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The Liberals have forced their own beliefs through since European structures began to emerge, but their impact on the concept of integration was weaker than that voiced by the Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats. Factional activity in the European Parliament is another form of the operation of political parties, alongside traditional international party congresses. The paper presents the projects and views of liberal politicians on the process of European integration. Particular attention is paid to the opinions of Gaetano Martino, Cornelis Berkhouwer, Simone Veil, Pat Cox, Graham Watson and Andrew Duff. ; The Liberals have forced their own beliefs through since European structures began to emerge, but their impact on the concept of integration was weaker than that voiced by the Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats. Factional activity in the European Parliament is another form of the operation of political parties, alongside traditional international party congresses. The paper presents the projects and views of liberal politicians on the process of European integration. Particular attention is paid to the opinions of Gaetano Martino, Cornelis Berkhouwer, Simone Veil, Pat Cox, Graham Watson and Andrew Duff.

Parliament – an institution of a democratic state – a member of the Union – is not only an authority but also, as in the case of the European Union, the only directly and universally elected representative body of the European Union. The article presents questions related to the essence of parliament and that of a supranational parliament which are vital while dealing with the subject matter. It proves that the growth of the European Parliament's powers was the direct reason for departing from the system of delegating representatives to the Parliament for the benefit of direct elections. It presents direct and universal elections to the European Parliament in the context of presenting legal regulations applicable in this respect. It describes a new legal category – citizenship of the European Union – primarily in terms of active and passive suffrage to the European Parliament, as a political entitlement of a citizen of the European Union. ; Parliament – an institution of a democratic state – a member of the Union – is not only an authority but also, as in the case of the European Union, the only directly and universally elected representative body of the European Union. The article presents questions related to the essence of parliament and that of a supranational parliament which are vital while dealing with the subject matter. It proves that the growth of the European Parliament's powers was the direct reason for departing from the system of delegating representatives to the Parliament for the benefit of direct elections. It presents direct and universal elections to the European Parliament in the context of presenting legal regulations applicable in this respect. It describes a new legal category – citizenship of the European Union – primarily in terms of active and passive suffrage to the European Parliament, as a political entitlement of a citizen of the European Union.

In 2004, Polish women took part in the elections to the European Parliament for the first time. It was a long road that led them to take seats there. The beginnings of the Polish women's movement date back to the 19th century when it was closely connected with the struggle for the independence of Poland. It was then that the stereotype of the Polish Mother emerged, the guardian of the hearth and home, and promoter of patriotism. These, among other things, were the social, cultural and political stereotypes that women seeking to increase their presence in public life needed to face up to. Polish women obtained voting rights rela- tively early on, in 1918. Despite their political rights, they did not participate in the political life of interwar Poland on a larger scale. The women's organizations that emerged after WWII implemented the ideology that was officially propagated in those times, and strictly followed the policies of the authorities. Significant changes in the women's movement occurred in the 1980s when authentic women's initiatives formed around the Solidarity movement. At pres- ent, approximately 300 women's organizations operate in Poland. Polish accession to the European Union has given Polish women an opportunity to intensify their activities in supra- national politics. Polish women took seats in the European Parliament, although their numbers thus far have been relatively low. During the 6th parliamentary term, out of 54 Polish Members of the European Parliament, 7 were women. In the EP elections held in 2009, 11 Polish women were elected as MEPs. Regardless of this low level of representation, Polish women are very active and resilient and seriously committed to working in European Parlia- mentary structures. ; In 2004, Polish women took part in the elections to the European Parliament for the first time. It was a long road that led them to take seats there. The beginnings of the Polish women's movement date back to the 19th century when it was closely connected with the struggle for the independence of Poland. It was then that the stereotype of the Polish Mother emerged, the guardian of the hearth and home, and promoter of patriotism. These, among other things, were the social, cultural and political stereotypes that women seeking to increase their presence in public life needed to face up to. Polish women obtained voting rights rela- tively early on, in 1918. Despite their political rights, they did not participate in the political life of interwar Poland on a larger scale. The women's organizations that emerged after WWII implemented the ideology that was officially propagated in those times, and strictly followed the policies of the authorities. Significant changes in the women's movement occurred in the 1980s when authentic women's initiatives formed around the Solidarity movement. At pres- ent, approximately 300 women's organizations operate in Poland. Polish accession to the European Union has given Polish women an opportunity to intensify their activities in supra- national politics. Polish women took seats in the European Parliament, although their numbers thus far have been relatively low. During the 6th parliamentary term, out of 54 Polish Members of the European Parliament, 7 were women. In the EP elections held in 2009, 11 Polish women were elected as MEPs. Regardless of this low level of representation, Polish women are very active and resilient and seriously committed to working in European Parlia- mentary structures.

