Suchergebnisse

Both scholarly analyses and main political documents have not focused enough on research into social mobility in Lithuania. Such a case is partly understandable, as the issue of ensuring social mobility has never been a prevailing one on the political agenda. Nevertheless, this issue should be substantial to politicians and the academic community, because we belong to a group of countries that are committed to implementing the idea of equal possibilities for all citizens. It is worth mentioning that unlike the objectives to reduce inequality, poverty and exclusion, seeking social mobility is beneficial in terms of different political perspectives. Thus, research into social mobility has great potential for political effect and is important for all welfare states. This research is one of the first attempts in Lithuanian to review the complexity of the notion of social mobility and the issue it raises. After distinguishing the difference between intragenerational and intergenerational social mobility, the latter will be analyzed. In accordance with factors responsible for intergenerational social mobility, theoretical insights and research conducted in this area as well as the possible manifestations of intergenerational social mobility will be examined while identifying the most influential factors and how the interaction of those factors vary among different generations. In this case, manifestations of social mobility are interpreted as the process of moving up or down the occupational scale or remaining in a stable position. Initial statistical analysis for examining general tendencies of social mobility, linear regression analysis and linear regression analysis with interaction variables have been used in this research. The aforementioned methods have shown that economic and social factors responsible for intergenerational social mobility, which have been discussed in the theoretical part, are of little significance in Lithuanian society, although the influence of education (institutional factors) is evident among different generations.

Both scholarly analyses and main political documents have not focused enough on research into social mobility in Lithuania. Such a case is partly understandable, as the issue of ensuring social mobility has never been a prevailing one on the political agenda. Nevertheless, this issue should be substantial to politicians and the academic community, because we belong to a group of countries that are committed to implementing the idea of equal possibilities for all citizens. It is worth mentioning that unlike the objectives to reduce inequality, poverty and exclusion, seeking social mobility is beneficial in terms of different political perspectives. Thus, research into social mobility has great potential for political effect and is important for all welfare states. This research is one of the first attempts in Lithuanian to review the complexity of the notion of social mobility and the issue it raises. After distinguishing the difference between intragenerational and intergenerational social mobility, the latter will be analyzed. In accordance with factors responsible for intergenerational social mobility, theoretical insights and research conducted in this area as well as the possible manifestations of intergenerational social mobility will be examined while identifying the most influential factors and how the interaction of those factors vary among different generations. In this case, manifestations of social mobility are interpreted as the process of moving up or down the occupational scale or remaining in a stable position. Initial statistical analysis for examining general tendencies of social mobility, linear regression analysis and linear regression analysis with interaction variables have been used in this research. The aforementioned methods have shown that economic and social factors responsible for intergenerational social mobility, which have been discussed in the theoretical part, are of little significance in Lithuanian society, although the influence of education (institutional factors) is evident among different generations.

Patterns for income tax forecasting are analysed and assessed in the article. Tax revenue is the main funding source to satisfy government needs, hence, a precise forecast is considered to be one of the most important constituents in budget making. Lithuania, as well as many EU countries, applies the software budget form, the system of planning, programming, and budgeting. Therefore, for this budget form, tax revenue forecasting becomes a valuable tool. By accurately forecasting the budget revenue and subsidies, the budget deficit (or surplus) can be provided, together with its cost of financing. Income tax is one of the main components in Lithuanian national budget receipts, and the forecast accuracy is an important condition to ensure the reliability of the revenue and deficit indicators. The research problem is to choose the most appropriate pattern for forecasting income from the income tax. The aim of the article is to assess the options of forecasting pattern application in predicting revenue from the income tax. To achieve the aim the following objectives have been set: 1) To carry out research on patterns offered by scientists and the ones applied in practice; to justify options of their application in predicting revenue from corporate taxation. 2) To put forward the most appropriate pattern of income tax forecast.

Patterns for income tax forecasting are analysed and assessed in the article. Tax revenue is the main funding source to satisfy government needs, hence, a precise forecast is considered to be one of the most important constituents in budget making. Lithuania, as well as many EU countries, applies the software budget form, the system of planning, programming, and budgeting. Therefore, for this budget form, tax revenue forecasting becomes a valuable tool. By accurately forecasting the budget revenue and subsidies, the budget deficit (or surplus) can be provided, together with its cost of financing. Income tax is one of the main components in Lithuanian national budget receipts, and the forecast accuracy is an important condition to ensure the reliability of the revenue and deficit indicators. The research problem is to choose the most appropriate pattern for forecasting income from the income tax. The aim of the article is to assess the options of forecasting pattern application in predicting revenue from the income tax. To achieve the aim the following objectives have been set: 1) To carry out research on patterns offered by scientists and the ones applied in practice; to justify options of their application in predicting revenue from corporate taxation. 2) To put forward the most appropriate pattern of income tax forecast.

