Suchergebnisse

Huai-nan Tzu (139BC) was viewed, for its great diversity of subject-matter, ideas and style, by traditional Chinese scholars as a composite work of the Eclectic School. It is the author's contention, however, that one overriding concern pervades the work: the attempt to define the essential conditions for a Taoist political utopianism.The present study emphasizes Chapter Six of Huai-nan Tzu in expounding the theory of kan-ying STIMULUS-RESPONSE; RESONANCE, which postulates that all things in the universe are interrelated and influence each other according to pre-set patterns. Only in the True Man, who is 'one with Tao' and 'attuned to the cosmos', does kan- ying attain its ultimate realization, 'the Great Peace' and 'the Great Merging'. After all,' concludes the author, ' it is in Huai-nan Tzu that we find the statement' "The relation of the Sage to Tao is like the relation of the sunflower to the sun; although they cannot be together all the time, the fidelity of their tendency never wavers." ; published_or_final_version

In its nature, world history is an evolutionary cycle of non-rules, non-order to rules and order. The Peace of Westphalia began the international order aiming to resolve disputes through multinational meetings. However, the fragile world order and the code of international relations failed to prevent World War Ⅰ. Although a new system of multinational mechanisms, formed after World War I, reformed the international community, it did not stop World War Ⅱ from breaking out. After World War Ⅱ, a new system of international organizations represented by the United Nations and new norms of international relations centered on the Charter of the United Nations were established. Despite its undeniable role in the world order and the norms of international relations, the so-called Yalta System, still has its flaws. After the end of the Cold War, the necessity of a new world political, economic and security order is rising. The theory and practice of global governance is in need of upgrading. However, due to complicated historical and realistic reasons, the process of building up a new order based on new rules would be long and tortuous. Key Words: International Order, Power Relations, Charter of the United Nations, Global Governance ; 世界历史归根到底,就是从无规则无秩序到有规则有秩序,再到建立新规则新秩序无限发展历程。威斯特伐利亚条约的诞生,标志着以多边会议为争端解决机制的国际秩序开始形成,但粗陋而孱弱的世界秩序和国际关系准则并没能阻止第一次世界大战的爆发。一战后形成的一系列新型多边合作机制曾使国际社会欢欣鼓舞,但这套体制和规则仍未能阻止二战的爆发。国际社会于二战结束之际,建立起以联合国为代表的新的国际组织体系和联合国宪章为核心的新型国际关系准则。这套名为雅尔塔体系的世界秩序和国际关系规则虽然发挥了不可否认的历史作用,但许多方面仍不尽如人意。冷战结束后,世界呼唤新的政治经济秩序、安全格局,全球治理从理论到实践都亟待更新。但由于极其复杂的历史和现实原因,建立基于新规则的新秩序,将是一个漫长而曲折的历史过程。 【关键词】国际秩序,大国关系,联合国宪章,全球治理

北韓核問題引起世界各國的關注,更觸動了中國的神經。雖然,中國領導人一貫強調支持朝鮮半島無核化及希望朝鮮半島能夠保持和平穩定,但中國在處理兩次核問題的方式及舉措卻完全不同。在第一次核危機(1991至1994年)爆發時,中國主要採取不介入的政策;但在第二次核危機(2002至2005年)時,中國卻完全擺脫被動的角色,主動擔當核危機的調停者。 ; 正因為中國處理兩次北韓核問題採取完全不同的外交方針及策略,而且兩次核危機橫跨十多年的時間,無論是國際格局及中國國力也有重大的改變。因此,筆者會嘗試從東北亞的國際體系及權力分配、中國參與國際組織及多邊機制的情況和中國的身份認同及對國家利益及安全的看法這三方面去探討中國主動舉辦「六方會談」以解決第二次北韓核問題的主要原因。 ; 為了更能有效檢視研究論題,筆者也會分析中國90年代末參與的「四方會談」、中國所構建的上海合作組織及九一一事件,以評估這些中介變項對中國主動舉辦「六方會談」的影響。筆者希望能夠從是項研究去瞭解中國外交政策的走向,以評估及預測未來中國對其他國際事務的取態及方針。 ; As the North Korea Nuclear Crisis is one of the most critical security issues for China, the Chinese leaders always claim to maintain peace, prosperity, stability and a nuclear-free status on the Korean Peninsula. But in the two nuclear crises, China presented different attitudes and used different strategies to deal with this issue. ; In the first nuclear crisis (1991-1994), China served as neither a mediator nor a peacemaker, and claimed that Washington and Pyongyang should settle the dispute bilaterally. However, in the second nuclear crisis (2002-2005), China started to play a proactive role and acted as a chief mediator and an honest broker for initiating a multilateral dialogue - Six-Party Talks as a method to settle the crisis. ; Since China played different roles and used different strategies in these two nuclear crises within 10 years, this thesis aims to investigate this change and explain the reasonsfrom mainly three angles, including the power structure of Northeast Asia, China's participation in multilateral institutions, and China's self-identity and views on national interests and security. ; In order to strengthen the analysis, this thesis will also investigate the influence of the Four-Party talks, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and September 11 Attack on the initiatives of the Six-Party Talks. Through this research, the author aims to illustrate the dynamics of China's foreign policy and predict the trend of China's diplomatic behavior towards different international affairs. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Detailed ...

