, the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu") through grants MDM-2014-0369 and CEX2019-000918-M, the University of Barcelona's official doctoral programme for the development of an R+D+i project through an Ajuts de Personal Investigador en Formació (APIF) grant, the Spanish Virtual Observatory through project AyA2017-84089, the Galician Regional Government, Xunta de Galicia, through grants ED431B-2018/42 and ED481A-2019/155, support received from the Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC) funded by the Xunta de Galicia, the Xunta de Galicia and the Centros Singulares de Investigación de Galicia for the period 2016-2019 through CITIC, the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) / Fondo Europeo de Desenvolvemento Rexional (FEDER) for the Galicia 2014-2020 Programme through grant ED431G-2019/01, the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) computer resources at MareNostrum, the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre – Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) through activities AECT-2016-1-0006, AECT-2016-2-0013, AECT-2016-3-0011, and AECT-2017-1-0020, the Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya through grant 2014-SGR-1051 for project "Models de Programació i Entorns d'Execució Parallels" (MPEXPAR), and Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC2018-025968-I; the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rymdstyrelsen); the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through the Mesures d'Accompagnement, the Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires, and the Swiss National Science Foundation; the United Kingdom Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through the following grants to the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Leicester, the Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory of University College London, and the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL): PP/D006511/1, PP/D006546/1, PP/D006570/1, ST/I000852/1, ST/J005045/1, ST/K00056X/1, ST/K000209/1, ST/K000756/1, ST/L006561/1, ST/N000595/1, ST/N000641/1, ST/N000978/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/S000089/1, ST/S000976/1, ST/S001123/1, ST/S001948/1, ST/S002103/1, and ST/V000969/1.
Apresentação ao dossiê:Gênero e números: estudos sobre as mulheres em diferentes tempos e espaços Profª. Drª. Ana Silvia Volpi Scott (UNICAMP)Profª. Drª. Denize Terezinha Leal Freitas (UNIPAMPA/SEDUC-RS)Organizadoras Em um país profundamente desigual como o Brasil, historicamente marcado pelas diferenças que separaram os distintos segmentos populacionais, é mais do que oportuna a publicação do Dossiê Gênero e Números. De fato, trata-se, mais do que nunca, de uma obrigação das historiadoras, dos historiadores, dos e das cientistas sociais refletir sobre a sociedade brasileira, do passado e do presente. Aliás, diga-se de passagem, estes pesquisadores e pesquisadoras, abraçaram com muita disposição, nestes tempos recentes e sombrios, o desafio de discutir questões candentesque atravessam e dividem o nosso país.Especificamente, em relação ao tema do dossiê, pelo menos, desde a década de 1990, os estudos sobre as mulheres e as relações de gênero têm reveladosituações em que elas aparecemcomo sujeitos ativos, contrariando as imagens e as representações,teimosamente atreladas a elas,como a passividade, a ociosidade, o confinamento ao lar, sobretudo vinculadas ao nosso passado. Desde então, através do uso de conceitos caros à história e às ciências sociais em geral,as estudiosas e os estudiososvem debatendoa questão da diferença sexual, colocando em evidência as construções sociais sobre os papéis, que se esperava,fossemdesempenhados por homens e por mulheres.A pertinência e a necessidade dessas análises mantêm-se, ainda no final da segunda década do século XXI, uma vez que os indicadores apontam que profundas diferenças persistem entre nós. Para ilustrar a recorrência das desigualdades que caracterizam a nossa sociedade, podemos trazer dados da Síntese dos Indicadores Sociais. Uma análise das condições de vida da população brasileira publicados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística para o ano de 2019 (SIS)[1].Alguns indicadores do SIS 2019 revelam o persistente quadro das desigualdades estruturais que marcam nossa sociedade, e que atingem mais duramenteos grupos populacionais considerados mais vulneráveis, como pretos ou pardos, mulheres e jovens. Através desses indicadores fica evidenciada a desigualdade,mostrando que ela podevariar muito (para pior, muitas vezes) dependendo da região brasileira a que se refere. Nesse quadro, as diferenças em relação às mulheres aparecem com muita intensidade, ainda nos tempos presentes.Apesar disso, esses mesmos indicadores revelam que alguns avanços foram alcançados, especialmente no que diz respeito ao papel cada vez mais proeminente que as mulheres ocupam na atualidade, bastando lembrar, entre outros exemplos, sua inserção no mercado de trabalho, maior acesso à educação e, principalmente o fato de terem aumentado sua participação como "principais provedoras", ao contribuírem com mais de 50% da renda familiar. Portanto, estudar o lugar das mulheres na sociedade brasileira, no presente e no passado, deve continuar a ser objeto de atenção dos estudiosos e das estudiosas.Quando a chamada desse dossiê foi lançada, o objetivo era agregar estudos que tivessem como foco as relações de gênero e os novos (ou antigos) papéis assumidos pelas mulheres, em diferentes tempos e espaços, privilegiando a perspectiva quantitativa, por meio de análise de dados seriais no âmbito da história e das ciências sociais. A ideia central era dar uma contribuição para a discussão sobre a atuação e a inserção das mulheres na sociedade, explorando aportes teóricos, fontes e metodologias variadasque pudessem dar elementos para a discussão da temática. O desafio proposto era problematizar as tendências, as mudanças e, (por que não?), as permanências que os indicadores revelavam.As expectativas das organizadoras foram contempladas. Os artigos que compõem o dossiê atingiram esses objetivos de maneira plena por diversas razões. Inicialmente, pela abrangência temporal e espacial dos trabalhos que integram o volume, acrescido do texto da sessão acadêmicos e pesquisa, que abordam distintas regiões, de norte a sul do país, no arco temporal que vai do século XVIII ao século XXI. De outra parte, a riqueza e diversidade dos temas e perspectivas teóricas para o estudo das mulheres e das relações de gênero no âmbito da política, da religião, da moda, debruçando-se sobre a participação das mulheres em partidos políticos, trajetórias e representações, mulheres que vivenciaram a prostituição, a escravidão e a liberdade, mulheres que no passado, como muitas que vivem no século XXI, estavam à cabeça e na chefia de seus domicílios. Valoriza ainda esse dossiê, o fato que muitos desses aportes foram trazidos por jovens investigadores/as, comprometidos/as com o uso de um aparato teórico-metodológico variado e que oferece evidências para uma estimulante reflexão.Os artigos foram organizados considerando, inicialmente, o âmbito de cobertura espacial, secundado pelo recorte temporal. De fato, pode-se dizer que há dois conjuntos de trabalhos, que se organizaram em torno desses eixos. O primeiro conjunto integra textos que analisam o Brasil e/ou as regiões norte (Amazonas) e nordeste (Pernambuco). O segundo conjunto contempla os demais artigos que versam sobre o espaço meridional brasileiro, em momentos diferentes do tempo.Assim, o primeiro conjunto composto por três trabalhos, dá uma