Zwei Beiträge zu den Friedensverhandlungen zwischen der MPLA und der UNITA sowie zur wirtschaftlichen und politischen Reform. Rede von Präsident Dos Santos: 1) (Port.) Sowohl die politischen Veränderungen in den UdSSR und in anderen afrikanischen Ländern wie auch, und vor allem, der seit 15 Jahren andauernde Bürgerkrieg und dessen wirtschaftliche Folgen haben die Regierung zur Kursänderung gezwungen. Aber auch die schlechte Organisation und Kontrolle staatlicher Institutionen wie auch Korruption haben eine Rolle gespielt. 2) (Engl.) Nach einer Währungsreform mit einer Währungsabwertung von 100% im September 1990 haben sich die Preise stabilisiert. Der kurzen Frist wegen konnten nicht alle Menschen ihre alten Geldscheine gegen neue eintauschen. Besonders betroffen waren die ländlichen Gebiete. 3) (Port./Engl.) Rede von Präsident dos Santos: Einführung eines Mehrparteiensystems; Verfassungsreform; freie Marktwirtschaft u.a. (DÜI-Mcd)
Menjehere mbas viteve te luft es se dyte boterore, studimet mbi paqen dhe mbrojtjen nga konfl iktet e ndryshme, jane berë perhere e më të rendsishme duke arritur në një ndryshim rrenjesor të paradigmave në vitet '70. Vemendja e studiuesve u perqendru në konceptin "paqe" (negative) jo më si ekuilibër internacjonale diametralisht i kundërt me gjendjen e luft es por si raport që ka të bejnë me "mungesën e dhunës" (structurale o kulturale). Nje paqe e ndertuar vetëm nepermjet ndryshimit rrenjesor të shoqerisë, të zhvillimit politik e ekonomik, si dhe zhdukjes se pabarazinave. Ne brendesi te ketij projekti që permbledh shumë fusha studimi ne te cilin ishte e rendsishme krij imi i nje shoqerij e te re në sferën politike, ekonomike e kulturore perfshihet edhe një mendim i ri mbi ate te quajturën "Peace Economics". Çfare do te thotë: "Peace Economics"? Duke perdorur thenjet e Jurgen Brauer dhe ato të Raul Caruso mund te themi që ajo përfshin studimin ekonomik, projektimin dhe themelimin e nocjoneve kryesore dhe istitucionet perkatse politike, ekonomike dhe kulturore; bashkëveprimi i tyre, dhe politikat per të parandaluar, lehtësuar o zgjidhjen e çdo lloj violence aktuale, dhe fshehur, o konfl ikte të tjera shkaterruese brenda shoqerive ose mes shoqerive te ndryeshme". Cilat jane krakteristikat e Peace Economics? Dhe çfare lidhje egziston mes Peace Economics dhe procesit te integrimit europjan? Ky përpunim do te tregojë se fi llimi i këtij studimi i ka rrenjet në procesin e integrimit që ka sjelle krij imin e istituteve europjane. Mund te themi që zhvillimi i njeres ka ndihmuar e kondiscionuar zhvillimin e tjetres dhe gjithashtu në te kundert. Shembulli dhe historia e komunitetit europjan (Europes se bashkuar) dëshmojnë qe bashkpunimi dhe integrimi politik, ekonomik shoqeror kan qenë elemente të domodoshme te nje politike qe ka ndyshuar fetyuren e botes
Artikel in englischer und portugiesischer Sprache über das erste Abkommen zwischen der Regierung und Renamo vom 1.12.1990 in Rom, das eine Teilfeuereinstellung vorsieht. Abdruck des politischen Programms der Partido Liberal e Democratico (portugiesisch). Hintergrundbericht zur Verfassungsreform. Diskussion der Beziehungen zwischen Demokratie und ökonomischer Entwicklung. (DÜI-Mcd)
The contemporary debate in the theory of international relations is marked by two perspectives: on the one hand the perspective of political realism that conceives of peace as an inaccessible ideal and war as a necessary means for the acquisition and maintenance of power; and on the other hand the perspective of normativism or idealism that thinks the end (telos) of international relations beyond the conflicts of interest and the struggle for power. The first perspective deals with international relations at the level of being (of what is), the second at the level of ought (normative level). In view of this scenario, our idea in this article is to approach the problem of war and peace from an interdisciplinary study through contributions from Kant's Public International Law and Philosophy. In a first moment we will analyze the paradox of the war, then the role of the Public International Law for the problematic of the peace, and finally the contributions of Kant for the normative redefinition of the international right from his republican project of the league of peace (foedus pacificum).
We present an overview of the field of conflict economics. We begin by explaining important distinctions between standard textbook economics and conflict economics regarding assumptions, subject matter, and interrelations between economics and conflict. We then provide summaries of selected economic theories and empirical evidence that together help reveal important aspects of conflict – and peace – through an economics lens. Among the topics covered in the theoretical and empirical overview are why violence is sometimes chosen over peaceful approaches to address intergroup disputes, why it is "rational" for political leaders to sometimes mass kill civilians (and what can be done to prevent this), how social norms of committing harm against outgroups can propagate (or be stopped), why it can be difficult to develop laws and institutions to promote stable peace, and how third-party efforts to promote peace can sometimes make things worse. Lastly, we provide samples of data resources, working paper archives and journals, and readings consisting of major textbooks, handbooks, and edited books in the field of conflict economics. ; Apresentamos uma visão geral do campo da economia de conflito. Começamos explicando distinções importantes entre a economia padrão de livros didáticos e economia de conflito em relação a suposições, assunto e inter-relações entre economia e conflito. Em seguida, fornecemos resumos de teorias econômicas selecionadas e evidências empíricas que, juntos, ajudam a revelar aspectos importantes do conflito - e da paz - por meio de uma lente econômica. Entre os tópicos abordados na visão teórica e empíricau, por que é "racional" que líderes políticos às vezes matem civis em massa (e o que pode ser feito para evitar isso), como normas sociais de cometer danos contra grupos externos podem se propagar (ou ser interrompido), por que pode ser difícil desenvolver leis e instituições para promover a paz estável e como os esforços de terceiros para promover a paz podem às vezes piorar as coisas. Por último, fornecemos amostras de recursos de dados, arquivos e periódicos de trabalho, e leituras que consistem em grandes livros-texto, manuais e livros editados no campo da economia de conflito.
Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what self-determination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.
Procura-se aqui analisar a noção de "paz perpétua" e de "exportação da revolução" à luz das experiências da Revolução Francesa e da Revolução de Outubro, considerando o debate precedente e sucessivo a essas experiências revolucionárias, acentuando a novidade representada pela Revolução Francesa e, enfim, criticando as análises segundo as quais a tradição política que vai da Revolução Francesa à Revolução de Outubro forjou, com o universalismo, o instrumento ideológico para justificar um intervencionismo universal. ; This is an attempt to analyze the notion of "perpetual peace" and of "exporting the revolution", considering the experiences of the French and Russian Revolutions, their previous and successive debates and the innovations of the French Revolution. Moreover, the analyses according to which the political tradition from the French to the October Revolution has falsified, through universalism, the ideological instrument in order to justify the universal interventionism are criticized.
Diese Dokumentensammlung in drei Sprachen (Port., Frz., Engl.) enthält die Erklärungen und Kommuniques der Gipfeltreffen von Gbadolite (22.06.1989), Harare (22.08.1989) und Kinshasa (18.09.1989) sowie den Friedensplan der angolanischen Regierung (18.08.89). (DÜI-Mfg)