Patterns for income tax forecasting are analysed and assessed in the article. Tax revenue is the main funding source to satisfy government needs, hence, a precise forecast is considered to be one of the most important constituents in budget making. Lithuania, as well as many EU countries, applies the software budget form, the system of planning, programming, and budgeting. Therefore, for this budget form, tax revenue forecasting becomes a valuable tool. By accurately forecasting the budget revenue and subsidies, the budget deficit (or surplus) can be provided, together with its cost of financing. Income tax is one of the main components in Lithuanian national budget receipts, and the forecast accuracy is an important condition to ensure the reliability of the revenue and deficit indicators. The research problem is to choose the most appropriate pattern for forecasting income from the income tax. The aim of the article is to assess the options of forecasting pattern application in predicting revenue from the income tax. To achieve the aim the following objectives have been set: 1) To carry out research on patterns offered by scientists and the ones applied in practice; to justify options of their application in predicting revenue from corporate taxation. 2) To put forward the most appropriate pattern of income tax forecast.

This article focuses on the changes in social care sector which took place in Europe and after the restitution of independence in Lithuania the last decades and are named as privatization. In social care sector privatization is known as a process of services provision by non-profit public agencies (NGOs), informal sector and by profit agencies. These changes can be explained by actor and new-institutionalism theories as well as by the mix of these two theories. This article presents general privatisation concept and potential patterns as well as peculiarities of these in social care (social work services) sector. According to the actor theory, the expansion or decline of welfare state is understood as results of individuals or collectives' rational actions. As rational actors cope with different previous political decisions, institutional frames and other limitations and possibilities it is useful to analyse privatization in the light of new-institutionalism theory as well. According to the new-institutionalism theory, the institutions of welfare state are reflected and formed by choices and strategies of actors. The way and models of privatization depend on welfare state institutions. Two ideal institutional types are separated – pluralist and corporatist institutions. Analysis of these ideal institutional types' differences defining regulation, organization, financing and production helps to explain the extent and models of privatization.

This article focuses on the changes in social care sector which took place in Europe and after the restitution of independence in Lithuania the last decades and are named as privatization. In social care sector privatization is known as a process of services provision by non-profit public agencies (NGOs), informal sector and by profit agencies. These changes can be explained by actor and new-institutionalism theories as well as by the mix of these two theories. This article presents general privatisation concept and potential patterns as well as peculiarities of these in social care (social work services) sector. According to the actor theory, the expansion or decline of welfare state is understood as results of individuals or collectives' rational actions. As rational actors cope with different previous political decisions, institutional frames and other limitations and possibilities it is useful to analyse privatization in the light of new-institutionalism theory as well. According to the new-institutionalism theory, the institutions of welfare state are reflected and formed by choices and strategies of actors. The way and models of privatization depend on welfare state institutions. Two ideal institutional types are separated – pluralist and corporatist institutions. Analysis of these ideal institutional types' differences defining regulation, organization, financing and production helps to explain the extent and models of privatization.

This article focuses on the changes in social care sector which took place in Europe and after the restitution of independence in Lithuania the last decades and are named as privatization. In social care sector privatization is known as a process of services provision by non-profit public agencies (NGOs), informal sector and by profit agencies. These changes can be explained by actor and new-institutionalism theories as well as by the mix of these two theories. This article presents general privatisation concept and potential patterns as well as peculiarities of these in social care (social work services) sector. According to the actor theory, the expansion or decline of welfare state is understood as results of individuals or collectives' rational actions. As rational actors cope with different previous political decisions, institutional frames and other limitations and possibilities it is useful to analyse privatization in the light of new-institutionalism theory as well. According to the new-institutionalism theory, the institutions of welfare state are reflected and formed by choices and strategies of actors. The way and models of privatization depend on welfare state institutions. Two ideal institutional types are separated – pluralist and corporatist institutions. Analysis of these ideal institutional types' differences defining regulation, organization, financing and production helps to explain the extent and models of privatization.