ideia da amplitude das abordagens, da participação das mulheres na política, aos estudos relativos à prostituição, passando pela análise, através da religião, das relações de gênero. O primeiro texto, Notas sobre a participação partidária das comunistas no Brasil, de Theófilo Machado Rodrigues, discute as mulheres na política, através da inserção das mulheres no Partido Comunista do Brasil, que recentemente, segundo o autor tem sido identificado como o "partido das mulheres". Enfocando a história do partido, dividida em quatro momentos, (dos anos 1920 à segunda década do século XXI), através de um conjunto muito rico e diverso de fontes, o autor analisa a participação das mulheres. Entre vários dados interessantes, revela que, desde o final da década de 1990 até o presente, o PC do B mantém uma bancada formada por mulheres que ultrapassa os 30%, se destacando assim de todo os demais partidos.O texto seguinte, de Paulo Marreiro dos Santos Júnior, desloca o foco para o Amazonas, especificamente para a cidade de Manaus, nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX, analisando tema de grande interesse: a prostituição no período áureo da borracha. O artigo, intitulado, sugestivamente de Das 'polacas' e 'francesinhas' às 'regateiras' e 'decantadas'. Crítica ao imaginário e historiografia da prostituição da Manaus da borracha, tem como fonte as ocorrências policiais, registradas no Jornal do Comércio, em um contexto de transformações várias na cidade, analisando a esquecida vida das prostitutas, no tempo em que a capital do Amazonas era conhecida como a 'Paris dos Trópicos'.O terceiro estudo, que fecha que o conjunto inicial de textos que compõem o Dossiê, é da autoria de Rogério de Carvalho Veras e de Loyde Anne Carreiro Silva Veras. O artigo Castelos de Orquídeas: Rena Butler, as relações de gênero e a presença protestante no espaço público, analisa a trajetória de uma mulher, que viveu em Pernambuco, até meados do século XX. A experiência de vida de Mary Rena HumphreyButler, que foi empresária e missionária, casada com um médico e missionário protestante, coloca em evidência o papel desempenhado por ela no processo de consolidação do protestantismo no espaço público brasileiro. Sua trajetória lança luz sobre a, frequentemente, obscurecida participação de mulheres na missionação, abrindo perspectivas renovadas de interpretação para o campo de estudo das religiões no Brasil.Os artigos que completam a segunda parte do dossiê têm como foco de estudo o Rio Grande do Sul e abrangem o arco temporal entre o período colonial e o século XXI. Formam um conjunto interessante,que reúne mulheres de condições muito variadas que viveram e vivem na região mais meridional do Brasil.O artigo de Denize Terezinha Leal Freitas, Uma análise populacional dos domicílios no extremo sul da América portuguesa: mulheres chefes de fogos (Porto Alegre, século XVIII-XIX), analisa a atual capital gaúcha nos primeiros 50 anos de sua existência (1772-1822), quando a localidade ainda misturava elementos de caráter urbano e rural. A partir do uso de uma fonte muito preciosa, os Róis de Confessados e Comungados, elaborados pela Igreja Católica para controlar o sacramento da confissão/comunhão, a autora examina a presença das mulheres, colocando em evidência o protagonismo que elas tiveram, como chefes dos seus domicílios, posição desfrutada por não poucas mulheres, de várias 'qualidades', desde as mulheres livres e brancas, passando pelas pardas e pretas, livres ou libertas, pelas ricas e pobres, em uma localidade em que havia mais homens que mulheres.Do século XIX para o XXI. Esse é o salto temporal que o leitor fará, ao ler o artigo quetrata de tema atual e instigante, ligado ao estudo das indústrias criativas no segmento da moda. O foco é a região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, entre os anos de 2008 e 2017. Interessa ao trio de autores, Margarete PaneraiAraujo, Moisés Waismann e Judite Sanson de Bem, evidenciar a presença feminina nesse segmento profissional, analisando a pertinente questão das disparidades variadas que atravessam esse ramo de atividades, analisando o percentual de mulheres envolvidas, sua formação e escolaridade. Através do texto Indústria criativas no segmento da moda: distribuição dos vínculos por sexo e escolaridade na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre em 2008 e 2017, é interessante notar que, entre os resultados apresentados, embora as mulheres trabalhadoras sejam maioria no setor, são menos escolarizadas que os homens que dividem com elas esse segmento das indústrias criativas. Os dados utilizados são do Ministério da Economia, RAIS.Também vinculado a esse dossiê, mas na sessão Acadêmicos e pesquisa o texto de Marina Haack, nos brinda com um estudo sobre Cachoeira do Sul, na segunda metade do século XIX, entre os anos de 1850 e 1888. A partir do aporte teórico da interseccionalidade, o artigoPensando mulheres escravizadas e libertas: um olhar interseccional para as cartas de Alforria de Cachoeira do Sul busca explorar as experiências femininas, privilegiando o segmento das escravizadas e libertas, que tinham sua vivência marcada não apenas pelo viés da cor, da idade e da naturalidade, mas, sobretudo por sua condição jurídica. A partir das fontes selecionadas, as cartas de liberdade, a autora adentra em temas fundamentais para essas mulheres, como o trabalho e a maternidade, lançando luzes sobre as diferenças que perpassam a experiência de escravidão que marcaram a vida daquelas mulheres.O elenco dos textos que integram o dossiê, certamente,estimulará as leitoras e os leitores a desvendar e trilhar alguns dos instigantes caminhos de pesquisa que estão sendo explorados em nosso país e em nossas universidades. Trabalhos realizados com o esforço e a dedicação deinvestigadoras e investigadores, ainda que as condições de produção estejam prejudicadas com o contingenciamento/corte de verbas,e que esteja em causa o valor e a importância de suas contribuições, diante dos ataques perpetrados àqueles que dedicam sua vida e seu trabalho à produção de conhecimento de qualidade,a partir de bases científicas. Boa leitura![1]Essa publicação do IBGE foi lançada, pela primeira vez, em 1999, com o objetivo de traçar um quadro sintético das condições de vida da população brasileira e, desde então, dá subsídios para a construção de políticas públicas em todos os níveis do governo (SIS, 2019, p.9).Acesso em https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101678.pdf, janeiro de 2020.
