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Theory is the fourth cornerstone of the science business. With the aid of appropriate logical framework of techniques, that is, methodology, scientists use theories to link the philosophical foundations, comprising ontology and epistemology, to empirical data, thereby completing and validating their investigations as scientific enterprises. The paper examines the nature, origins and role of theory and stresses its centrality to empirical and analytical works in Peace and Conflict Research (PCR) as an applied (social science) research. It lists twenty-five theories in PCR and classified them using the core distinction issues in Peace and Conflict Studies and the traditional classifications based on agency and structural and political economy. The paper also presents and discusses the tension between theory verification and theory generation in Peace and Conflict Research. It makes a case for theory generation PCR of African peace and conflict dynamics by African peace and conflict researchers.

We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in peace and conflict research. The Journal of Peace Research has played a key role in these developments, and has become a leading outlet for the new wave of disaggregated conflict data. We survey progress in the development of conflict data and how this interacts with theory development and progress in research, drawing specifically on examples from the move towards a greater focus on disaggregation and agency in conflict research. We focus on disaggregation in three specific dimensions, namely the resolution of conflict data, agency in conflict data, and the specific strategies used in conflict, and we also discuss new efforts to study conflict processes beyond the use of violence. We look ahead to new challenges in conflict research and how data developments and the emergence of 'big data' push us to think harder about types of conflict, agency, and the 'right' level of aggregation for querying data and evaluating specific theories. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.]

This article deals with violences of culture and cultures ofviolence. After reviewing the specificity of anthropological viewsof violence, we propose a processual reconceptualisation of this,reflect on the forms and possible consequences of ethnographicresearch and representation in this field, and end by outlining thefuture of an anthropology of violence that can also be an anthropologyof peace. An epilogue on 11 March serves to relocate thistheoretical sketch in the context of global terrorism. ; Peace and Conflict Studies has its origins in the moral reflection of leading politicians, such as Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and David Lloyd George, on the massive human and social costs of World War I. An estimated eight million soldiers died in combat, while another two million went missing. The awareness that humankind should never again engage in this type of industrial warfare led to the foundation of the League of Nations in 1919 and the simultaneous development of Peace Studies as the multidisciplinary study of peace by social and political scientists, in contrast to the fi eld of War Studies, which was dominated by military scholars. Almost a century later, this book is a fi rst effort at putting together the different perspectives of scholars working in the last few years within the EDEN European network, with the intention of exploring transversal themes, analytical frameworks and methodological dilemmas, as well as to suggest and develop potentially productive common grounds. Papers range from the critical analysis of international law implementation, to the defence of new global concepts of security, to historical, ethnographic and culturalist perspectives on different kinds of confl icts and violences. That is, they move back and forth from international institutions and globalised legal and political frameworks, to the military industry, to everyday life and culturally-bound experiences and emotions. They have been organized in such way as to 'rollercoast' the reader around the different theoretical and methodological points of view available in the network. ; Peer reviewed

We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in peace and conflict research. The Journal of Peace Research has played a key role in these developments, and has become a leading outlet for the new wave of disaggregated conflict data. We survey progress in the development of conflict data and how this interacts with theory development and progress in research, drawing specifically on examples from the move towards a greater focus on disaggregation and agency in conflict research. We focus on disaggregation in three specific dimensions, namely the resolution of conflict data, agency in conflict data, and the specific strategies used in conflict, and we also discuss new efforts to study conflict processes beyond the use of violence. We look ahead to new challenges in conflict research and how data developments and the emergence of 'big data' push us to think harder about types of conflict, agency, and the 'right' level of aggregation for querying data and evaluating specific theories.

This book represents the scholarly work of the network "European Doctorate Enhancement in Peace and Conflict Studies" (EDEN), a broad training and research network linking scholars, departments and universities interested in thinking and rethinking proposals, concepts and methodologies for the expanding field of Peace and Conflict Studies from different disciplines such as law, history, sociology, anthropology, international relations, and political science. ; Peer reviewed

Advances in science and technology, including information technology (IT), play a crucial role in the context of peace and security. However, research on the intersection of peace and conflict research as well as computer science is not well established yet. This article highlights the need for further work in the area of research "IT peace research", which includes both empirical research on the role of IT in peace and security, as well as technical research to design technologies and applications. Based on the elaboration of the disciplines, central challenges, such as insecurity, actors, attribution and laws, are outlined.

People with disabilities are the largest minority in the world—a minority that continues to experience direct, structural, and cultural violence during times of peace, as well as times of conflict and displacement. Contributing a unique perspective to the field, this analysis draws on academic and anecdotal evidence from a variety of fields and disciplines, together with the author's interviews with Colombian and Venezuelan refugees and asylum seekers with disabilities, to demonstrate the value of subjugated knowledge within Peace and Conflict Studies. These findings form the case for inclusive and accessible positive peacebuilding, and support the author's call to action for other researchers and practitioners to ensure their own Peace and Conflict Studies endeavors are inclusive of, and accessible to, diverse and marginalized populations.

"Als Teil seiner 'Social Cognitive Theory' führt Albert Bandura (z.B. 1986) einen Prozess ein, den er moralische Ablösung (moral disengagement) nennt. Er beschreibt acht verschiedene Mechanismen, durch welche Verhalten von der moralischen Selbstkontrolle des Individuums abgelöst werden kann und es so möglich wird, schädigendes Verhalten auszuüben, ohne dass das Selbst der Person negative Konsequenzen dadurch erleidet. Der vorliegende Aufsatz dient der Beschreibung der Neuentwicklung einer Messung von Moral Disengagement und erster Resultate. Damit folgt sie dem Beispiel von Studien von Grussendorf et al. (2002) und McAlister (2000, 2001), welche eine erste Skala zur Messung von Moral Disengagement berichten. Nach einer kurzen Beschreibung der acht Mechanismen des Moral Disengagement wird diese bereits bestehende Skala eingeführt und kritisiert. Die Notwendigkeit der Konstruktion einer neuen Skala, ihre Entwicklung, psychometrischen Eigenschaften und möglichen Schwächen werden diskutiert. Als ein verwandtes, aber konzeptuell verschiedenes Konzept wird die Einstellungsdimension Militarismus-Pazifismus erläutert und erste Ergebnisse bezüglich der Beziehung zwischen der neu entwickelten Skala und der Militarismus-Pazifismus-Skala von Cohrs et al. (2002) werden berichtet. Erste Anwendungen der neuen Moral Disengagement Skala werden vor allem in Hinsicht auf deren Eigenschaften dargestellt. Es folgt eine Diskussion der wesentlichen Ergebnisse und kritischer Fragen bezüglich des Konstruktes. Vorschläge für weitere Forschung werden gemacht." (Autorenreferat)