ABSTRACTThis is a study about the structure and the functions of the European Parliament after the 2004 enlargement of the European Union. Initially it explores the historical background and institutional framework of the European Union, closely inspecting the treaty reforms influencing the European Parliament. It continues with the close inspection of the structure, powers and responsibilities of the European Parliament and with the study of two major events in 2004 having a great influence over the European Parliament, which are, namely, the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and the 2004 European Parliament elections. As a conclusion, the study argues that the 2004 enlargement poses new challenges for the European Parliament and that it may cause a certain level of slow–down in the decision–making process within the European Parliament. ÖZETBu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği'nin 2004 Genişlemesinden sonra Avrupa Parlamentosu'nun yapısını ve işlevlerini incelemektedir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Avrupa Birliği'nin tarihsel gelişimi ve kurumsal yapısı ele alınmış ve özellikle Avupa Parlamentosu'nu etkileyen reformlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Ardından, Avrupa Parlamento'sunun yapısı, yetkileri ve görevleri incelenmiş ve 2004 yılında Avrupa Birliğini etkileyen iki önemli olay, sırasıyla Avrupa Birliği'nin 2004 Genişlemesi ve 2004 Avrupa Parlamentosu seçimleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde, 2004 Genişlemesinin Avrupa Parlamentosu için yeni sorunlar yarattığı ve Avrupa Parlamentosu içindeki karar alma süreci üzerinde belli düzeyde bir yavaşlama yaratabileceği savunulmaktadır.

Avrupa Birliği başarılı bir bölgeselleşme örneği sergileyen uluslar üstü bir örgüttür. Parlamento birliğin önemli organlarından biridir. İlk başta bir danışma organı olarak düşünülmüştür. Daha sonra yasama alanında etkin bir organ haline getirilmiştir. Parlamento komisyon üyelerini tayin etmektedir, birlik bütçesinin kabul sürecine katılmaktadır, üye kabulü ve bazı antlaşmaların onaylanmasında söz sahibidir. Parlamento aynı zamanda temsili bir organdır ve Parlamentoda çeşitli siyasal gruplar bulunmaktadır. Bu gruplar AB vatandaşlarını temsil etmektedir. Ancak parlamento seçimlerine katılım giderek azalmaktadır. Bu durum parlamentonun meşruiyetine zarar vermektedir ve bir "demokrasi açığı" oluşturmaktadır. Siyasal katılımın artması için parlamentodaki siyasal gruplar seçim kampanyalarını bizzat yürütmelidir ; The European Union is a supranational organization that exhibits a successful example of regionalization. The European Parliament is one of the most important organs in the EU. Initially, the EU Parliament was conceived as an advisory body. Subsequently, it has been an active organ in the legislation area. The EU Parliament appoints the members of the commission, participates in the adoption of the budget of the EU and plays a role in approving some treaties and the acceptance of new members. Also, the EU Parliament is a representative body. There are different political groups in the EU parliament. These groups represent the EU's citizens, but participation in the EU parliamentary elections has been decreasing gradually. This situation weakens the legitimacy of the EU Parliament and causes a "democratic deficit". In order to increase political participation, political groups in the parliament should conduct election campaigns themselves.

The goal of the article is the presentation of the chosen aspects of the evolution of the European Parliament. The author presents the beginnings of this body in the structure of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. The leitmotiv of the article is to show the increase of the importance of the European Parliament during almost 60 years of its existence, from the advisory body to the co-deciding institution in the area of legislation of the European Community. The important manifestation of the European Parliament's aspiration to strengthen its prerogatives was also the struggle to introduce the general election to this body. In the final part of the article the author tries to analyze the current position of the European Parliament in the institutional structure of the European Union.

The aim of the research is to explore various forms of participation of the EU Member States Parliaments in the political processes of the European Union. The assessment of the intensity of the analyzed participation will be made by applying the concept of classification of the distinguished participation, which includes passive and active participation. This study has a significant impact in the context of participation of citizens, whose direct representatives are elected members of the national Parliaments (NP). The article verifies the hypothesis that the variety of forms of participation of NP in the political processes in the EU strengthens the democratic legitimacy by increasing transparency and accountability of the EU institutions and by improving cross-level communication lines between the EU institutions and national authorities. Active forms of participation increase influence of NP on the EU political processes. However, a wide range of informal participation increases the effectiveness of supranational decision-making processes, in particular, reducing the technocratic nature of the decisions.