Supplementary information accompanies this paper at http://www.nature.com/srep ; In recent years, genome-wide association studies have identified 58 independent risk loci for coronary artery disease (CAD) on the autosome. However, due to the sex-specific data structure of the X chromosome, it has been excluded from most of these analyses. While females have 2 copies of chromosome X, males have only one. Also, one of the female X chromosomes may be inactivated. Therefore, special test statistics and quality control procedures are required. Thus, little is known about the role of X-chromosomal variants in CAD. To fill this gap, we conducted a comprehensive X-chromosome-wide meta-analysis including more than 43,000 CAD cases and 58,000 controls from 35 international study cohorts. For quality control, sex-specific filters were used to adequately take the special structure of X-chromosomal data into account. For single study analyses, several logistic regression models were calculated allowing for inactivation of one female X-chromosome, adjusting for sex and investigating interactions between sex and genetic variants. Then, meta-analyses including all 35 studies were conducted using random effects models. None of the investigated models revealed genome-wide significant associations for any variant. Although we analyzed the largest-to-date sample, currently available methods were not able to detect any associations of X-chromosomal variants with CAD. ; This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the e:Med research and funding concept (grant 01ZX1313A-2014). The ADVANCE study was supported by a grant from the Reynold's Foundation and NHLBI grant HL087647. Sample collection in the Cardiogenics Consortium (http://www.cardiogenics.eu/web/) was funded by the 6th Framework Program of the European Union (LSHM-CT-2006-037593). We thank all the participants and clinicians involved in the recruitment process at Cambridge and Leicester (UK), Luebeck and Regensburg (Germany), and Paris (France). CATHGEN was supported by NIH grants HL095987 and HL101621. The Cleveland Clinic Gene Bank study was funded by P01HL076491 (to S.L.H). EGCUT was supported by Estonian Research Council grant no. IUT20-60 and Research Roadmap grant no. 3.2.0304.11-0312 and by University Tartu grant no. ARENG SP1GV. The FGENTCARD-Functional Genomic diagnostic tools for coronary artery disease project was funded by an EU FP6 award. We thank the patients for agreeing to participate in the study. We thank Sonia Youhanna, Nour Moukalled and Bariaa Khalil for their help with subject recruitment and data collection. The work of FINCAVAS was supported by the Competitive Research Funding of the Tampere University Hospital (Grant 9M048 and 9N035), the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Finland, and the Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation. The authors thank the staff of the Department of Clinical Physiology for collecting the exercise test data. The GerMIFS studies were supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of NGFN and NGFN-plus (Atherogenomics) and e:Med research and funding concept (e:AtheroSysMed, grant 01ZX1313A-2014), the Fondation Leducq (CADgenomics: Understanding CAD Genes, 12CVD02), and the European Union Sixth Framework Programme FP6 (under grant agreement FP6-LIFESCIHEALTH (Cardiogenics)) and the Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2013-601456 (CVgenes-at-target). The Heart Protection Study (HPS) (ISRCTN48489393) was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), British Heart Foundation, Merck and Co (manufacturers of simvastatin), and Roche Vitamins Ltd (manufacturers of vitamins). Genotyping was supported by a grant to Oxford University and CNG from Merck and Co. Jemma C. Hopewell acknowledges support from the British Heart Foundation (FS/14/55/30806). HPS acknowledges the National Blood Service (NBS) donors and UK Twin study for using as population controls. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the NBS data is available from www.wtccc.org.uk. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 07611. The UK Twin study was funded by the Wellcome Trust; European Community"s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013). The Helsinki Sudden Death Study (HSDS) was financially supported by EU's 7th Framework Programme (grant no. 201668 for AtheroRemo), the Tampere University Foundation, the Tampere University Hospital Medical Funds (grants X51001, 9M048 and 9N035 for Terho Lehtimäki, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (Terho Lehtimäki, the Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research (Terho Lehtimäki, Pekka J. Karhunen), the Pirkanmaa Regional Fund of the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, and the Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation (Terho Lehtimäki). LIFE-Heart is a part of the LIFE – Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig. LIFE is funded by means of the European Union, by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and by means of the Free State of Saxony within the framework of the excellence initiative. The LOLIPOP study is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, the British Heart Foundation (SP/04/002), the Medical Research Council (G0601966, G0700931), the Wellcome Trust (084723/Z/08/Z), the NIHR (RP-PG-0407-10371), European Union FP7 (EpiMigrant, 279143) and Action on Hearing (G51). We thank the participants and research staff who made the study possible. LURIC was supported by the 7th Framework Program (integrated project AtheroRemo, grant agreement number 201668 and RiskyCAD, grant agreement number 305739) of the European Union and by the INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (Project A28, Genetic mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases) with support from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO. We extend our appreciation to the participants of the LURIC study and thank the LURIC study team who were either temporarily or permanently involved in patient recruitment as well as sample and data handling, in addition to the laboratory staff at the Ludwigshafen General Hospital and the Universities of Freiburg and Ulm, Germany. The MIGen study was funded by R01HL087676 from the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Mount Sinai IPM Biobank Program is supported by The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies. It was in part supported by NHGRI U01HG007417. OHGS_A2, OHGS_B2, and OHGS_C2 were funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (# MOP-2380941 to R.M.), (#MOP82810, MOP77682 to R.R., A.F.S. & R.M.); Canada Foundation for Innovation (#11966 to R.R., R.M. & A.F.S.; Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada (#NA6001, #NA6650 to R.M). PIVUS was supported by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Academy Fellow), European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (grant no. 2013-024), Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2012-1397), and Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197). We thank the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala (www.genotyping.se) for excellent genotyping. The computations were performed on resources provided by SNIC through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Project b2011036. PROCARDIS was supported by the European Community Sixth Framework Program (LSHM-CT- 2007-037273), AstraZeneca, the British Heart Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation, the Strategic Cardiovascular Program of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, the Foundation for Strategic Research and the Stockholm County Council (560283). Research in SDS was partly supported by NIH grants -R01DK082766 funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and NOT-HG-11-009 funded by National Genome Research Institute, and VPR Bridge grant from University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA. Recruitment for THISEAS was partially funded by a research grant (PENED 2003) from the Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; we thank all the dieticians and clinicians for their contribution to the project. TwinGene was supported by grants from the Ministry for Higher Education, the Swedish Research Council (M-2005-1112 and 2009-2298), GenomEUtwin (EU/QLRT-2001-01254; QLG2-CT-2002-01254), NIH grant DK U01-066134, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Academy Fellow), European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (grant no. 2013-024), Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2012-1397), and Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197). We thank the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala (www.genotyping.se) for excellent genotyping. The computations were performed on resources provided by SNIC through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Project b2011036. ULSAM was supported by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Academy Fellow), European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (grant no. 2013-024), Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2012-1397), and Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197). We thank the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala (www.genotyping.se) for excellent genotyping. The computations were performed on resources provided by SNIC through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Project b2011036. Recruitment for the WTCCC study was funded by the British Heart Foundation and genotyping by the Wellcome Trust. Themistocles L. Assimes was supported by an NIDDK career development award DK088942. Panos Deloukas's work forms part of the research themes contributing to the translational research portfolio of Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit which is supported and funded by the National Institute for Health Research. Analysis was partly supported by BHF grant (to Panos Deloukas) RG/14/5/30893. Martin Farrall and Hugh Watkins acknowledge the support of the Wellcome Trust core award (090532/Z/09/Z) and Martin Farrall, Hugh Watkins and Theodosios Kyriakou, the BHF Centre of Research Excellence. Anuj Goel, Hugh Watkins and Theodosios Kyriakou acknowledge European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2013-601456 (CVGenes@Target) & and Anuj Goel, the Wellcome Trust Institutional strategic support fund. The UK Twin study was funded by the Wellcome Trust; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013). PoBI samples from the Wellcome Trust funded People of the British Isles project. Sekar Kathiresan is supported by the Donovan Family Foundation, Fondation Leducq, MGH Research Scholar Award, and R01 HL107816. Andrew P. Morris is a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science, funded under grant WT098017. Christopher P. Nelson and Nilesh J. Samani are funded by the British Heart Foundation and Nilesh J. Samani is a UK NIUHR Senior Investigator. Christopher P. Nelson and Nilesh J. Samani are funded by the British Heart Foundation and Nilesh J. Samani is a UK NIUHR Senior Investigator. Samuli Ripatti was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant No. 213506 and 129680), Academy of Finland (Grant No. 251217 and 285380), the Finnish foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) through the BioSHaRE-EU (Biobank Standardisation and Harmonisation for Research Excellence in the European Union) project, grant agreement 261433. Alexandre F. R. Stewart is supported by operating grants from the Canadian Institute of Health Research and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Hong-Hee Won is supported by a postdoctoral award from the American Heart Association (15POST23280019). ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version
Con una población de 165 millones, una superficie de casi un millón de km2. y una significativa riqueza en hidrocarburos que la convierten en la primera economía regional, Nigeria lo tiene todo para convertirse en un proyecto de potencia a nivel incluso extra africano. No obstante, su pasado y su presente son excelentes ejemplos de cómo las fronteras religiosas y tribales –con diferencias alentadas por el interés económico extranjero- pueden truncar el desarrollo y futuro de un país. Esta es una breve y dolorosa reseña de dicha situación.1. Fronteras reales; fronteras impuestasA mediados del siglo XIX -(habiendo arribado las potencias occidentales a lugares tan lejanos y/u otrora inhóspitos como podrían ser las potencias asiáticas o las tan postergadas Nueva Zelanda y Australia)- el mundo del África subsahariana era aún un gran espacio desconocido a no ser por contactos comerciales puntuales, muchas veces relacionadas con el tráfico de esclavos a América. Son estas relaciones económicas vinculadas al esclavismo las que debemos apuntar en un primer momento, pues hubo, gracias a ellas, un cierto avance magrebí-bereber hacia el sur del Sahara, generando "puentes" sobre el gran desierto y consolidando una multiplicidad de reinos, asentamientos o comunidades de religión musulmana que si bien trascendieron el Sahara, ellas mismas nunca lograron sobrepasar nítidamente la cuenca del alto Níger. Y es que la consolidación de estos "estados" -(de alguna manera hay que llamarlos)- fue un proceso, por lo menos, trunco. Desde el sur, es decir, desde el golfo de Guinea y sus ríos, los europeos comenzaron a avanzar, principalmente los británicos desde la desembocadura del Níger. La cuestión para Albión, en un principio, era alimentar el comercio esclavista (generalmente con su socio portugués) ofrecido por los musulmanes, pero no mucho más. Sin embargo rápidamente el último impulso del "Descubrimiento" -(Stanley y Livingston son, en su epopeya, casi la versión literaria del proceso)- no permitiría más supervivencia de "Terra Incognita" algunay de "vacío espacial del poder" disponible. Muy pronto exploradores, científicos, comerciantes de otros rubros, pastores cristianos y de varios credos, comenzaron su propia –(y autónoma)- conquista del África Occidental. Como siempre ocurre en estas cuestiones que se parecen al Far West, fue un movimiento que prácticamente arrasó con todo aquello que no estuviese mínimamente capacitado para adecuarse a la explosión de la colonización.2. Geopolítica de escritorioBerlín, 1884. Ante la posibilidad de que el avance desorganizado de las potencias coloniales llevara a dramas mayores -(las escaramuzas entre distintas Compañías de colonización y Misiones religiosas, entre otras, ya eran comunes), las mismas se vieron reunidas, quizás no con particular entusiasmo, bajo la égida del Canciller Alemán Otto von Bismarck. A nadie habrá de sorprender que la intención de este destacado personaje era dividir al África cual si fuera un, a la vez, apetitoso y sencillo pastel. Sobra decir que el principio rector que se utilizó para delinear las fronteras del postre en cuestión no fue, en lo absoluto, el respeto de las culturas o de los espacios de los pueblos pre existentes. Es más, hubiese sido de una ingenuidad patética imaginar un Otto von Bismarck "politically correct". Los criterios no podían ser otros que una mezcla de capacidades de control territorial, parcial o total, acompañados sobre todo de la preocupación de no permitir el reforzamiento de las presencias de Francia o el Reino Unido, ya "demasiado presentes" en los alrededores. La originalidad consistió en invitar al balbuceante monarca belga al reparto para que cohonestase la irrupción de un neo-imperio colonial alemán cuya inexistencia envenenaba la vida de von Bismarck desde décadas atrás.Es de estas fronteras, válidas para el Derecho Internacional o para la economía, más allá de lo opinable de su modo de definición, pero arbitrarias y poco razonables a nivel de los nuevos súbditos, de donde nace, básicamente, la confusa problemática en la que, hoy en día, se encuentra el Estado nigeriano.La tragedia de las falsas fronteras en la futura Nigeriase vio claramente desde el momento que se le reconociera la soberanía de parte de dicho territorio (es decir, la cuenca del delta y del Bajo Níger) a los británicos. Éstos, que presionaron por ello, en realidad tardarían varios años en unificar lo que se les había dado en Berlín. Como era evidente, el problema estalló en cuanto hubo efectivo "contacto" con el Norte. Allí, el