Suchergebnisse

Contributed articles on the role of Loyah Jirgah on the adoption and approval of new constitution of Afghanistan

19 pages. --Acta del coloquio: "Conflictivitat i vies de solució a la Mediterrània Medieval" ; [CT] Aquest treball té com a finalitat estudiar els diferents sistemes utilitzats en els segles XIII i XIV pels sobirans catalanoaragonesos per tal d'evitar el desencadenament de les temudes cartes de marca o de represalia que els governs de les nacions concedien a un dels seus súbdits per a confiscar els béns dels ciutadans de l'estat estranger del qual havia sofert un greuge. Els sobirans catalanoaragonesos tractaren d'impedir que les marques que els rei de França decretaren contra la Corona d'Aragó fossin evitades. Per això utilitzaren tres vies: 1. Les negociacions diplomàtiques amb la cort francesa. 2. La instauració d'un impost sobre les mercaderies, amb la recaptació del qual poder compensar els perjudicats. 3. La indemnització dels perjudicats utilitzant els recursos de la propia Corona catalanoaragonesa. ; [EN] This paper has as its aim the study of the different systems used in the XIII and XIV centuries by the Catalano- Aragonese sovereigns to avoid the dreaded letters of warrant or reprisal issued by the governments of various nations. These were granted to one of their subjects to allow him to confiscate property belonging to the citizens from the foreign state which had suffered the wrong. The Catalano- Aragonese sovereigns tried to avoid the letters of warrant decreed against the Crown of Aragon by the kings of France. They used three ways to achieve this: 1. By diplomatic negotiations with the French Court. 2. By the institution of a tax on the merchandise, with which they could compensate those who had been wronged. 3. By the indemnification of the person wronged through the recourses available to the Catalano-Aragonese crown itself. ; El present estudi s'insereix dins del Projecte d'Investigació "La Corona de Aragón en el Mediterráneo medieval: puente entre culturas, mediadora entre Cristiandad e Islam" (Ref. HUM2007-61131), subvencionat pel Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació ; Peer reviewed

The first Iranian woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, Shirin Ebadi has inspired millions around the globe through her work as a human rights lawyer defending women and children against a brutal regime in Iran. Now Ebadi tells her story of courage and defiance in the face of a government out to destroy her, her family, and her mission: to bring justice to the people and the country she loves. For years the Islamic Republic tried to intimidate Ebadi, but after Mahmoud Ahmadinejad rose to power in 2005, the censorship and persecution intensified. The government wiretapped Ebadi's phones, bugged her law firm, sent spies to follow her, harassed her colleagues, detained her daughter, and arrested her sister on trumped-up charges. It shut down her lectures, fired up mobs to attack her home, seized her offices, and nailed a death threat to her front door. Despite finding herself living under circumstances reminiscent of a spy novel, nothing could keep Ebadi from speaking out and standing up for human dignity. But it was not until she received a phone call from her distraught husband--and he made a shocking confession that would all but destroy her family--that she realized what the intelligence apparatus was capable of to silence its critics. The Iranian government would end up taking everything from Shirin Ebadi--her marriage, friends, and colleagues, her home, her legal career, even her Nobel Prize--but the one thing it could never steal was her spirit to fight for justice and a better future. This is the amazing, at times harrowing, simply astonishing story of a woman who would never give up, no matter the risks. Just as her words and deeds have inspired a nation, Until We Are Free will inspire you to find the courage to stand up for your beliefs; advance praise for Until We Are Free: "Shirin Ebadi is quite simply the most vital voice for freedom and human rights in Iran"--Reza Aslan, author of No god but God and Zealot : The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth; "A riveting account of a brave, lonely struggle. Reads like a police thriller, its drama heightened by Ebadi's determination to keep up the quotidian aspects of her family life"--The Washington Post Book World; "A must-read. may be the most important book you could read this year"--Seattle Post-Intelligencer; "As a testament to how a single, inspired voice can rise above the cacophony. The book should be required reading"--The Nation; "Some of her admirers in Iran call her a woman of steel. Sure, ...

Entre agosto y septiembre de 1991, los Países Bálticos forzaron su ruptura con la Unión Soviética, pocos meses antes de que ésta se desintegrara totalmente. A partir de ese momento, la recuperación de su independencia y soberanía nacional -fraguada por primera vez en la época de entreguerras y frustrada por el pacto germano-soviético de 1939-, así como la consolidación de la democracia y el Estado de Derecho y la economía social de mercado, fue de la mano de su aspiración de integración en la Unión Europea y en la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte. Después de más de una década de grandes transformaciones, tanto políticas como socioeconómicas, los tres Países Bálticos -Lituania, Estonia y Letonia- han logrado cumplir con éxito aquellos dos objetivos fundamentales para su futuro en paz, libertad, prosperidad y seguridad en el siglo XXI: el «retorno a Europa» en el marco de la Unión Europea y su vinculazión a la alianza militar euroatlántica dentro de la OTAN. ; Between August and September 1991, the Baltic States forced their break with the USSR, just a few months before the latter disintegrated. From that moment on, the recovery of national independence and sovereignty – first established during the inter-war period only to be thwarted by the pact between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 – as well as the consolidation of democracy, the rule of law and a market economy, were given impetus by their desire to join the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After more than a decade of major transformations, both political and socio-economic in nature, the three Baltic States – Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia – have successfully achieved the two fundamental prerequisites for a future of peace, liberty, prosperity and security in the twenty-first century: their «return to Europe» as members of the European Union and their link with the Euro-Atlantic military alliance as members of NATO. ; El presente trabajo se inscribe en un proyecto de investigación (realizado conjuntamente con el prof. Dr. Ricardo Martín de la Guardia) sobre el ideal europeísta y su influencia en los países de la antigua Europa del Este en el camino de éstos hacia su integración en la Unión Europea. Dicho proyecto de investigación ha sido apoyado por el Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte mediante la vinculación del autor como «Salvador de Madariaga Fellow» al Instituto Universitario Europeo de Florencia en los años 1999 y 2003 (para este último año: Resolución de 28 de marzo de 2003, BOE 15 de abril de 2003).