The aim of the research is to explore various forms of participation of the EU Member States Parliaments in the political processes of the European Union. The assessment of the intensity of the analyzed participation will be made by applying the concept of classification of the distinguished participation, which includes passive and active participation. This study has a significant impact in the context of participation of citizens, whose direct representatives are elected members of the national Parliaments (NP). The article verifies the hypothesis that the variety of forms of participation of NP in the political processes in the EU strengthens the democratic legitimacy by increasing transparency and accountability of the EU institutions and by improving cross-level communication lines between the EU institutions and national authorities. Active forms of participation increase influence of NP on the EU political processes. However, a wide range of informal participation increases the effectiveness of supranational decision-making processes, in particular, reducing the technocratic nature of the decisions.

Bu tezde 1 Mart 2003 Tezkeresi süreci ve bu sürecin devamı incelenmistir.Tezde zaman ve kaynak açısından sınırlandırmaya gidilerek 1 Subat 2003-30Mayıs 2003 tarihleri arasındaki gelismeler ve Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren bes gazeteele alınarak incelemeler yapılmıstır. Bununla beraber degerlendirilen konudabaglantının saglanması amacıyla Türk Amerikan iliskilerinin tarihsel kökenleri deincelemeye dâhil edilmistir.Tezde genel olarak 1 Mart Tezkeresi süreci ve bu süreç sonrası gerek TürkAmerikan iliskileri'nin içinde bulundugu durum gerekse Türkiye'nin Irak savası sonrasıkarsılastıgı önemli sorunlar degerlendirilmistir. Bu çalısmada Türkiye'deki basınorganlarının 1 Mart sürecine iliskin degerlendirmelerinden yararlanma yolunagidilmistir.Tez üç asamalı bir sekilde hazırlanmıs ve konunun ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesineçalısılmıstır. Birinci bölümde Türk Amerikan iliskilerinin geçmisi incelenmistir. Ayrıcayine bu bölümde Amerika'nın dıs politikasına yön veren doktrinler konu edinilmistir.ikinci bölümde Türk Amerikan iliskilerinde meydana gelen bunalımlar ele alınmıstır.Üçüncü bölümde ise 1 Mart Tezkeresi süreci degerlendirilmis ve bu sürecin Türkiyeüzerindeki etkileri tartısılmıstır.1 Mart Tezkeresi, Türk Amerikan iliskilerinde derin yaralar açan önemli birolaydır. ; Within this thesis; the process of `March 1 Parliament Rejection of US Troops inTurkey? and continuation of this period have been studied.A limitation was used in time and source and the research has been carried out byanalysing five different journals published between the dates of 1st February 2003 and30th May 2003. In addition; The historical background of the relations between Turkeyand America have also been included into the research in order to link and visualize thesubject matters clearly.In the thesis, on the whole, the process of `March 1 Parliament Rejection of USTroops in Turkey? and ongoing period; the status of the Turkish American relations; andthe major problems that Turkey encountered after The Iraq war have been discussed.During the research, the way of benefiting from the Turkish media evaluationsconcerning 1 March Permission has been used.This thesis has been organized in three parts and within the thesis the subjectmatter is analysed in detail. The history of Turkish-American relations finds its place inthe first part. Besides; the doctrines shaping the American foreign policy are dealt in thesame part. In the second part; the turmoils that occurred in Turkish-American relationsare researched. And finally, in the third part; the process of `March 1 ParliamentRejection of US Troops in Turkey? is assessed and the influences of this process onTurkey are discussed.`March 1 Parliament Rejection of US Troops in Turkey? can be considered as aturning point which leads to deterioration in Turkish-American relations.