motor del tráfico esclavista, que había permitido subsistir con estrechez a los mencionados pseudo-estados musulmanes, estaba llegando a su fin. Condenado, casi urbi y orbi, el tráfico de esclavo se redujo estrictamente a escala regional y local, particularmente cuando el Reino Unido, en un sobresalto ético que llegó con trescientos años de atraso, lo condenó irremediablemente. Para colmo de males, este edificante final de la esclavitud dejó a aquellas entidades políticas, musulmanas de credo, pero británicas y portuguesas de vocación, sin su mayor fuente de ingresos. Londres optó por tratar a la Nigeria Septentrional como "una entidad a parte" durante largo tiempo y, para evitar conflictos mayores, otorgó una relativa autonomía a sus líderes religiosos del norte. Como contracara, el Sur, y especialmente el puerto de Lagos, recibió un trato más acorde a las prácticas coloniales de entonces, pasando del estatuto de simples "concesiones" a la Royal Niger Company, a la creación y establecimiento de dos verdaderos Protectorados (incluyendo el de Oriente) que fueron dominados políticamente por los europeos con la colaboración de una elite local, razonablemente occidentalizada. Después de la Gran Guerra se agregará otro Protectorado creado en base al ex Camerún alemán.3. Independencia y primeros problemas: la guerra de BiafraLas necesidades de una organización mínimamente descentralizada -(una federación por ejemplo)- fueron entendidas también por los nigerianos, y podemos decir que el independentismo tuvo dos vertientes: una austral, de elites económicas europeizadas y cristianas; y otra septentrional, ancestral y de raigambre musulmana. Es significativo, -(por no decir casi inconcebible)-entonces, que el país se haya independizado (1960-1963) como un solo Estado y no en dos, tres o más, aunque prevaleciera un modelo político federal y descentralizado que, en teoría, pudiera lidiar con las contradicciones regionales.Evidentemente esto no fue posible, y tras un golpe de Estado fallido por parte de la etnia de los Igbo, éstos comenzaron a ser masacrados principalmente en el Norte como represalia, forzando su repliegue a la región sureste de Biafra . De este desatino se intentó pasar a la declaración de una independencia basada en perspectivas petroleras y alentada por bizarras alianzas casi "contra-natura" (Londres y Moscú del lado unionista; París y Lisboa con el sector separatista). Tras una guerra violentísima (como lo serían tantas otras en el continente) y la perversa contradicción de una brutal hambruna de dimensiones inenarrables en una zona tan rica, se llegaría finalmente a un armisticio en 1970. Las heridas creadas, no obstante, no cicatrizarían.4. Más petróleo, más problemas: la guerra del Delta del NígerA la par del progresivo desarrollo de la extracción y refinamiento del petróleo (actividades realizadas básicamente por multinacionales como Shell o Chevron), la región del Delta del Níger (250 mil km2), en lugar de enriquecerse, presenció la destrucción de sus actividades económicas agrarias y pesqueras tradicionales de subsistencia.A pesar de la descentralización del Estado nigeriano, la Constitución aprobada en 1979 daba al gobierno central la capacidad de expropiar todo territorio rico en hidrocarburos: riqueza generada que, eventualmente, no regresaría a los pueblos que allí habitaban. El petróleo actuó como un elemento empobrecedor en la zona, mientras los dividendos de semejante actividad se dividían entre el gobierno federal y empresas extranjeras. Para hacernos una idea, según Amnistía Internacional, "El sector del gas y el petróleo representa el 97 por ciento de los ingresos de divisas de Nigeria y constituye el 79,5 por ciento de los ingresos del Estado". Los planes de desarrollo prometidos a los residentes del Delta jamás dieron resultado y la etnia local de los Ogoni fue la primera en luchar por esto, de forma pacífica primero y como levantamiento armado tras un significativo movimiento represivo desde el gobierno central a mediados de los 90s. Pronto los Ijaw, otra etnia local, se unirían al levantamiento armado, provocando la huida de cientos de trabajadores "no esenciales" de la Shell y dando impulso a un nuevo movimiento secesionista.5. La insurgencia islámicaComo hemos señalado, el norte nigeriano ha gozado desde tiempos de la colonia de una autonomía significativa, fruto de su pasado proto-estatal con una fuerte presencia islámica y principalmente suní. Esto ha tenido consecuencias importantes hasta nuestros días, cuando la Sharia se impone como principal fuente de Derecho en doce estados de la federación. El Islam es principalmente seguido por la etnia Hausa, si bien parte de los Yoruba también lo practica, constituyendo un 50% de la población total del país. La conflictividad resultante, por lo tanto, no descansa ya sobre viejos conflictos tribales o locales, sino que se trata de enfrentamientos esencialmente religiosos, principalmente derivados de la progresiva expansión del Islam en los estados del norte y en la radicalización de su población ante dicho proceso.Disturbios y masacres comenzaron a reiterarse. Lo acaecido en Jos en 2001 es un hito en el enfrentamiento religioso en cuestión. Pero existen múltiples ejemplos: miles de muertos, la destrucción de decenas de mezquitas e iglesias, etc. Otro paso en la escalada de violencia fue la elección en Nigeria de Miss Mundo en 2002.Pululan los conflictos en esta guerra no declarada e incluso tolerada por parte de las autoridades centrales. No obstante, el problema tomaría otra dimensión con la globalización del movimiento muyahidín y la creación del grupo terrorista Boko Haram (2002), que en idioma Hausa podría traducirse con el edificante slogan de "La Educación Occidental es un Pecado".La violencia generada por Boko Haram -de aparentes lazos con Al Qaeda- no es esporádica ni responde a estímulos puntuales, sino que su meta es la creación de un nuevo Estado islámico a través del enfrentamiento directo contra Abuya y los musulmanes moderados. Lejos de haber sido vencido en la década pasada, las actividades terroristas del grupo parecen multiplicarse año tras año, e incluyen ataques terroristas contra iglesias, cristianos, autoridades gubernamentales, extranjeros y clérigos contrarios. El último mes ha sido particularmente virulento y las víctimas fatales superan las quinientas en treinta días.6. Reflexiones finalesEn el proceso descolonizador, presuntamente Nigeria tenía todo el potencial para transformarse en un Estado ejemplo para el África subsahariana. El resultado ha sido precisamente lo contrario y el supuesto régimen federal no ha servido para encapsular las diversidades étnicas y religiosas o las contradicciones de no saber convertir sus riquezas naturales en prosperidad material para su población. La impunidad con la que actúan los muyahidines y el siempre latente conflicto en el Delta del Níger son solo parte de las consecuencias de ello. Tal vez lleguemos a ver algún día a Nigeria como una nueva Sudáfrica en términos de desarrollo humano, pero los presentes acontecimientos hacen ver esa meta como lejana e incluso utópica.Marcos Rodríguez Schiavone es estudiante de la Licenciatura en Estudios InternacionalesFACS-ORT-Uruguay