戰爭與國家的形成、發展與變化具有密切的關係,只是戰爭對不同國家所產生的影響有著不同的程度而已。學者研究戰爭在國史上的影響時,其視線往往只停留在戰爭與近代中國發展的關係,尤其關注戰爭如何促使近代中國發展成具備現代意義的國家。然而,戰爭對古代中國同樣產生了深遠的影響。 ; 國史上有所謂「中興」,就是王朝因外族入侵或內部叛亂而導致覆亡,在文臣武將的支持下,宗室成員或成功撲滅叛亂勢力,或成功抵擋入侵勢力,從而延續了王朝的統治,南宋就屬於這一類中興王朝,宋高宗(1127-1162在位)亦被視為中興之主。宣和七年(1125),金人撕毀了與北宋簽定的合作協議,揮軍南侵,兵鋒直抵北宋國都開封。雖然宋廷成功通過議和讓金人退兵,但是,金人很快就再次南侵,並攻破開封,徽宗(1101-1125在位)、欽宗(1126-1127位)及大批宗室、士民成為金人俘虜。高宗在臣民支持下繼承皇位於應天府,開創建了南宋王朝。從高宗繼位伊始,直至紹興十二年(1142)宋金締結和約的十多年間,兩國一直處於敵對狀態,戰事不斷。如何建構一套適應戰爭形勢的國家體制,以保障新生政權得以延續,就成為高宗及其委任的宰相所必須要面對的問題。呂頤浩(1071-1139)在這段戰爭時期兩次拜相,是南宋成功擺脫危機、走向穩定的重要人物之一。 ; 本論文以戰爭與南宋的關係為框架,以呂頤浩執政期間所從事的戰時建設為研究個案,目的是分析高宗初年的宰相在面對王朝處於戰爭時,是如何從制度變革入手去從事內部建設,以及這些變革所產生的影響。本論文有兩個核心部分:第一部分是分析呂頤浩各方面的資訊,包括家世背景、仕宦經歷、性格特點、人際網絡關係,以及高宗起用他為相的幾個關鍵因素,上述的討論將有助於我們理解及解釋呂頤浩執政期間的作為;第二部分是分析呂頤浩執政期間所建構的戰時政治體制及戰時財政體制,以及這些措施對南宋得以存續所產生的效用,以及對南宋的政治發展、制度變革產生了甚麼樣的影響。 ; Wars are said to have a profound influence on a country's formation, development, and change. Previous studies of Chinese war history focused on its modern period, and, in particular, how China transformed into a modern country. However, wars have also had great impact on traditional China. ; In Chinese historiography there is a phenomenon called zhongxing 中興 (restoration). Non-Han Chinese invasions or civil wars resulted in the collapse of some empires. With the support of civil and military officials, imperial clan members suppress rebel forces, or resisted invasions from non- Han Chinese peoples, and thus continued the reign of the dynasty. The Southern Song is recognized as a period of restoration engineered by Emperor Gaozong 高宗. ; In 1125, the Jurchen emperor subverted the cooperation agreement signed with the Northern Song, and led his army towards Kaifeng, the Northern Song capital. The Song court made peace with the Jurchen army, who soon invaded Kaifeng again, and eventually destroyed this Chinese empire. Emperor Huizong 徽宗, Emperor Qinzong 欽宗, a large number of imperial clan, as well as people in the city were all captured by the Jurchen. Gaozong inherited the throne at Yingtianfu 應天府, which marked ...