The hereby paper undertakes the analysis of the genesis and evolution of the Finland's Parliament Eduskunta from the moment of its establishment till nowadays, including the characteristics of its present constitutional position, being a result of its development during the centuries, with paying special attention to the current normative state and made on the basis of the hitherto constitutional practice. The article aims at deriving the origin and presenting the development of this organ in Finland, which in consequence leads to reliable conclusions in the field of determining its current constitutional position in the system of the supreme state authorities of Finland. The subject of the paper particularly focuses mostly on the analysis of the beginnings of Eduskunta's formation and Finnish parliamentarianism, as well as its further evolution during different periods of its history, i.e. the time when Finland was included into the Kingdom of Sweden, the period when it was incorporated into the Russian Imperium and after it gained independence in 1917. The work also concentrates on the analysis of Eduskunta's current constitutional position, its composition, internal structure, functions and competences presented on the basis of the exegesis of the provisions of the binding Basic Law of 1999 and the Parliament's Rules of Procedure. The constitutional principles referring to the Parliament also seem to be of particular significance in this context, for they contribute to a more precise definition of Eduskunta's constitutional position, as well as to pointing out its originality and dissimilarity regarding parliaments of other contemporary democratic states. ; W niniejszym opracowaniu przeprowadzono analizę genezy i ewolucji parlamentu finlandzkiego – Eduskunty: od chwili jego ustanowienia do czasów współczesnych, w tym – na podstawie dotychczasowej praktyki ustrojowej – dokonano charakterystyki obecnej pozycji ustrojowej tego parlamentu, będącej wynikiem jego rozwoju na przestrzeni wieków, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aktualnego stanu normatywnego. Artykuł ma na celu ustalenie źródeł powstania oraz przedstawienie rozwoju tego organu w Finlandii, co w konsekwencji prowadzi do wiarygodnych wniosków w zakresie określenia jego obecnej pozycji ustrojowej w systemie naczelnych organów państwowych Finlandii. Przedmiot pracy koncentruje się przede wszystkim na analizie początków Eduskunty i parlamentaryzmu fińskiego, a także dalszej ewolucji Eduskunty w różnych okresach, tj. w czasach, gdy Finlandia była włączona do Królestwa Szwecji, funkcjonowała w obrębie Imperium Rosyjskiego oraz po uzyskaniu przez nią niepodległości w 1917 r. Opracowanie koncentruje się też na analizie obecnej pozycji ustrojowej Eduskunty, jej składu, organizacji wewnętrznej, funkcjach oraz kompetencjach przedstawionych na podstawie egzegezy postanowień obowiązującej ustawy zasadniczej z 1999 r. oraz regulaminu parlamentu. Zasady konstytucyjne odnoszące się do parlamentu również wydają się mieć w tym kontekście szczególne znaczenie, ponieważ przyczyniają się one do dokładniejszego zdeterminowania pozycji ustrojowej Eduskunty, a także wskazują na jej oryginalność i odmienność w stosunku do parlamentów innych współczesnych państw demokratycznych.

Główne refleksje badawcze w artykule koncentrują się na zastosowanych przez podmioty polityczne narzędziach marketingowych w mediach elektronicznych celem pozyskania poparcia społecznego. W kręgu zainteresowań autorki znalazły się dwie dotychczasowe kampanie wyborcze poprzedzające wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego w 2004 oraz w 2009 roku. Teoretyczną podstawą badań była koncepcja ramowania (framing) przekazów medialnych. Ze względu na obszerność zgromadzonego materiału badawczego w artykule ostatecznie zaprezentowane są spostrzeżenia dotyczące reklam audiowizualnych oraz zawartości witryn internetowych podmiotów politycznych, które w wyniku elekcji uzyskały mandaty w Parlamencie Europejskim. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała z jednej strony przywiązanie podmiotów politycznych do rozpowszechniania materiałów promocyjnych w telewizji, z drugiej konsekwentnie wzrastające zainteresowanie również kampanią prowadzoną w Internecie. Wyraźnie zarysowującym się zjawiskiem jest prezydencjalizacja polityki - kluczową rolę w kampaniach wyborczych, w tym w przekazach perswazyjnych odgrywają liderzy partyjni. ; The main research concern of this paper is the marketing tools used in the electronic media by political entities for the purpose of winning social support. The author refers to the two election campaigns preceding the European Parliament elections in 2004 and 2009. The theoretical foundation for the research was provided by the concept offraming of media messages. On account of the abundance of the material collected, the paper presents observations made with reference to audiovisual commercials and the content of the websites belonging to the political entities that won EP mandates in those elections. The analysis evidences the attachment of political entities to the dissemination of their promotional materials via television, on the one hand, and their consistently increasing interest in Internet campaigns on the other. A clear trend of the presidentialization of politics can be noted, as the key role in election campaigns and persuasive message dissemination is played by party leaders.