Work shown as part of 'Mind Rhymes', curated by Tom Benson at Hidde van Seggelen Gallery, London Mind Rhymes Curated by Tom Benson 24 July – 31 August 2013 This show is about ideas, likes and dislikes. And as far as we can know anything about anyone else, it's dependant on how much we can put ourselves in the place of the other, of their likes and dislikes. It's more or less a form of collaboration. Tom Benson: So, two characters in the background would be Marcel Duchamp and John Cage. John Cage having written a piece of music called Music for Marcel Duchamp for a film by Hans Richter, with a little excerpt in it on Duchamp. It was one of the very, very early prepared piano pieces by Cage and it's a relatively short piece, but in it. I've thought for a long time that it encapsulates a particular quality, which is a quality of thought happening rather than having happened. There are points, in the way that the rhythm is built up and held, where it hovers before some sort of direction is taken. I didn't think to look up very much about the piece when I first heard it, but when I finally did, years later, I was surprised to discover that it was one of the first pieces that Cage had written where he deliberately tried to explore silence in a structured way. So there are bars of silence and bars of sound. These gaps, or these spaces, were spaces that I felt somehow offered me the ability to enter into the piece with my own thinking. Spaces for thought, if you will, within the music, rather than a wall of sound that is all-invading. And also with Cage, as we know, there is an interest in the I Ching and various strategies that were used to generate musical compositions that would remove him to some extent from a more authoritative position of his own subjectivity. The idea of the grid—I was struggling with how to bring a number of disparate works together into a space and give them the same space. It was a question of how to address the space as well as the works within it, in a subtle but determined way. I was thinking about devising a band system, so there would be three bands, a tripartite division running horizontally around the space. It could be black, white, grey, whatever. It would give me different tiers to include works that could exist above, along side, in parallel, askance from other works. But I thought that that would almost be too crude. A much, much simpler way was just a very lightly drawn, using a 4H pencil, linear grid that would run across all the wall surfaces from floor to ceiling, that would give a more planular space, a more extensive space, so that it didn't feel—because of the proportion, because it's 50 centimetres across every facet of the space—it wouldn't feel like, 'that's at the top, and that's at the bottom'. Just, 'it's located on the grid'. It equalises the space. For the name of the show, I was first thinking along the lines of 'rhyme and reason', rather than 'rhyme or reason', to include the analytic and conceptual as well as the emotive and the subjective. Because it seems to me that some of the most interesting works do that - however obdurate they might be, there is a sort of feeling of a mind at work, the mind that brought that thing into existence. But in having a dialogue with so many artists about their work and realising that I was being shown things I wouldn't have thought about otherwise, and also in being slightly worried that 'rhyme and reason' sounded almost too clear and understandable. to come across this term 'mind rhyme'—which does exist—I thought was fantastic, because it included both the conceptual and the poetic, the rhyme and the reason, but in a much more interesting way. A mind rhyme is a situation set up through language, poetry, rhyming, where the mind will anticipate the word that's coming next. So it's possible to have a joke, a pun, an innuendo. A lot of these things revolve around a mind rhyme. But I was more thinking about, if you like, a visual mind rhyme, where you are presented with one artist's work, and you might begin to develop an understanding of that work, but because of what else is situated with it, you are somewhat confounded, or are lead to a point where there's a kind of bifurcation, or split, and the directions are unpredictable. It creates another type of gap for the mind to work with, a space between what might have been anticipated and all kinds of unexpected associations. In thinking about another person's work, it enters into my frame of reference and it becomes sort of a touchstone, and an important thing. It influences my own thinking. It's a form of collaboration. — As told to Kyra Kordoski Jenna Bliss uses video, performance, sound and text, to navigate public spheres intimately through letter writing and ambivalent fandom. Dreaming of singularity and collectivity simultaneously, she creates and then destroys her singular voice. Much of this work began by performing at pub open mic nights in London. Bliss recently exhibited at Woburn Slade Research Centre, London (2012); White Building [SPACE], London (2012); Piet Zwart Institute, NL (2012); and Camden Arts Centre, London (2012). She was born in Yonkers, New York, USA and currently lives and works in London. Joey Bryniarska's practice is concerned with technology, ornament, subjection, power, vitality. Within the self-reflexivity of reprographic mediums, she creates parallels between this technological food-chain and a larger system of parasitical dependency, reproduction, ornamental deceit and conditions of spectatorship. Bryniarska has exhibited at Post Box Gallery, London (2012); Collective Gallery, Edinburgh (2010); Complesso Monumentale Santo Spirito, Rome, IT (2010); and Royal Academy of Arts, London (2008). Born in Swindon, she currently lives and works in London. Céline Condorelli works, broadly speaking, with art and architecture, combining a number of approaches such as developing possibilities for 'supporting' the work of others, resulting in projects merging exhibition, politics, fiction, public space and whatever else feels urgent at the time. One of her long-term projects, Support Structure (in collaboration with Gavin Wade), has been exhibited at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (2008); GIL, Guangzhou, Beijing, CN (2007); and Chisenhale Gallery, London (2003). Other recent exhibitions include: Centre d'Art Contemporain de Brétigny, FR (2013); Nottingham Contemporary (2012); Victoria & Albert Museum, London (2011); Tate Modern, London (2011); and Centre Pompidou, Paris, FR (2010). Condorelli lives and works in London. Claudia Doms runs a graphic design studio and frequently collaborates with artists and editors from the UK and abroad. Since 2010 she has made a drawing a day and uses these as formal spurs for her songs, music, videos and paintings. Her work has been shown at: London Design Week (2011); Cream Espai Creatiu, Barcelona, ES (2011); Bulthaup Gallery, St. Petersburg, RU (2010); Witzenhausen Gallery, New York, USA (2010); Red October, Moscow, RU (2010); City Gallery, Tallinn, EE (2010); Meneer de Wit Gallery, Amsterdam, NL (2009); and Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, Turin, IT (2007). Born in Germany, Doms currently lives and works in London. Kati Kärki's explorations in art have taken her through a combination of media, encompassing photography, printmaking, sculptural furniture, writing and spoken word. She has arranged discursive events, providing intimate settings for discussions about and around art. Recently she performed at Art13 London (2013), and organized a daylong event at Whitechapel Gallery, London (2013). Kärki was born in Finland and currently lives and works in London. Elizabeth McAlpine works with video, film, installation and photography. Her work often engages with ideas of temporality, the passage of time, its tones and textures, and various ways of registering it. Recent solo exhibitions include: Laura Bartlett Gallery, London (2012); Laurel Gitlen, New York, USA (2012); Eastside Projects, Birmingham (2010); and Ballina