This article focuses on the changes in social care sector which took place in Europe and after the restitution of independence in Lithuania the last decades and are named as privatization. In social care sector privatization is known as a process of services provision by non-profit public agencies (NGOs), informal sector and by profit agencies. These changes can be explained by actor and new-institutionalism theories as well as by the mix of these two theories. This article presents general privatisation concept and potential patterns as well as peculiarities of these in social care (social work services) sector. According to the actor theory, the expansion or decline of welfare state is understood as results of individuals or collectives' rational actions. As rational actors cope with different previous political decisions, institutional frames and other limitations and possibilities it is useful to analyse privatization in the light of new-institutionalism theory as well. According to the new-institutionalism theory, the institutions of welfare state are reflected and formed by choices and strategies of actors. The way and models of privatization depend on welfare state institutions. Two ideal institutional types are separated – pluralist and corporatist institutions. Analysis of these ideal institutional types' differences defining regulation, organization, financing and production helps to explain the extent and models of privatization.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Protection of public health from zoonoses directly or indirectly transmitted by animals to humans is of utmost importance. Yersinia enterocolitica is widely spread in the environment and animal populations, which poses a threat for people to get infected with yersiniosis. Objective. To assess epidemiologic patterns of yersiniosis in Vilnius County. Tasks of the study. To assess relevance of yersiniosis in a group of intestinal tract infections transmissible through food and water in Lithuania and the European Union; to identify epidemiologic patterns of yersiniosis in Lithuania and Vilnius County in a period of 2005-2015. Material and methods. A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted. The data of Division for Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases of Vilnius Public Health Centre, the Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the European Food Safety Authority, and the Statistics Department of Lithuania have been used. A model of brokenstick regression (segmented regression), Fisher's exact test, the Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients were applied for the analysis. Results. A long-term dynamics of yersiniosis morbidity rate in Vilnius city and Lithuania exhibits significant changes in the general trend: in 2005-2009 the morbidity rate was increasing, and in 2009-2015 the morbidity rate of yersiniosis was decreasing. The decreasing trend was characteristic of Vilnius County in the period of 2005-2015. The morbidity structure in terms of gender differs: men were at a higher risk to contract yersiniosis than women (Vilnius County had RR=1.50, 95 % C.I. 1.27; 1.81; Lithuania had RR=1.99, 95 % C.I. 1.13; 1.28). The main risk group for yersiniosis consists of children of 0-3 years of age. During the analysed period, hospitalised yersiniosis cases constituted 57.3 perc. in Vilnius County, and 69.2 perc. in Lithuania. Conclusions. The observed epidemiologic patterns of yersiniosis in the analysed period may be associated with intake of certain risky foods, ensuring of safety of their placing on the market, and certain changes in the epidemiologic supervision system. Despite the decreasing trend in its morbidity rates, yersiniosis remains a critical problem of public health, especially among children.

Protection of public health from zoonoses directly or indirectly transmitted by animals to humans is of utmost importance. Yersinia enterocolitica is widely spread in the environment and animal populations, which poses a threat for people to get infected with yersiniosis. Objective. To assess epidemiologic patterns of yersiniosis in Vilnius County. Tasks of the study. To assess relevance of yersiniosis in a group of intestinal tract infections transmissible through food and water in Lithuania and the European Union; to identify epidemiologic patterns of yersiniosis in Lithuania and Vilnius County in a period of 2005-2015. Material and methods. A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted. The data of Division for Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases of Vilnius Public Health Centre, the Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the European Food Safety Authority, and the Statistics Department of Lithuania have been used. A model of brokenstick regression (segmented regression), Fisher's exact test, the Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients were applied for the analysis. Results. A long-term dynamics of yersiniosis morbidity rate in Vilnius city and Lithuania exhibits significant changes in the general trend: in 2005-2009 the morbidity rate was increasing, and in 2009-2015 the morbidity rate of yersiniosis was decreasing. The decreasing trend was characteristic of Vilnius County in the period of 2005-2015. The morbidity structure in terms of gender differs: men were at a higher risk to contract yersiniosis than women (Vilnius County had RR=1.50, 95 % C.I. 1.27; 1.81; Lithuania had RR=1.99, 95 % C.I. 1.13; 1.28). The main risk group for yersiniosis consists of children of 0-3 years of age. During the analysed period, hospitalised yersiniosis cases constituted 57.3 perc. in Vilnius County, and 69.2 perc. in Lithuania. Conclusions. The observed epidemiologic patterns of yersiniosis in the analysed period may be associated with intake of certain risky foods, ensuring of safety of their placing on the market, and certain changes in the epidemiologic supervision system. Despite the decreasing trend in its morbidity rates, yersiniosis remains a critical problem of public health, especially among children.