Arts Centre, IE (2007). Her work is currently on view at The Metropolitan Museum, New York, USA. Recent group exhibitions include: Royal Standard, Liverpool (2013); Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts, AU (2013); deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, USA (2012); and Barbican Centre, London (2010). Born in London, McAlpine currently lives and works in London. Fay Nicolson's practice spans a set of associations around educational structures, material understanding and knowledge while approaching the difficulties of recording, coding and distributing presence and experience as information. Recent solo exhibitions include: Künstlerhaus Wien, Vienna, AT(2013); and PLAZAPLAZA, London (2012). Current group exhibitions include White Cube, Masons Yard, London (2013); and The Newbridge Project, Newcastle (2013). Other group exhibitions in 2013 include: Overgaden Institute of Contemporary Art, Copenhagen; Limoncello; and The London Art Fair, Art Projects. Born in Derby, Nicolson currently lives and works in London. Philomene Pirecki works across painting, photography, drawing, sculpture, projected image and language. Her work addresses memory, time, perception, and their representations. Pirecki often physically and conceptually references her existing works and considers how they can adapt and respond to new conditions and change over time. Recent solo exhibitions include: Green on Red Gallery, Dublin, IE (2013); MOTInternational, Brussels, BE (2012); Clockwork Gallery, Berlin, DE (2012); and Laure Genillard, London (2011). Selected group exhibitions include: Wilfried Lentz Gallery, Rotterdam, NL (2013); Wysing Art Centre, Cambridge, (2013); Supplement, London (2012); Cristina Guerra Gallery, Lisbon, PT (2012); Chelsea Space, London (2011); and The Barbican Art Gallery, London, (2010). Born in Jersey, and currently living and working in London, Pirecki founded the curatorial platform, Occassionals, a peripatetic project for artists, writers and curators to make their work public, usually over a single day or an evening. Laure Prouvost's approach to filmmaking, often situated within atmospheric installations, employs story-telling, quick cuts, montage and deliberate misuse of language to create surprising and unpredictable work. Recent solo exhibitions include the Max Mara Prize for Women at Whitechapel Gallery, London (2013); and Collezione Maramotti, Reggio Emilia, IT (2013). Her works have also been on view at Morra Greco Foundation, Naples, IT (2013); Tate Britain, London (2013); MOTInternational, London (2012); Sculpture Center, New York, USA (2011); and The Serpentine Gallery, London (2010). Born in Lille, France, and currently living and working in London, she is a Turner Prize 2013 nominee and was the winner of the Max Mara Prize for Women in 2011. Chooc Ly Tan's practice is multi-disciplinary and incorporates sculpture, video, installations and performances. Through her work she attempts to see beyond the physical constants that govern people's lives, their significance, and to make the possibility of their subjugation all the more fantastic. She asks, "what would a world devoid of physical laws, such as gravity and frames of references, geometry and time, be like"? Selected solo and group exhibitions include: Circa Projects, Newcastle (2012); Carlos/Ishikawa Gallery, London, (2012); Drawing Room, London (2012); Transmission Gallery, Glasgow (2011); and The Royal Society, London (2011). Tan was born in La Roche sur Yon, France and currently lives and works in London.
La vida del uruguayo Arturo Ardao fue tan rica como su obra: abogado, docente y jerarca universitario, periodista de ideas, militante político. También investigador y filósofo por derecho propio, es principalmente conocido como uno de los más grandes historiadores de las ideas en América Latina. En este año 2012 se cumple un siglo de su nacimiento. Al ser más conocido por su labor intelectual que por su trayectoria comprometida con América Latina y sus problemas, creemos oportuno difundir algunos documentos poco conocidos de Arturo Ardao que complementan su figura y rescatan una dimensión esencial de su vida y obra. El doctor Arturo Ardao militó en su juventud en la Agrupación Demócrata Social Nacionalista, acompañó al caudillo Basilio Muñoz en el levantamiento de 1935 contra la dictadura de Gabriel Terra y recorrió buena parte del siglo XX junto a Carlos Quijano y el legendario semanario Marcha. (Courtoisie, 2003) La declaración de principios de la Agrupación Demócrata Social (ADS) data de julio de 1928 y fue reproducida en Acción, Año II, Nº 48, 15 de julio de 1933, página 3. Tuvimos a la vista el documento publicado y la imagen digitalizada del manifiesto nos la proporcionó la licenciada Alicia Ardao, hija del autor cuyo aniversario conmemoramos. La imagen digital de la declaración de la ADS de 1928 (Acción, 1933) puede verse en: http://www.ort.edu.uy/facs/boletininternacionales/contenidos/160/manifiestoardao.jpg En realidad, Ardao adhirió a la ADS en 1931. La ferviente declaración inaugural del grupo, inspirado por el joven Carlos Quijano, se divide en tres partes: Nacionalismo - Anti imperialismo, Democracia Política y Democracia Social. He aquí una muestra de algunos de sus pasajes: "Supresión del salariado y la nacionalización de los medios de producción. Esto nos va a llevar en el campo de las realizaciones inmediatas a la defensa de las reivindicaciones proletarias, el desarrollo de los métodos que, como el cooperativismo, pueden conducir a aquella abolición del salariado de que antes hablamos; a la adopción de medidas de limitación y contralor del capitalismo; a la nacionalización industrial y progresiva de los monopolios de hecho, dando intervención en su gestión, a los productores, es decir, a los obreros y a los técnicos, al Estado como representante del interés general y a los consumidores". Reparemos ahora en un tramo anterior al antes consignado, donde se lee: "Hay que hacer a la democracia más eficaz. Lo económico prima sobre lo político o mejor dicho lo determina". A modo de prueba de que la adhesión de Arturo Ardao a la ADS no involucraba resignación de sus propias ideas y que lo hacía con espíritu independiente, veamos las reflexiones que le suscitan ese concepto de democracia y eficacia, y el supuesto conexo de que "lo económico prima sobre lo político". También en Acción, pero pocos días después, Ardao expresaba un artículo titulado "Democracia y eficacia": "Peligroso punto de partida: hacer de la democracia un medio y no un fin. La democracia es algo más que una forma de gobierno". Hay que ver en ella un concepto "donde no es posible separar lo político, lo social y lo espiritual", es decir, a darle el sentido de "un fin en sí" y no de un simple medio. La "eficacia" se le pide a un medio, no a una finalidad. (Ardao, 1933) Continúa el entonces muy joven Ardao, ese 29 de julio de 1933, formulando de modo sutil cierto reparo sustancial a la declaración de la ADS de 1928: "Si queremos salvar a la democracia tenemos hoy que buscar su verdadera paternidad en los filósofos del movimiento humanista, que la asentaron en su verdadera raíz, en lo espiritual, afirmando el más grande 'ideal concreto' de la historia: la libertad de conciencia, desde Spinoza a Kant". Culminaba diciendo: "sí, eso es la democracia: libertad de conciencia e igualdad de derechos. La antinomia autoridad – libertad, es dilemática". (Ardao, 1933) En cuanto a las profundas coincidencias, sin embargo, con las grandes líneas de la declaración de la ADS, son también muy claras. No en vano Ardao dirá incluso 20 años después, en una "encuesta" para el diario La Mañana: "La democracia social no se suma simplemente a la democracia política: se consustancia y se identifica con ella" (Ardao, 1953, pág. 3) En realidad, el interés de Ardao con los postulados de la ADS, creada en 1928 y disuelta en 1958, se prolongará hasta una fecha tan tardía como 1987, cuando a propósito de las "Opciones políticas de Quijano", nuestro autor expresa: "Además de 'nacionalista', la Agrupación era 'Demócrata Social". Sin ninguna reminiscencia de la Social Democracia clásica, se trataba de afirmar la Democracia social como expresión, sencillamente, de un Socialismo Democrático, enraizado en la realidad histórica y sociológica del país. En esa dirección tenía que evolucionar el viejo partido, como también, por lo demás, su adversario tradicional, en el que se estaba dando la experiencia, en tantos sentidos paralela de la Agrupación Avanzar". (Ardao, 1987, pág. 16) Mencionemos ahora otras cuestiones, más generales. Para las generaciones que se formaron leyendo y escuchando al sabio ecuánime que tuvimos el privilegio de conocer, puede resultar sorprendente conocer sus pasiones políticas juveniles, reveladas en La tricolor revolución de enero (1996), o su primer libro, Vida de Basilio Muñoz (1938), escrito con su amigo el maestro Julio Castro. Además de una vasta obra integrada por títulos como Espiritualismo y positivismo en el Uruguay (1950), Racionalismo y liberalismo en el Uruguay (1962), o Rodó, su americanismo (1970), Ardao abordó también el estudio de figuras como José Artigas, Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga, José Pedro Varela, Carlos Vaz Ferreira, Batlle y Ordóñez, entre muchas otras. A causa de la dictadura en el Uruguay, Ardao emigró a Venezuela, donde a partir de 1976 enseñó e investigó en el Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos Rómulo Gallegos de Caracas y en la Universidad Simón Bolívar. A su regreso a nuestro país, ya en democracia, fue homenajeado y reconocido como el hombre que había sabido explicar y difundir con fineza y profundidad las grandes líneas del pensamiento nacional y latinoamericano. Alguien que había sabido plantarse creativamente frente a los grandes nombres y problemas de la filosofía universal. (Courtoisie, 2000) (Courtoisie, 2004) Sobre el propio Arturo Ardao se ha acumulado una vasta literatura crítica y sin aspirar aquí siquiera a una enumeración representativa, mencionemos apenas a sus compatriotas Javier Sasso, Manuel Arturo Claps, María Angélica Petit, Luis Alemañy, Jorge Liberati, Yamandú Acosta, entre muchos otros que se han ocupado de aspectos parciales o visiones panorámicas de su vida y su obra. (Petit, 2000) (Alemañy, 2004) (Liberati, 2004) Sin duda, el corpus principal del legado de Ardao refiere a la filosofía de lengua española, pero también a las realidades latinoamericanas, a una lectura rigurosa pero comprometida de las doctrinas sociales, económicas y políticas. No es un dato menor agregar que, sin negar los aportes o insumos de las naciones poderosas del mundo, su prédica indujo siempre a pensar con cabeza propia. Según Ardao, ni la filosofía, ni la política, debían ser ejercidas de modo ajeno a las circunstancias concretas de la experiencia, y a las realidades históricas. Denunció siempre esa "radical incomprensión de lo propio, por virtud del colonialismo intelectual, tan característico, entre nosotros, de ciertos espíritus".Por eso ahora ya no importa discutir si fue más historiador que docente, o más filósofo que historiador, porque fue todas esas cosas. Lo que en adelante habría que tener siempre presente, sin descuidarlo, fue al militante y al pensador político, que nutrieron, en reciprocidad, el ejercicio de sus restantes actividades. En cierto sentido amplio, pues, podría decirse que Arturo Ardao encontró en la historia de las ideas su más natural forma de expresión, como ocurrió con Carlos Quijano en el periodismo, "Rodó en el ensayo, Vaz Ferreira en la conferencia, Frugoni en la oratoria". Y después de todo, la expresión que Ardao usó para calificar a Carlos Quijano en cierta oportunidad, podría aplicársele a él con toda justicia: "Maestro sin más".En futuras entregas tendremos ocasión de comentar otros relevantes textos fuentes, piezas documentales muy difíciles de obtener y poco difundidas, y dar a conocer algunos esclarecedores aportes críticos. Sobre el autorProfesor de Cultura y Sociedad Contemporánea. LI- FACS – Universidad ORT Uruguay. DOCUMENTOSDeclaración de la Agrupación Demócrata Social, julio de 1928, reproducida en Acción, Año II, Nº 48, 15 de julio de 1933, página 3. La imagen digital fue proporcionada por la Lic. Alicia Ardao. Ver el documento en: http://www.ort.edu.uy/facs/boletininternacionales/contenidos/160/manifiestoardao.jpgTEXTOS DE ARDAOARDAO, Arturo (1933). "Democracia y eficacia", en Acción, 29 de julio de 1933, Montevideo. Tuvimos a la vista el impreso, razonablemente legible, que formaba parte de un tomo encuadernado al que accedimos gracias a la Lic. Alicia Ardao.ARDAO, Arturo (1953). "La democracia y la libertad. Contesta el Doctor Arturo Ardao", en La Mañana, marzo de 1953, Montevideo. Accedimos a una fotocopia cortesía de la Lic. A.A.ARDAO, Arturo (1987). "Opciones políticas de Quijano", en Cuadernos de Marcha, junio de 1987, Montevideo.BIBLIOGRAFÍASe indican solamente algunos textos específicos, utilizados en la confección del presente artículo, pero no se han incluido obras de interés general sobre los temas abordados.ALEMAÑY, Luis (2004). La rebelión de la inteligencia. Ediciones de la Plaza. Montevideo. Ver también, del mismo autor,"Ardao: La filosofía del siglo XXI", edición digital en pdf de Dosmil30: www.dosmil30.org/dosmil30/files/articulos/20080620b.pdfCOURTOISIE, Agustín (2000). "Arturo Ardao, historiador y filósofo. Diálogo con Arturo Ardao", en revista Relaciones, Montevideo, enero-febrero 2000, págs. 5-6. La entrevista fue reproducida también en Revista Ariel, Montevideo, agosto de 2009. Versión digital: http://fp.chasque.net/~relacion/0001/Ardao.htmCOURTOISIE, Agustín (2003). "Arturo Ardao (1912-2003). La erudita inteligencia". El País Cultural, viernes 10 de octubre de 2003, Montevideo. Versión digital:http://www.elpais.com.uy/Suple/Cultural/03/10/10/cultural_61791.aspCOURTOISIE, Agustín (2004). "La razón enriquecida por la intuición", en Ardao por diez. Edición de homenaje del MEC a Arturo Ardao, que reproduce las ponencias realizadas en la Dirección de Cultura del MEC, el 22 de octubre de 2003, a cargo de Acosta, Yamandú; Alemañy, Luis; Biaggini, Hugo; Courtoisie, Agustín; Garcé, Adolfo; Guzmán, Leonardo; Liberati, Jorge; Paris de Oddone, Blanca; Zubillaga, Carlos. Publicado por del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (MEC), Montevideo, 2004. Ficha del Sistema de Bibliotecas de Universidad ORT Uruguay: http://biblio.ort.edu.uy/bibid/50307 Ver también reseña breve en: http://www.elpais.com.uy/Suple/Cultural/05/02/18/cultural_138913.aspCOURTOISIE, Agustín (2011). "Arturo Ardao y la Independencia. Nación de repúblicas", en El País cultural, viernes 18 de noviembre de 2011, Montevideo. Versión digital:http://www.elpais.com.uy/suplemento/cultural/Nacion-de-republicas/cultural_606378_111118.htmlLIBERATI, Jorge (2004). Arturo Ardao. La pasión y el método. Editorial Cal y Canto, Montevideo. Ver también nota "La pasión y el método", en revista Relaciones, sin fecha. Versión digital: http://fp.chasque.net/~relacion/0101/ardao_pasion.htmPETIT, María Angélica (2000). "Bibliografía sobre Arturo Ardao", en Proyecto Ensayo Hispánico de José Luis Gómez-Martínez. Versión digital:http://www.ensayistas.org/filosofos/uruguay/ardao/biblio-sobre.htm